Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PNR 155 FINAL LPN OCTC 2013
PNR 155 FINAL LPN OCTC 2013
294
Nursing
Not Applicable
07/07/2013

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs if a woman lies….
Definition
Flat on her back
Term
Supine hypotension syndrome reduces the blood returned to the mothers heart which can lead to fetal _______
Definition
Hypoxia
Term
What can you as the nurse recommend for the pregnant female experiencing supine hypotension syndrome?
Definition
Turn to left side &/or elevate HOB
Term
What is a standardized way to describe the outcomes of a woman’s pregnancies on her prenatal record?
Definition
TPALM
Term
What does the “T” stand for in TPALM?
Definition
Number of term infants born
Term
What does the “P” stand for in TPALM?
Definition
Number of preterm infants born
Term
What does the “A” stand for in TPALM?
Definition
Number of pregnancies aborted before 20 weeks of gestation
Term
What does the “L” stand for in TPALM?
Definition
Number of children now living
Term
What does the “M” stand for in TPALM?
Definition
Multiple birth number of multiple gestations -- optional
Term
The _______ number increases by 1 each time the woman is pregnant
Definition
Gravida
Term
The _______ increases only when a woman delivers a fetus of at least 20 weeks gestation
Definition
Para
Term
_______ _______ is essential for the formation & maturation of both red & white blood cells in bone marrow
Definition
Folic acid
Term
Folic acid reduces the incidence of _______ _______ defects
Definition
Neural tube
Term
What would you recommend for the pregnant female who is experiencing early morning nausea?
Definition
Eat dry toast or crackers before getting up in the morning
Term
What foods would you recommend to the pregnant female who does not like milk but needs calcium supplementation?
Definition
Enriched cereals, legumes, nuts, dried fruits, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, canned salmon/sardines
Term
Oxygenated blood enters the fetal body through the ___________ _______
Definition
Umbilical vein
Term
Half of fetal blood goes to the _______, half to the _______ _______ to the IVC
Definition
Liver; ductus venosus
Term
From the IVC, fetal blood goes to the _______ _______ with majority going into the _______ _______ through the _______ _______
Definition
Right atrium; left atrium; foramen ovale
Term
Small amounts of fetal blood from the right atrium goes to the _______ _______ to the ___________ _______ and to the _______
Definition
Right ventricle; pulmonary artery; lungs
Term
Blood from the pulmonary artery and left ventricle join in the _______ ___________, then down the descending aorta
Definition
Ductus arteriosus
Term
The blood leaves the fetal body through ___________ ___________
Definition
Umbilical arteries
Term
When does fetal circulation cease?
Definition
Once the infant is born & cord is clamped
Term
When is a fetus considered fully developed & ready to be born?
Definition
By 38-40 weeks of gestation
Term
Nagele’s rule is used to determine the ______
Definition
EDD
Term
How is Nagele’s rule calculated?
Definition
Identify 1st day of LNMP, count backward 3 months, add 7 days, update year if applicable
Term
What should the nurse teach a pregnant pt about varicose vein prevention?
Definition
Avoid wearing restrictive clothing or crossing legs, elevate legs above hip level when resting, wear support hose, avoid standing in one position for prolonged periods -- walk around for a few minutes every 2 hours
Term
How do you assess a child for scoliosis?
Definition
By having child bend at the waist -- look for asymmetry of the spine
Term
What should you assess for after a child has a tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy? Why?
Definition
Frequent swallowing while the child is sleeping -- this is an early sign of postop bleeding
Term
What is the best choice of fluid replacement for a child after a tonsillectomy?
Definition
Popsicle (clear liquids -- no red or brown colors)
Term
What acute change in respiratory assessment in a child with RSV should be reported to the charge nurse/physician immediately?
Definition
If lung sounds become quiet when child was previously wheezing -- this can mean that no air is getting into lungs
Term
Which respiratory disorder is caused by a dysfunction of the exocrine glands that causes the glands to produce thick, tenacious mucus?
