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| The total array of mass communication, including television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet |
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| Programming targeted to one small sector of the population, made possible by the emergence of cable television and the internet |
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| The rule requiring that all broadcasters provide airtime equally to all candidates if they provide it to any |
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| The law that formerly required broadcasters to present contrasting views on important public issues |
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| Adversarial or Attack Journalism |
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| Form of interpretive journalism that adopts a hostile position toward government, politics, and political figures |
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| A campaign's favorable interpretation of their campaign and unfavorable view of their opponent's activities |
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| Political campaign operatives who interpret campaign events in the most favorable light for their candidate |
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| News programs' short video clips of politicians statements |
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| Citizens who create online diaries and forums for the posting of opinions and personal viewpoints |
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| Surveys of voters taken when they leave the polling place, which are then used to project the winner of an election |
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| The citizens from a state or district that an elected official represents |
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| A system that rewards those with longer service with positions of leadership |
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| Congressional Budget Office |
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| Nonpartisan agency created by congress to assist in the budget process |
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| Current occupant of an office |
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| Electoral district in which the candidate from the dominant party usually wins by 55% or more |
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| Free postage for members of congress to communicate with constituents |
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| Practice of finding solutions to constituent problems, usually involving government agencies |
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| the practice of drawing congressional district boundaries to accord with population changes |
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| the periodic reallocation of 435 House seats among the states as population shifts from one region to another |
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| Practice of drawing congressional boundaries to the advantage of one party |
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| minority-majority district |
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| district in which minority members are clustered together, producing a majority of minority voters in the district |
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| theory of representation stressing the lawmaker's role as a tribune, who reflects the people's views on issues of the day |
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| theory of representation stressing the lawmaker's own judgement in legislative decision making |
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| approach to representation in which the lawmakers alternates between trustee and delegate roles as he or she deems appropriate |
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| party or special interest groups formed by like-minded members of congress to confer on issues of mutual concern |
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| Terms applied to spending for pet projects of individual members of congress |
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| funding for specific projects that are added by members of Congress to appropriation bills usually without oversight or public debate |
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| The most powerful leader of the House of Representatives |
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| Leader of the majority party in each house, responsible for marshaling support for the party's agenda |
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| Leader of the minority party in each house, responsible for marshaling support for the party's agenda |
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| Assistant Party leaders in each house whose jobs include ensuring that party members are present for floor votes and prepared to vote as the party prefers |
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| the practice of trading votes to the mutual advantage of members |
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| the second-highest-ranking official in the U.S. Senate |
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| The leaders of congressional committees, usually members of the majority party with the most seniority on that committee |
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| Method for freeing legislation from a committee in the House that requires the signatures of 218 members |
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| in the House of Representatives, the committee charged with determining rules for debate, amendment, and vote on bills brought to the floor |
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| Senate practice of continuous debate often employed to stop pending legislative action |
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| the procedure that ends a filibuster with sixty votes of the Senate |
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| Action a senator may place on a bill requiring personal consultation before the matter can proceed |
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| Committee sessions in which members review contents of legislation line by line |
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| Automatic veto achieved when a bill sits unsigned on a president's desk for ten days when congress is out of session |
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| To bring formal charges against a federal official, including the president |
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| Congressional authority to monitor the actions and budgets of executive agencies it creates |
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| Device, declared unconstitutional in 1983, allowing Congress to rescind rules promulgated by an executive agency |
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| Congressional action, requiring approval by both houses and the president, that can stop implementation of executive branches |
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| documents presidents append to legislation indicating their particular interpretation of its contents |
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| Early step in budgeting process in which both houses of Congress set spending goals |
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| Process of amending spending bills to meet budget targets |
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| Vehicle for funding government operations at the previous year's levels of support when a new budget is delayed |
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