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| 4 attributes that make up a democracy |
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1 regular elections for major gov't offices
2 competitive political parties
3 near universal adult suffrage
4 certain basic and political rights |
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| political-cultural thesis |
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emphasizes relative unwillingness of democracies to go to war
Democracy requires consensus that conflicts should be resolved w/o force |
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| Examples of democratic nations today |
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Democracies will resolve conflicts with other democracies peacefully
They are unlikely to fight other democracies
"there are no clear-cut cases of sovereign stable democracies waging war with each other in the modern international system" -Bruce Russett |
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| Explains that because both war and democracy are both abnormalities/rare in int'l relations, the absence of war between democracies is statistically insignificant |
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| a relationship that is explained by other variables |
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| In group/out group hypothesis |
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| proposition that the internal unity of a social group increases when it is faced with an alternative social group(opposing threat) |
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| DPT:Realist Christopher Layne |
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Proposes that peace does not necessarily have anything to do with states being democratic
Warns that if American policy-makers are too accepting of the democratic peace theory, then the US will not be prepared enough to effectively advance in international competition |
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| DPT:Institutional Variant |
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| Claims that the division/dispersion of power in democratic states makes it very difficult for them to initiate war |
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| Argues that the norms and values of democratic societies (ex:commitment to resolving conflict w/o force) shape the foreign policies of democratic states |
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| Debate whether human behaviors are biological/instinctive or socially/culturally conditioned |
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| German ethologist that divided animal kingdom into 2 categories: lethal and non-lethal;whereas humans fall under lethal |
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| Lethal animals/humans according to Lorenz |
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| Will kill their own species by instinct |
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| biological/psychological behavior in response to external stimuli |
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| study of animal behavior...argue that human's aggressive instinct is manifested in war(violence is genetic/biological) |
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| Ethologists:Reasons animals fight |
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Spacing:Fighting over resources causes animals to be dispersed over a given territory
Hierarchy: Fighting to determine social stance |
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ideas/ideologies-Konrad Lorenz
differences-Robin Fox
collective identity-Anthony Storr |
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fundamental human tendency to form "in-groups"
Humans fight to defend our stateness (ex:gangs) |
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| displays/signals made by lethal animals while fighting with members of own species to indicate defeat and avoid death |
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| Humans' intellectual evolution/ability to kill with weapons has has outstripped our moral evolution NOT to kill each other |
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Intelligence: ability to invent weapons that put our species in danger and ability to fight over IDEAS rather than things
"All the great dangers threatening humanity with extinction are direct consequences of conceptual thought" -Konrad Lorenz |
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| Anthony Storr (reason for war) |
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Collective Identity
"Maintenance of human identity requires oppositions"
People maintain peace within in-group if there is an existing out-group upon whom aggression can be discharged |
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| Konrad Lorenz (reason for war) |
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Definition
| Humans have intelligence that causes them to fight over ideas rather than things |
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| Robin Fox (reason for war) |
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Differences
"Ultimately we fight them because they are different, and their difference is threatening in its challenge to the validity of these ideas we live by. Thus, all wars are ideological wars" |
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| 1 innate aggressive instinct 2 ingenuity that produces artificial weapons 3 our capacity for conceptual thought 4 the devisive consequences of social group formation |
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| Opposing evidence against instinctual war argument |
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Definition
1 peaceful societies
2 fundamental aversion to lethal aggression
3 agression OR learned violence |
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| Examples of Peaceful societies |
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Sweden & Switzerland
Generations w/o involvement in war |
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the majority of soldiers will refuse to fire in battle when isolated
Evidence that humans posses reluctance to kill and that lethal aggression is caused by social pressures |
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| Ashley Montague and aggression vs. violence |
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Definition
war has nothing to do with agression but rather violence (rejects linkage btwn them)
"Motivationally, war represents one of the least aggressive form's of man's behavior" |
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| violence used in pursuit of some obtainable item or to accomplish a particular objective (not motivated by aggression) |
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| Argues that war is an "invention" or a learned behavior and that it can be "univented" |