Definition
Cystic fibrosis
Term
Describe the stools of a pt with CF
Definition
Bulky, frothy, foul-smelling
Term
List respiratory treatments used for pt with CF
Definition
O2 therapy, aerosol therapy, inhalers, postural drainage, breathing exercises
Term
When should postural drainage be performed?
Definition
After nebulizer treatment and at least 2 hours after eating
Term
CF is caused by an _______ recessive trait, with _______ parents carrying a gene for the disease
Definition
Inherited; both
Term
The child with CF should be given oral ___________ preparations with meals & snacks to help child to digest & absorb nutrients in food
Definition
Pancreatic
Term
Explain the diet plan that would be taught to the child with CF
Definition
Diet should be high in proteins and calories with free access to salt -- but no salt supplements
Term
Child with CF should wear light clothing to prevent ___________
Definition
Overheating
Term
What position should parents be taught to place infants in while sleeping to prevent SIDS?
Definition
Back to sleep
Term
Why should the pts mouth be rinsed out after inhalation of a dry powder/steroid-containing inhaler?
Definition
To prevent the development of candidiasis
Term
Examining the throat with a tongue blade could trigger ___________
Definition
Laryngospasms
Term
A ___________ _______ should always be at the bedside before examination of the throat takes place
Definition
Tracheotomy set
Term
How can parents prevent their child from getting laryngitis/epiglottitis?
Definition
Ensuring child receives HIB vaccine beginning at 2 months of age
Term
Child with RSV should be put in _______ precautions
Definition
Contact
Term
How is RSV spread?
Definition
By direct contact with respiratory secretions (not airborne)
Term
What is known as an infection of the bone that generally occurs in children younger than 1 year of age and those between 5 and 14 years of age?
Definition
Osteomyelitis
Term
In osteomyelitis, inflammation produces _______ _______ that collects under the marrow and cortex of the bone
Definition
Purulent
Term
In osteomyelitis, collection of _______ under the periostium of the bone can elevate periostium and can result in necrosis of that part of the bone
Definition
Pus
Term
In osteomyelitis, local ___________ and increased ___________ can cause pain
Definition
Inflammation; pressure
Term
What causes osteomyelitis in children older than 5 years of age?
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Term
___________ ___________ is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in young children
Definition
Haemophilus influenzae
Term
What may osteomyelitis be preceded by?
Definition
A local injury to the bone (fracture, burn, surgical contamination, heel punctures in infants, scalp vein access in neonates)
Term
What should be added to the diet of a child with osteomyelitis?
Definition
Protein & Vitamin C
Term
Pt with osteomyelitis will remain on IV antibiotics for ____ to ____ weeks
Definition
41370
Term
What type of activity should a child with osteomyelitis avoid?
Definition
Weight bearing
Term
What disorder occurs as an allergic reaction to a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection 10-21 days after having scarlet fever, skin infection, or strep throat?
Definition
Acute glomerulonephritis
Term
S/S of acute glomerulonephritis occur 1-3 weeks after a _______ infection
Definition
Strep
Term
List S/S of acute glomerulonephritis
Definition
Periorbital edema, vague discomfort, elevated BP, oliguria, blood in urine
Term
Pts experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis will have blood glucose levels higher than ____ mg/dL
Definition
160
Term
Pts experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis will have a _______ odor to their breath
Definition
Fruity
Term
Pts experiencing hypoglycemia will have a blood glucose level less than ____ mg/dL
Definition
70
Term
Which musculoskeletal disorder is characterized by a malignant growth in the marrow of the long bones?
Definition
Ewing’s sarcoma
Term
What are the primary sites for metastasis of Ewing’s sarcoma?
Definition
Lungs & long bones
Term
How is Ewing’s sarcoma treated?
Definition
Radiation& chemotherapy
Term
What type of activity should the pt with Ewing’s sarcoma avoid?
