Term
| Pathogens can cause disease in two ways. They are? |
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Definition
| Increasing in numbers and Production of toxins |
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Term
| Bacteria can be described by 3 things? |
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Definition
| Shape, use of oxygen, and staining characteristics |
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Term
| Thick cell wall; retain purple color after staining applied? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Thinner cell wall. Do not retain purple color? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Spherical shaped bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Type of bacteria that thrive's in oxygen environment? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bacteria that thrive best without oxygen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can some bacteria be BOTH aerobic and anaerobic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do antiinfective drugs work? |
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Definition
| They act by affecting the target organism's metabolism or life cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| They work by targeting the cell wall and enzymes of bacteria. |
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Term
| What is a major problem of antiinfective drugs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Broad spectrum antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| effective against a wide variety of bacteria |
|
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Term
| What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? |
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Definition
| effective against a restricted group of bacteria or one type |
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Term
| T or F: Viruses may take weeks to identify? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Combining two antibiotics to inclrease efficacy of each drug. |
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Term
| T or F: Use of multiple antibiotics increase potential resistance? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some reasons that multi-drug antibiotic therapy may be prescribed? |
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Definition
| Infection caused by several different micro-organisms, TB, HIV infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When host flora are destroyed by antibiotics. Then pathogenic microorganisms have a chance to multiply. These are often caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| They prevent growth of pathogenic microorganisms. |
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Term
| One of the oldest and safest groups of antiinfectives? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme secreted by some bacteria? |
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Definition
| penicillinase (splits beta-lactam ring of Penicillin) |
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|
Term
| A broad spectrum penicillin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar in structure and function to pinicillins. One of the most widely prescribed antiinfective classes. |
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Term
| What do bacteriocidals do? |
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Definition
| They destroy bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. |
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Term
| What is a "cross-allergy"? |
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Definition
| Some clients who are allergic to penicillins may also be allergic to cephalosporins as well. |
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Term
| What are the most common side effects of cephalopsorins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the drug of choice for Rocky Mt spotted Fever, Lyme Disease, Cholera, and Typus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What color does tetracycline cause teeth to be? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What food should a person avoid when taking tetracycline? |
|
Definition
| Milk. It binds with calcium molecules which decreases absorption. |
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|
Term
| How should tetracycline be administered? |
|
Definition
| 1-2 hours AFTER meals to avoid interactions. |
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Term
| Macrolides are a drug of choice for what diseases? |
|
Definition
| whooping cough, Legionaire's Disease, Strep, Chlamydia |
|
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Term
| What is benefit of macrolides over penicillin? |
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Definition
| Macrolides can be prescriped as a safe alternative to penicillin for many diseases/ They are prescribed for diseases that are penicillin resistant. |
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|
Term
| What is an example of Macrolides? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Narrow spectrum drugs that have potencial to cause serious toxicity. |
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|
Term
| What are amonoglycosides prescribed for? |
|
Definition
| serious gram-negative infections (bacterialocidal). Ex. gentamicin (Garamycin). |
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|
Term
| What is a serious side effect of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Ototoxicity (hearing)- Conduct frequent hearing tests as this may be permanent. Nephrotoxicity (kidneys) |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Anti Tuberculin therapy? |
|
Definition
| INH (2-4 drugs used in combonation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long term drug therapy with the use of 2-4 drugs over 6-24 month period. This is neccessary b/c the bacteria grows so slowly and resistance may become common. Second line drugs are used with first line becomes resistant. Must continue therapy even if symptoms have stopped. |
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Term
| What is a major side effect of INH (Isoniazid)? |
|
Definition
| Hepatoxicity (liver toxicity). Rare but serious. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is what fungal diseases are called. |
|
|
Term
| How are fungal infections treated? |
|
Definition
| superficial mycoses- topically; systemic mycoses- oral or parenterally |
|
|
Term
| What has been a antifungal drug of choice for many years? |
|
Definition
| amphoteracin (Fungizone) Adverse reaction may be phlebitis and nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| How should oral antifungal drugs be taken? |
|
Definition
| Swish and Swallow. Do not drink for 10 minutes afterward. |
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|
Term
| Who may need antifungal drugs? |
|
Definition
| Those who: 1. are on corticosteroids for prolonged time 2. have extensive burns 3. recieving anticancer drugs 4. recent organ transplants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-living parasites that require a host in order to replicate. They are surrounded by a protein coating. |
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|
Term
| What is an example of a serious virus that can be fatal? |
|
Definition
| HIV-requires 3-4 drugs at a time. Still not curable. |
|
|
Term
| Oldest antiretroviral drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protease inhibitors- resistance happens quickly though. |
|
|
Term
| Example of protease inhibitor? |
