Term
|
Definition
| act only in accord with those maxims you could will as universal laws. |
|
|
Term
| universal principal of right |
|
Definition
| an action is right if it can coincide with everyone's freedom in accord with a universal law. |
|
|
Term
| what innate right do you have? (kant) |
|
Definition
| freedom (independence from being constrained by another’s choice), insofar as it can coexist with the freedom of every other in accordance with a universal law |
|
|
Term
| what rights must be acquired according to kant? |
|
Definition
| all other than the universal principal of right. |
|
|
Term
| is the acquisition of property morally permisable? (kant) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does kant get around the problem of moral right and the acquisition of property? |
|
Definition
| provisional right-Provisional right, which allows acquirers to put others under duties (of noninterference, etc.) without their consent, also puts the acquirers themselves under a duty to leave the state of nature (the pre-civil state) and place themselves under a just civil constitution where omnilateral consent to these acquisitions can be obtained, at least hypothetically |
|
|
Term
| according to kant, what is the main problem with property rights? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kant believes the ideal system of government is a republic because? |
|
Definition
| Kant’s theory of property gives us an additional reason why this transition from provisional to conclusive public right must occur: only in this way can the reciprocal restrictions on freedom that property protections constitute be not merely hypothetically but actually endorsed by an omnilateral legislative will, making full consent to the property system a reality rather than only a useful fiction |
|
|
Term
| what type of welfare does kant support? |
|
Definition
current taxes
and vouchers |
|
|
Term
| how does kant justify his welfare state? |
|
Definition
| kant believes that if a public law is so constituted that a whole people could not possibly give its consent to it…it is unjust |
|
|
Term
| what are kant's religious views? |
|
Definition
| His views here are consistent with those of John Locke and other classical liberals: the practices and structures of churches are beyond the purview of the state so long as they do not “endanger civil harmony” by threatening the state’s authority or encouraging sectarian strife. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a confinement of one's interests to the local sphere; lack of global perspective; narrowness of view; petty provincialism. |
|
|
Term
| fiver areas of Rousseau's parochialism |
|
Definition
| Militarism Patriotism Cultural and Political Isolationism Economic Autarky and Anti-Commercialism Civil Religion |
|
|
Term
| five central elements of rousseau's social contract |
|
Definition
| Natural Law, Natural Right, State of Nature The General Will Self-Legislation and Positive Freedom Republicanism (Sovereigni & Governmentii) The Lawgiveriii |
|
|
Term
| hobbes and rousseau share a common version of ?? |
|
Definition
| natural right-Right to every thing; even to one anothers body |
|
|
Term
| in nature rousseau believes man has these two qualities |
|
Definition
| healthy self concern and pity |
|
|
Term
| in nature rousseau has these two views of man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rousseau believes man leaves the state of nature for these two things |
|
Definition
| self mastery and independence |
|
|
Term
| rousseau believes the general will to be general in these three ways |
|
Definition
| with respect to its possessor, which is the entire body politic with respect to its aim, which is the common interestwith respect to its form, i.e., it is universalistic in character |
|
|
Term
| to rousseau what is the will of all? |
|
Definition
| studies private interests, and is indeed no more than the sum of individual desiresIn the political sphere, this will of all is expressed through a vote tally, which indicates the summed separate wishes of members of the sovereign body |
|
|
Term
| what is positive freedom to rousseau? |
|
Definition
| freedom from two things: lawless desire and personal dependence. |
|
|
Term
| what is self legislation to rousseau? |
|
Definition
| obedience to a law one gives to oneself, |
|
|
Term
| how does rousseau feel about republicanism |
|
Definition
| all legitimate government is republican, |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of rousseau's parochialism? |
|
Definition
| Thus, all elements of Rousseau’s parochialism act to create and reinforce the emotional infrastructure of the social-contract state. His anti-cosmopolitanism is therefore not an affectation designed to annoy his Philosophe antagonists (like Voltaire) but rather an integral feature of his larger political vision. {liberalism (Locke) v. democracy |
|
|
Term
| what are john locke's thee premises of his second tritisie? |
|
Definition
| freedom, equality, and preservation |
|
|
Term
| according to locke what is the state of nature like? |
|
Definition
| The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: Reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.” |
|
|
Term
| what is lockes law of nature? |
|
Definition
| Do not harm yourself or others, and aid others if doing so is consistent with your own preservation |
|
|
Term