Definition
Weight-bearing
Term
List 3 types of stress that contribute to child abuse
Definition
Social, child, parental
Term
List social stress factors that contribute to child abuse
Definition
Poverty, unemployment, dysfunctional family
Term
List child stress factors that contribute to child abuse
Definition
Disabled, temperamental, hyperactive, foster child or step child
Term
List parental stress factors that contribute to child abuse
Definition
Abused as a child, low self-esteem, overworked or overwhelmed, uneducated, substance abuse
Term
List triggers for child abuse
Definition
Need for discipline, family conflict, substance abuse, financial crises
Term
What is the #1 priority when caring for a child with a burn?
Definition
Airway
Term
A child who has been burned will need to add _______ & _______ to his/her diet
Definition
Calories & proteins
Term
What should be added to the diet of a child who has a burn injury?
Definition
Calories, proteins, & iron -- supplement Vitamins A, B, C, & zinc
Term
List the 6 “C”s of burn care
Definition
Clothing, cooling, cleaning, chemoprophylaxis, covering, comfort
Term
How should 1st degree burns be treated?
Definition
Immerse in cold water to halt burning process & apply an antimicrobial ointment
Term
How should 2nd degree burns be treated?
Definition
If area is small, treat as 1st degree burn & apply antimicrobial ointment; otherwise, treat as deep dermal burn
Term
Nurse should avoid _______ _______ if a child comes in with a deep dermal burn
Definition
Breaking blisters
Term
What should never be applied to a pt with a 3rd degree burn?
Definition
Ointment or any other substance
Term
Child can be taught to administer own insulin at age ____
Definition
7
Term
What type of insulin is not given to children & why?
Definition
Long acting is not given to children due to hypoglycemia while asleep
Term
What is the onset of rapid acting insulin?
Definition
5-15 minutes
Term
What is the onset of short acting insulin?
Definition
½ - 1 hour
Term
What is the onset of intermediate acting insulin?
Definition
1-2 hours
Term
What is the onset of long acting insulin?
Definition
1-2 hours
Term
Which skin condition occurs when bacteria enter a break in the skin and is contagious?
Definition
Impetigo
Term
What is the 1st symptom of impetigo?
Definition
Bullous lesion or red papule
Term
Where is impetigo usually found?
Definition
In moist areas (Especially around mouth)
Term
How can impetigo be prevented?
Definition
By treating cuts promptly
Term
What complication can occur if impetigo is not treated?
Definition
Nephritis
Term
A pt with staph aureus is considered contagious & is placed on strict _______ precautions
Definition
Contact
Term
Which integumentary disorder occurs due to genetically hypersensitive skin due to oversensitivity to allergens?
Definition
Infantile eczema
Term
What causes infantile eczema?
Definition
Allergies
Term
Infantile eczema is more common during the first ____ years of life
Definition
2
Term
Which season causes infantile eczema to worsen?
Definition
Winter
Term
Pediculosis (lice) is transmitted by _______ contact
Definition
Direct
Term
What is the main symptom of Pediculosis?
Definition
Severe itching
Term
What type of precaution should be used for a pt with Pediculosis?
Definition
Contact
Term
Head lice (capitis) louse lay eggs that hatch in ____ to ____ days
Definition
41337
Term
What are the major nursing responsibilities during the 4th stage of labor?
Definition
Checking fundus, perineum, & bladder
Term
Why should the nurse help the new mother void after delivery if her bladder is firm, deviated, & located above the umbilicus?
Definition
To help prevent hemorrhage
Term
How do oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
Definition
Prevents ovulation, makes cervical mucus thick & resistant to sperm, makes endometrium less suitable for a fertilized ovum
Term
What are the complications after an Amniotomy is done?
Definition
Prolapse of umbilical cord, infection, Abruptio placenta
Term
What should the nurse monitor after an Amniotomy is performed?
Definition
FHR, amniotic fluid, mom’s temperature
Term
What is important to report to the MD concerning lochia after discharge?
Definition
Any change in lochia from pink to bright red
Term
What is the normal fetal heart rate?