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Human behavior is shaped by social stimuli
engage in/refrain from behaviors because of consequences of reward/punishment |
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People behave in certain ways b/c it is socially accepted or socially punished
ex: teenagers dress alike because of social acceptance (often inconsciously) |
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| portrayal of enemy in propaganda as less than human |
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tendency to view members of our own species as if they are not members of the same species
dividing human race into separate species |
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Lorenz, Fox, Storr
Irrational/destructive behavior is rooted in some uncontrollable drive |
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| War is a cultural/social practice reinforced by socialization |
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| Liberal International Economic Order |
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| Liberal Int'l Economic Order |
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current int'l economic system that was established at the Bretlon Woods Conference in 1944 (NH)
Created 3 Pillars to establish free/open trade after WW2 |
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1 Int'l Trade Org
2 Int'l Bank for Reconstruction & Development (AKA: The Wolrd Bank)
3 Int'l MOnetary Fund |
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| Int'l bank for Reconstruction and Development-global lending agency intended to reconstruct Europe after war and then helped to develop poorer countries |
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| International Monetary Fund provides short term assistance to nations w balance of payment problems to stabilize world monetary system |
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| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade created to reduce tariffs/taxes on imported goods in order to increase international trade |
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| Replaced GATT; enforces int'l trade rules promoting free and open trade |
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Cause of the Great Depression
Policies/tariffs designed to protect domestic industries from foreign trade which decreased world trade and contributed to the collapse of the global economy |
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| 2 Economists promoting free trade |
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| Adam Smith & David Ricardo |
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Laissez-faire economics
"invisible hand"
Argued that protectionalism and subsidies led to inefficiencies in the market |
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| Government should stay out of market process after set up |
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Adam Smith's argument that market forces should be allowed to fluctuate w/o gov't intervention
Prices would be decided by supply&demand competition |
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Comparative atvg
Argued against autarky |
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| States should produce what they can produce most efficiently and obtain everything else through trade |
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States try to produce everything themselves; self-sufficiency...don't want to import goods
-sparks anti-monopoly regulations and innovations |
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Set of trade policies prevelent in Europe designed to increase a state's wealth by promoting exports and reducing imports
Later replaced by idea of free trade |
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Great Britain tariffed european goods and consumers had to pay too much for corn, wheat and grain bc they were protected commodities
Later repealed by Richard Cobden |
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Trade is necessary to meet ppls needs/wants
individuals/nations who specialize in the production of certain commodities
Then trade what they produce for other commodities |
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| one consumer/nation benifits at anothers loss |
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all benefit simultaneously
supported by liberal economists |
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3 Barriers to free trade
(intentional & unintentional) |
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1 Non-tariff barriers
2 Dumping
3 Free rider |
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| can be policies to inhibit trade and imports wo direct taxes on them |
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| Examples of non-tariff barrier to trade |
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safety standards
tax incentives
purity standards |
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selling commodities at prices for less than the cost to produce them (made possible by gov't subsidaries)
Predatory pricing: setting prices w intention to drive others out of business
Puts other competition out of business and then raises their prices |
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| When an actor benefits from a policy w/o paying its fair share of the costs of the policy |
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| Main argument supporting free trade |
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Definition
PROMOTES EFFICIENCY
(comparative advantage) |
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Definition
Argues that sometimes protectionism is necessary/desirable
Free trade does lead to efficiency, but this leads to a labor surplus which results in job losses and then as tax revenues are down, there will be a decrease in gov't services |
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| industries in early stages of their development when other nations are already well developed in the same industries |
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equates to economic growth
increase in GDP or GDP/capita
Not possible wo growth BUT growth is possible wo economic development
Does not account for distribution of income |
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| 3 indicators of human development |
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Definition
1 Life expectancy
2 Purchasing Power-what can you afford
3 Adult literacy Rate (long term) |
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"stages theory"
linear progression
"catch-up" effect |
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| Walt Rostow argued that all states go through similar stages of economic development |