| Why must we obey the law of nature? (locke) |
|
Definition
| For men being all the workmanship of one omnipotent, and infinitely wise maker; all the servants of one sovereign master, sent into the world by his order, and about his business, they are his property, whose workmanship they are, made to last during his, not one another’s pleasure |
|
|
Term
| What rights do men have in the state of nature?(locke) |
|
Definition
| Every man has a property in his own person. This no body has any right to but himself. The labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the state that nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his labour with and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property [such appropriation being subject to two provisos: ‘Lockean’ and non-wastage]. |
|
|
Term
| why do men enter civil society?(locke) |
|
Definition
| The entrance into civil society is for one end, viz. the “preservation of property” (2T.88, 94, 124), with property very broadly defined (“lives, liberties, and estates” |
|
|
Term
| what is the first stage of social contract achieved by? (locke) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does man give up when he leaves the state of nature? (locke) |
|
Definition
| the executive powers of nature and some of their rights of self government for the purpose of the preservation of property. |
|
|
Term
| what defines the second stage of social contract ?(locke) |
|
Definition
| the choosing of the government |
|
|
Term
| where does the supreme power of the government lay? (locke) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is locke's legislative branch restrained? |
|
Definition
| it cannot rule arbitrarily, but rather must rule consistently with natural law; it cannot rule by decree, but rather must govern by “settled standing laws”; it cannot deprive a citizen of his property without his consent (more precisely, without the consent of his legislative representatives—so, no taxation without representation; a necessarily democratic element? [2T.140]); and it cannot transfer its law-making power to other hands |
|
|
Term
| the relationship between the government and the people in locke's model is? |
|
Definition
| tustor, trustee, and beneficiary. |
|
|
Term
| according to locke in what two cases can man overthrow government? |
|
Definition
| 1. when the legislator is altered by the executive 2. when the legislator and/or executive act against the trust reposed in them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| man may not waste that which he appropriates (2T.31), and |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| additionally, he must leave “enough, and as good, in common for others |
|
|
Term
| locke's appopriations process is constrained in what two ways? |
|
Definition
| the lockean proviso and the non-wastage proviso |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nothing exist but matter and itss movements."life is but a motion of limbs" |
|
|
Term
| what are the problems with natural man? (hobbes) |
|
Definition
| natural man is egositic and equal |
|
|
Term
| what types of invasion does hobbes believe will occur? |
|
Definition
| invaion for gain, reputation, and glory |
|
|
Term
| what are the consequences of the state of nature? |
|
Definition
| "a war of all against all" "life is solitary, nasty, brutish, and short." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the liberty each man hath, to use his own power… for the preservation of his own life; and consequently, of doing anything, which in his own judgment… hee shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto.every man has a right to everything, even to one anothers body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of external impediments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a precept, or general rule, that is discovered by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving sam; and to omit, that, by which he thinketh it may be best preserved |
|
|
Term
| three laws of nature (hobbes) |
|
Definition
| - First fundamental law of nature(“to seek peace”),- Second law (“contract in way of peace”),- Third law (“justice”) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Those who “agree” to enter political society must submit to the will of the majority in selecting a sovereign(123), and more importantly
o They can be forced to enter political society (by violence or threat of same), as fear does not invalidate consent (97-8, 138-9) |
|
|
Term
| hobbes' one stage of social contract |
|
Definition
| an agreement between individuals to to create a political society and thereby leave the state of nature |
|
|
Term
| according to hobbes, the sovereign |
|
Definition
| has absolute power, in order to strike fear into men and keep them to their contracts. |
|
|
Term
| hobbes' one inalienable liberty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hobbes views on inalienable self defense lead to which two rights |
|
Definition
subjects are at liberty to resist state punishment.
-subjects at liberty to run away in battle, unless either(i) they have volunteered or (ii) the survival of the state is at stake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief in the unification of church and state power in hobbes' leviathan. |
|
|
Term
| along with self preservation hobbes; believes that this right is given under the sovereign |
|
Definition
|
|