Definition
110-160 bpm
Term
List signs of distress in the newborn after birth
Definition
Grunting respirations, RR over 60 bpm, Apgar score 3 or below
Term
When is RhoGAM given?
Definition
Given to the mother at 28 weeks gestation and within 72 hours of delivery when Rh+ baby is born to Rh- mom
Term
The grasp reflex should disappear around _____ months of age
Definition
3
Term
When does the development of prehension occur?
Definition
5-6 months
Term
Around approximately what age does the parachute reflex appear?
Definition
7-9 months
Term
Pincer grasp should be well established by what age?
Definition
1 year
Term
At what age will infant be able to hold head erect?
Definition
3 months
Term
By ____ months, the infant is able to roll over
Definition
4
Term
By ____ months, the infant can sit alone and pull to stand
Definition
9
Term
By ____ months the infant should be able to walk with assistance
Definition
12
Term
About how many steps should infant be able to walk by 12 months?
Definition
3
Term
By ____ months the infant is able to sit alone steadily with hands forward for support
Definition
6
Term
By ____ months the infant is able to sit without support and pull to a standing position
Definition
8
Term
By ____ months the infant is able to stands alone and can sit from a standing position
Definition
11
Term
At what age does separation anxiety begin to develop?
Definition
9-10 months
Term
Why is congenital hear disease not a problem for the fetus?
Definition
Because of the fetal-maternal circulations
Term
What are the 2 categories of congenital heart disease?
Definition
Cyanotic & Acyanotic
Term
3 defects that increase pulmonary blood flow
Definition
1. Atrial septal defect 2. Ventricular septal defect 3. Patent ductus arteriosus
Term
Which heart defect obstructs blood flow?
Definition
Coarctation of the aorta
Term
Which heart defect decreases pulmonary blood flow?
Definition
Tetralogy of Fallot
Term
What is a characteristic feature of defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow?
Definition
Cyanosis caused by the presence of unoxygenated blood in the circulation
Term
In congenital heart disease _______ is not always a clinical sign
Definition
Cyanosis
Term
Which heart defect occurs because of narrowing or constriction of the aortic arch?
Definition
Coarctation of the aorta
Term
What is a characteristic sign on Coarctation of the aorta?
Definition
A significant difference in the BP between the upper extremities and the lower extremities
Term
The nurse should observe for __________ after Coarctation surgery
Definition
Leukocytosis
Term
When is the best time for surgical intervention of Coarctation of the aorta?
Definition
Between 2-4 years of age
Term
What are the 4 defects that make up tetralogy of fallout?
Definition
Stenosis of the pulmonary artery, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, Dextroposition of the aorta, VSD
Term
In Dextroposition of the aorta, in which direction is the aorta displaced?
Definition
Right
Term
Tet spells occur during the first ____ years of life
Definition
2
Term
What is the best position to place a child in when Tet spells occur?
Definition
Knee-chest
Term
How is diagnosis of a Tet spell confirmed?
Definition
By an x-ray that shows a typical boot shaped heart
Term
In some cases, IV ___________ ____ therapy can open a constricted arteriosus and allow for oxygenation of the body until surgery is performed to correct tetralogy of fallot
Definition
Prostaglandin E
Term
Which cardiac condition is characterized by underdevelopment of the left side of the heart?
Definition
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Term
When can Hypoplastic left heart syndrome be diagnosed?
Definition
Before birth
Term
When does acquired heart disease occur?
Definition
After birth
Term
What cardiac condition occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the volume of blood that is presented to it?
Definition
CHF
Term
When the right side of the heart is affected by CHF, a failure results in the backup of blood in the….
Definition
Systemic venous system
Term
When the left side of the heart is affected by CHF, a failure results in backup into the….
Definition
Lungs
Term
What are the early signs of CHF in infants that should be reported?
Definition
Tachycardia, fatigue during feedings, sweating around scalp and forehead, dyspnea, sudden weight gain
Term
What causes rheumatic fever to occur?