|
Definition
| AZT- can cause bruising and bleeding, do not take any OTC meds at the same time |
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Term
| Exples of other diseases tx with antivirual drugs? |
|
Definition
| herpes, varicella-zoster, Epstein Barr, influenza (ex. tamiflu) |
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Term
| What are antiparasitic agents for? |
|
Definition
| To treat protozoan like Malaria, amebic dysentary, worms. Not so common in US, but very common in developing countries. |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat pinworms? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Majot antiparasitic drug? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What should a patient do after taking her first dose of Augmentin? |
|
Definition
| The nurse should have the pt stay in the office for 30 min. in case of any allergic side effects. |
|
|
Term
| What is a common side effect of bactrim therapy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two major divisions of malignant tumors? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| leukemias and lymphodemas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue like bone, carlilage, muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of cancer? |
|
Definition
| carcinomas, they grow rapidly and metastisize |
|
|
Term
| What are some types of Antineoplastic (cancer) drugs? |
|
Definition
1. Alkylating agents- change DNA in the hopes of disrupting reproduction of cancer cells
2. Antimetabolics- disrupt metabolic pathways
3. Hormones- blocks hormones needed by cancer
4. Plant extracts
5. Biological- stimulate the immune system |
|
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Term
| What is Occupational Monitoring ? |
|
Definition
| Contamination of caregivers by cancer drugs since some drugs can be absorbed by caregivers unknowingly |
|
|
Term
| Adverse reactions to anticancer drugs? |
|
Definition
| Anemia (decrease RBC), Thrombocytopenia (decrease platelet count, Leukopenia (decrease WBC) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone antagonist used to tx breat cancer. Given orally. Can be given prophylatically to those with a high chance of breast cancer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Biological response modifier used in immune therapy |
|
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Term
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Ventilation (removes air from the lungs) and Respiration (gasses are exchanged) |
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|
Term
| What is the "air pathway"? |
|
Definition
| Nose- pharynx - trachea- bronchi- bronchioles- alveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disease characterised by Bronchiospasm. |
|
|
Term
| What are the drugs of choice for asthma? |
|
Definition
| Sympathomimetics. Selective for beta-2 receptors in the lungs. Few cardiac side effects. |
|
|
Term
| Ex of bronchiodilators for asthma pts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is effective for long term prophylaxis for asthma? |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids-suppress inflammation but do not tx acute asmtha attacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beclovent, Beconase, Vancenase, nasal sprays |
|
|
Term
| What drugs control cough? |
|
Definition
| antitussives. They LOOSEN bronchial sectretions and relieve cough. NOT for clients with emphysema and bronchitus. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most effective antitussives? |
|
Definition
| narcotic analgesics (codeine cough mixtures) Schedule V. Low dependence. |
|
|
Term
| What is Dextromethorphan? |
|
Definition
| DM - most commonly used OTC antitussive ANTI COUGH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase bronchial sectretions. They REDUCE THICKNESS of sectretions allowing them to be released through cough. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most effective OTC expectorrant |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| LOSSEN THICK, viscous bronchial sectretions. |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| Excessive mucous produced in bronchial tree due to inflammation. Sx/s = dyspnea and cough, airways partially obstructed obstructed with mucous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Terminal stage of COPD, bronchioles loose elasticity, extreme dyspnea with slightest activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bronchitis and Emphasyma- cannot be cured only treated. Tx with bronchodilators, mucolyics, and expectorants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| leukotryine inhibitor, mast stabilazor used to tx asthma |
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Term
|
Definition
| food. it is uncommon to have nausea and vomiting. most common age 30-50. black tarry stools. red vomit. |
|
|
Term
| Gastric ulcer relieved by? |
|
Definition
| NOT food. >60 age. anorexia, vomiting, remission may be frequent or absent. |
|
|
Term
| What blood type is most associated with peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is most associated with Peptic Ulcer Disease? |
|
Definition
| Helicobacter pylori bacteria (gram-negative bacteria)TX with amoxicillin, flagyl, and biaxin (2 or more are needed) |
|
|
Term
| How is inflammatory bowel disease tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zantac (H2 receptor antagonist) suppress volume of acid in stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ex Prilosec (reduces gastric acid secretions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulk forming, stimulant, saline, stool softeners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opiods the most effective. ex. lomotil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benzodiazepines, botulism toxin |
|
|
Term
| Selective estrogen receptor |
|
Definition
| provides protection against uterine and breast cancer, reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases, for postmenapausal women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex. Fosamax. Strengthens bones with continued use by blocking bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity |
|
|
Term
| Common side effect of biphosphonates? |
|
Definition
| gastrointestinal problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For those that cannot take estrogen or biophosphonates. Prevents bone fractures by inhibiting bone reabsorbtion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged, abnormal bones. new bone is weak, and fractures may occur. S/sx. pain, inflammation, headaches, facial pain, pinched nerves, aching hips and joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biophosphonates and calcitonin, daily calcium and vit D, sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle spams, local pain and stiffness, joint and bone enlargement, limited movemetn.. Normal part of aging process, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tenderness, swelling, dull aches. Auto immune disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rich man's disease. High fat diet, alcohol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that prevent Uric acid build up (Lupurin) |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that tx. mites and lice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Older women, redness, scaling on lower extremities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by SILVERY flaky scales. Tx. topicalal corticosteroids, and retinoid-like compunds. |
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