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| Each state is just at a different stage toward becoming more developed |
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| underdeveloped states progress faster than states already developed bc they can figure out short cuts |
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Foreign Direct Investment
allows for catch-up effect |
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Wanted to increase living standards by
1 stabilizing exchange rates
2 provide emergency loans to states in economic crisis |
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Definition
1 Int'l Monetary Cooperation
2 Promote Exchange Rate Stability
3 Help Balance of Payment Problems
-short term loans to help pay off debts
4 Help deal w int'l crises through int'l coordination |
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Definition
1 Economic surveillance:makes suggestions for reforms of countries' economies to prevent crises
2 Loans to countries in crises
-$300 billion ready for both short and long term loans(poverty countries)
3 Technical assistance &economic training |
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Definition
By member country contributions based upon each countries share in world economy
US-16%
UK-4% |
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| 5 Major criticisms of IMF |
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Definition
1 Exacerbate economic problems
-loan conditions make economy WEAKER not better
2 One-size-fits-all approach
-same loan requirments are made for each countries' different problems
3 Decline in public svcs
-increase in poverty/unemployment
4 Diminishes political automony
-states give up control/sovereignty
5 Moral Hazard
-states behave more rechlessly bc they know they can fall back on IMF for help |
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Term
| 5 Major criticisms of IMF |
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Definition
1 Exacerbate economic problems
-loan conditions make economy WEAKER not better
2 One-size-fits-all approach
-same loan requirments are made for each countries' different problems
3 Decline in public svcs
-increase in poverty/unemployment
4 Diminishes political automony
-states give up control/sovereignty
5 Moral Hazard
-states behave more rechlessly bc they know they can fall back on IMF for help |
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Term
| 5 Major criticisms of IMF |
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Definition
1 Exacerbate economic problems
-loan conditions make economy WEAKER not better
2 One-size-fits-all approach
-same loan requirments are made for each countries' different problems
3 Decline in public svcs
-increase in poverty/unemployment
4 Diminishes political automony
-states give up control/sovereignty
5 Moral Hazard
-states behave more rechlessly bc they know they can fall back on IMF for help |
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Term
| 5 Major criticisms of IMF |
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Definition
1 Exacerbate economic problems
-loan conditions make economy WEAKER not better
2 One-size-fits-all approach
-same loan requirments are made for each countries' different problems
3 Decline in public svcs
-increase in poverty/unemployment
4 Diminishes political automony
-states give up control/sovereignty
5 Moral Hazard
-states behave more rechlessly bc they know they can fall back on IMF for help |
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Term
| 5 Major criticisms of IMF |
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Definition
1 Exacerbate economic problems
-loan conditions make economy WEAKER not better
2 One-size-fits-all approach
-same loan requirments are made for each countries' different problems
3 Decline in public svcs
-increase in poverty/unemployment
4 Diminishes political automony
-states give up control/sovereignty
5 Moral Hazard
-states behave more rechlessly bc they know they can fall back on IMF for help |
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Definition
| Market-oriented reforms required in order for a counrtry to be eligible to recieve IMF loans |
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| Conditionality in lending |
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| IMF's policy of requiring certain economic policies/reforms in order to recieve loans |
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| Structural dependency theory |
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Definition
Opposes "stages theory" and argues that states are locked into the unequal relationship btwn core and periphery
Int'l inequality in which the rich stay rich and the poor stay poor |
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Economis elites that reap the benefits of foreign economic growth in peripheral states
New wealth/growth does not trickle down to the masses, it stays within this elite class |
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Contemporary version of economic liberalism emphasizing importance of limited gov't, reduced regulation, and the market economy
Assumption of harmony of interests
-when when everyone pursues his own economic self-interest in the market, we are all better off in the long run
Development/Wealth are possible for ALL in the global capital economic system |
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| Keynsianism: advocation for a greater role of gov't in the ups and downs of the business cycle |
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Anti-Keynsianism
favored diminshed role of gov't and a more increased reliance on the market itself
led to neoliberalism |
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| controlling gov't spending in order to balance gov't budgets |
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| World Bank- What is it trying to achieve? |
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Definition
| Mission is to fight poverty |
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Definition
1 IBRD:poverty reducing for middle income countries
2 IDA (int'l Development Association):provides low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants(focused on poorest countries) |
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186 members contribute funds as shareholders
$178 billion in reserve |
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1 Conditionality in lending
-tends to hurt the poor/most vulnerable w/in states
2 Types of projects that have been funded
-large-scale and expensive that involve a lot of time and money |
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int'l airports, hydroelectric dam projects, new highway systems
usually call for large displacement of ppl & has a lot of environmental impacts/corruption |
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