Definition
A complication of an untreated group A beta hemolytic streptococcus infection of the throat
Term
A common feature of rheumatic fever is destruction of __________ _______
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
Peak incidence for rheumatic fever occurs from __ to __ years of age
Definition
41409
Term
Rheumatic fever is more prevalent in which 2 seasons?
Definition
Winter & spring
Term
What is needed in order to have a positive diagnosis of rheumatic fever?
Definition
The presence of 2 major criteria and 1 major & 2 minor criteria, plus a history of streptococcal infection
Term
What must the pt with a history of rheumatic fever be put on before receiving any dental therapy?
Definition
Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy
Term
_______ or _______ HTN implies that no underlying disease is present
Definition
Primary/essential
Term
When the cause of HTN can be explained by a disease process, it is known as _______
Definition
Secondary
Term
Which cardiac disorder causes inflammation in the BVs of the cardiovascular system & weakens the walls of the heart?
Definition
Kawasaki disease
Term
Kawasaki disease usually affects children younger than ____ years of age
Definition
5
Term
Is Kawasaki disease spread from person to person?
Definition
No
Term
Kawasaki disease often results in an ___________
Definition
Aneurysm
Term
The onset of KD is _______ with a sustained fever
Definition
Abrupt
Term
Some manifestations if KD include: conjunctivitis without _______, _______ lips, a “___________ tongue”, inflamed mouth and pharyngeal membranes, an erythematous skin _______, and swollen _______ and ___________ of the palm and soles
Definition
Discharge; fissured; strawberry; rash; hands; desquamation (peeling)
Term
What teaching should the nurse include when teaching the pt with KD who is receiving immune globulin?
Definition
Postpone active routine immunizations for several months after the administration of immune globulin
Term
What are some examples of medications used in the pt with KD?
Definition
IV gamma globulin, salicylates, warfarin, low dose ASA
Term
Hodgkin's disease is diagnosed by the presence of ______ - __________ cells
Definition
Reed-Sternberg
Term
Which stage of Hodgkin's disease is restricted to a single area or localized in a group of lymph nodes & is usually asymptomatic?
Definition
Stage 1
Term
Which group of Hodgkin’s disease involves 2 or more lymph nodes in an area or on the same side of the diaphragm?
Definition
Stage 2
Term
Which stage of Hodgkin's disease involves lymph node regions on both sides of he diaphragm and also involves an adjacent organ or spleen?
Definition
Stage 3
Term
Which stage of Hodgkin's diseased is classified as a diffuse disease and has the least favorable prognosis?
Definition
Stage 4
Term
Which GI disorder is caused by a failure of the tissue of the GI tract to separate properly from the respiratory tract early in prenatal life?
Definition
TEF
Term
What is essential and must be performed on an infant who has TEF?
Definition
Surgical repair
Term
What occurs in the infant who has TEF when the first feeding is introduced?
Definition
Vomiting & choking
Term
Drooling in a newborn is ___________
Definition
Pathological
Term
Which GI disorder occurs when perforation does not take place and causes the lower end of the GI tract and the anus to end in blind pouches?
Definition
Imperforate anus
Term
Failure to pass meconium in the first ____ hours must be reported
Definition
24
Term
Newborn infants should not be discharged before a _______ _______ is observed and recorded
Definition
Meconium stool
Term
How is diagnosis of imperforate anus confirmed?
Definition
X-ray or MRI
Term
Pyloric stenosis occurs due to an obstruction and the _______ end of the stomach
Definition
Lower
Term
What causes pyloric stenosis?
Definition
An overgrowth (hypertrophy) of the circular muscles of the pylorus or by spasms of the sphincter
Term
Symptoms of pyloric stenosis do not appear until infant is ____ or ____ weeks old
Definition
2 or 3
Term
What is the treatment for pyloric stenosis?
Definition
Surgery
Term
What is the major symptom of pyloric stenosis?
Definition
Vomiting
Term
A pt with pyloric stenosis will experience projectile vomiting immediately _______ a feeding
Definition
After
Term
Describe the appetite of the infant with pyloric stenosis
Definition
Constantly hungry and will eat again immediately after vomiting
Term
An _______ shaped mass may be felt in the RUQ of the abdomen in the pt with pyloric stenosis
Definition
Olive
Term
The pt with pyloric stenosis should be fed __________ feedings by teaspoon through a _______ with a large hole
Definition
Thickened; nipple
Term
When should the infant with pyloric stenosis be burped?
Definition
Before as well as during feedings
Term
In what position(s) should the infant with pylori stenosis be placed in after a feeding?
Definition
On the right side in fowler’s position
Term
If vomiting occurs in an infant with pyloric stenosis, the nurse may be instructed to ___________ the infant
Definition
Reefed
Term
How should the diaper be placed after surgery to repair pyloric stenosis?
Definition
Low over the abdomen
Term
What is the leading Malabsorption problem in children?
Definition
Celiac disease
Term
Celiac disease is an ___________ disposition with environmental triggers
Definition
Inherited
Term
Symptoms of celiac disease are not evident until 6 months to 2 years of age when foods containing _______ are introduced to the child
Definition
Gluten
Term
Describe the stools of the child with celiac disease
Definition
Large, bulky, and frothy
Term
What is the characteristic profile of an infant with celiac disease?
Definition
Abdominal distention with atrophy of the buttocks
Term
What are some foods that contain gluten?
Definition
Wheat, barley, oats, rye
Term
Which GI disorder causes a lack of peristalsis?
Definition
Hirschsprung’s disease
Term
Hirschsprung’s disease results in chronic __________
Definition
Constipation
Term
Describe the stools of the child with Hirschsprung’s disease
Definition
Ribbon-like
Term
There is a higher incidence of Hirschsprung's disease in children with _______ ___________
Definition
Down Syndrome
Term
What is a serious complication of Hirschsprung’s disease?
Definition
Enterocolitis
Term
Which diagnostic evaluations are usually included for Hirschsprung’s disease?
Definition
Barium enema & rectal biopsy
Term
What is the manifestation of Hirschsprung’s disease in newborns?
Definition
Failure to pass meconium stools within 24-28 hours
Term
What are the manifestations of Hirschsprung’s disease during infancy?
Definition
Constipation, ribbon-like stools, abdominal distention, anorexia, vomiting, failure to thrive
Term
What GI disorder would the MD suspect if a parent brings their young child into the clinic after trying OTC laxatives to treat constipation, but no relief is found?
Definition
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Term
When giving the child an enema at home, what type of solution should be used?
Definition
Normal saline
Term
What type of solution should never be used when giving a child an enema at home?
Definition
Tap water
Term
What GI disorder is characterized by the slipping of one part of the intestine into another part just below it, resulting in edema and strangulation of the bowel?
Definition
Intussusception
Term
What term is used to describe intussusception that has been corrected without treatment?
Definition
Spontaneous reduction
Term
The onset of intussusception is _______
Definition
Sudden
Term
The child with intussusception with have diminished _______ and will pass little _______
Definition
BMs; flatus
Term
Describe the stools of the child with intussusception
Definition
Currant jelly stools
Term
The MD may feel a ___________ shaped mass in the RUQ of the child with intussusception
Definition
Sausage
Term
What is the treatment of choice for the child with intussusception?
Definition
Barium enema (with surgery scheduled if reduction is not achieved)
Term
What is the most common sign of Meckel’s Diverticulum?
Definition
Painless bleeding from the rectum
Term
Describe the stools of the child with Meckel’s Diverticulum
Definition
Bright red or dark red stools
Term
When is a hernia considered “reducible”?
Definition
If able to be put back into place by gentle pressure
Term
Which type of hernia is classified by a protrusion of part of the abdominal contents through the inguinal canal?
Definition
Inguinal hernia
Term
Which type of hernia appears as a soft swelling covered by skin, which protrudes when infant cries or strains?
Definition
Umbilical hernia
Term
When does a strangulated hernia occur?
Definition
Strangulated hernia
Term
A strangulated hernia happens more often during the first ____ months of life
Definition
6
Term
________ and severe ___________ pain are present in a child with a strangulated hernia
Definition
Vomiting; abdominal
Term
Should a dressing be applied to an infant who is postop hernia removal?
Definition
No
Term
Which GI disorder involves inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Definition
Gastroenteritis
Term
What is colitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the colon
Term
What is enterocolitis?
Definition
Inflammation of colon and small intestines
Term
What are the most common non-infections causes of diarrhea?
Definition
Food intolerance, overfeeding, improper formula preparation, ingestion of high amounts of sorbitol
Term
What is the priority problem in a child experiencing diarrhea?
Definition
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance and failure to thrive
Term
Why does persistent vomiting require investigation?
Definition
Because it results in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
Term
Continuous loss of HCL and NaCl from the stomach due to vomiting can cause ___________
Definition
Alkalosis
Term
To prevent aspiration of vomitus, the nurse should place the infant on his/her _______ side following feedings
Definition
Right
Term
Which GI disorder results when the lower esophageal sphincter is relaxed or not competent, which allows stomach contents to be easily regurgitated into the esophagus?
Definition
GER
Term
In many infants, symptoms of GER decrease around ____ months, when the child stands upright and eats more solid foods
Definition
12
Term
What are some common symptoms related to GER?
Definition
Vomiting, weight loss, failure to thrive
Term
___________ problems can occur when vomiting stimulates closure of the epiglottis and infant presents with apnea
Definition
Respiratory
Term
What should be included in the teaching for a child with GER?
Definition
Burping, avoid overfeeding, proper positioning
Term
When feedings are thickened with cereal, how much cereal should be added to water?
Definition
1 teaspoon of cereal per 1 ounce of formula
Term
What position should the infant with GER be positioned in?
Definition
Upright prone position
Term
What is a guide to prevent gastric distention?
Definition
To feed infants no more than the age in months plus every 3-4 hours (Example -- a 3 month old infant should be fed a maximum of 6 ounces in one feeding)
Term
Which GI disorder is classified as a sudden increase in stools from the infant’s normal pattern, with a fluid consistency and a color that is green or contains mucus?
Definition
Diarrhea
Term
What causes infectious diarrhea?
Definition
Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections
Term
What causes acute sudden diarrhea?
Definition
Inflammation, infection, or response to a medication, food, or poisoning
Term
How often does chronic diarrhea usually last?
Definition
More than 2 weeks
Term
Describe the stools of an infant with diarrhea
Definition
Stools are watery and are expelled with force (explosive stools) -- may be yellowish green
Term
In severe cases of diarrhea, the excessive loss of bicarbonate from the GI tract results in ___________
Definition
Acidosis
Term
How is constipation defined?
Definition
Fewer than 7 BMs in a 2 week period
Term
The daily use of _______ and _______ should be discouraged because of the risk of constipation
Definition
Laxatives and enemas
Term
Parents should be taught to add more _______ to the child’s diet to prevent constipation
Definition
Roughage
Term
Kwashiorkor is a _______ deficiency that occurs in children 1 to 4 years old who have been weaned from the breast
Definition
Protein
Term
How does Kwashiorkor affect a child's growth and development?
Definition
Child fails to grow normally and muscles become weak and wasted
Term
How does Kwashiorkor affect a child’s hair?
Definition
Hair becomes thin and dry
Term
Rickets is caused by deficient amounts of _______ ____
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
What are the classis symptoms of rickets?
Definition
Bowlegs, knock-knees, beading of the ribs called rachitic rosary, improper formation of teeth
Term
Scurvy is caused by insufficient fruits and vegetables that contain _______ ____
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
What are the classic symptoms of scurvy?
Definition
Joint pain, bleeding gums, loose teeth, lack of energy
Term
Rupture or perforation of the appendix can occur with serious complications within ____ hours of the onset of abdominal pain
Definition
36
Term
Which type of fungus is the cause of thrush?
Definition
Candida
Term
How are parents taught to drop Nystatin or other medications into the mouth of the infant with thrush?
Definition
Place slowly into the side of the infants mouth
Term
How are pinworms diagnosed?
Definition
Scotch tape test
Term
What stage of development does Erikson consider to be trust vs. mistrust?
Definition
Infancy
Term
What stage of development does Erikson consider to be autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
Definition
Toddler
Term
What stage of development does Erikson consider to be initiative vs. guilt?
Definition
Preschooler
Term
What stage of development does Erikson consider to be industry vs. inferiority?
Definition
School-age
Term
What stage of development does Erikson consider to be identity vs. role diffusion?
Definition
Adolescence
Term
What stage of development does Piaget consider to be sensorimotor?
Definition
Infant
Term
What stage of development does Piaget consider to be preoperational?
Definition
Toddler
Term
What stage of development does Piaget consider to be concrete operations?
Definition
School-age
Term
What stage of development does Piaget consider to be formal operations?
Definition
Adolescence
Term
What is a communicable disease?
Definition
One that can be transmitted, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
Term
What are organisms that cause communicable diseases?
Definition
Pathogens
Term
What is the time between the invasion by the pathogen and the onset of clinical symptoms known as?
Definition
Incubation period
Term
What is the initial stage of a disease known as?
Definition
Prodromal period
Term
What is any inanimate material that absorbs and transmits infection?
Definition
Fomite
Term
What is an insect or animal that carries and spreads a disease?
Definition
Vector
Term
What is a worldwide high incidence of a communicable disease?
Definition
Pandemic
Term
What is a sudden increase of a communicable disease in a localized area?
Definition
Epidemic
Term
What term refers to a continuous incidence of a communicable disease?
Definition
Endemic
Term
What term refers to moist secretions or parts of the body that can contain microorganisms?
Definition
Body substance
Term
What is known as a route by which the organism enters the body?
Definition
Portal of entry (example -- a cut in the skin)
Term
What is known as the route by which the organisms exit the body?
Definition
Portal of exit (example -- feces or urine)
Term
What is known as a place that supports the growth of organisms
Definition
Reservoir for infection
Term
What is caused by organisms normally found in the environment that the immune-suppressed person cannot resist or fight?
Definition
Opportunistic infections
Term
Describe normal immunity
Definition
Born (inherited) with resistance to certain pathogens
Term
Describe acquired immunity
Definition
Not the result of inherited factors but is gained as a result of having the disease or is artificially acquired by vaccines
Term
Describe active immunity
Definition
When the person produces his own immunity
Term
Describe passive immunity
Definition
Antibodies to a communicable disease are given to a pt -- acts immediately but does not last as long as active immunity produced by the body
Term
What is a diffused reddened area on the skin?
Definition
Erythema
Term
What is a circular reddened area on the skin?
Definition
Macule
Term
What is an elevated circular reddened area on the skin?
Definition
Papule
Term
What is an elevated fluid filled circular reddened area on the skin?
Definition
Vesicle
Term
What is an elevated pus filled circular reddened area on the skin?
Definition
Pustule
Term
What is a dried pustule that is covered with crust?
Definition
Scab
Term
What term is used to describe a lesion or symptom that is characteristic of a specific illness?
Definition
Pathognomonic (example -- Koplik spots for measles)
Term
What is a resource that defines mental disorders and is used by health professionals to aid in diagnoses of specific mental health conditions?
Definition
DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
Term
What technique focuses on modifying specific behaviors by means of stimulus and response conditioning?
Definition
Behavioral modification
Term
What technique refers to the physical and social environment provided for the child?
Definition
Milieu therapy
Term
What technique refers to the reading of stories about children in a situation similar to the child's situation?
Definition
Bibliotherapy
Term
What technique refers to the dysfunctions of the body that seem to have an emotional or mental basis?
Definition
Psychosomatic
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