Term
| What are normal cellular changes in aging? |
|
Definition
altered membrane transport (drugs, fluids, electrolytes)
DNA damage
Chromatin condensation
decreased RNA synthesis, efficiency of lysosomes, number of mitochondria in post-mitotic cells |
|
|
Term
What happens to body compensation in terms of
lean body mass
fat
heigh |
|
Definition
decrease lean body mass
decrease heigh
increase in fat (affecting pharmaco) |
|
|
Term
| what is normal again in terms of skin? |
|
Definition
decrease dermis collagen from UV damage
decrease hypodermal fat
decrease sweat glands
decrease elasticity
increase capillary fragility: bruise easily and heavily
gray hair and hair loss
nails thicken |
|
|
Term
| What is normal as you age for special senses? |
|
Definition
Arcus senilis (white rim around the eye)
increase in IOP 8-21 mmHg NORMAL
presbyopia: far sighted, correct near vision with reading glasses
presbycusis: degen of hair cells in cochlea, organ of corti (sensorineural)
decrease smell and decrease taste |
|
|
Term
| Three reasons for hearing loss in the elderly: |
|
Definition
excessive cerumen
noise exposure
presbycusis |
|
|
Term
Name 7 things that ARE pathologic in aging regarding special senses
|
|
Definition
GLAUCOMA
Cataracts
Retinopathies
Macular Degeneration
Hearing Loss
Tinnitus
Vertigo |
|
|
Term
Immune:
what two things decrease?
What two things increase
NORMAL!! |
|
Definition
Increase: autoantibodies
natural killer T cells
Decrease:
helper T cell # and function
antibody secretion |
|
|
Term
Binding of interleukin 2 with T cell
Involution of thymus
Blunted vaccination response
Is this normal or abnormal immune changes in elderly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pathologic change in the elderly makes them susceptible to what three things related to immunity: |
|
Definition
Infection
Autoimmune disease
malignancy |
|
|
Term
| What are possible etiologies for age related decline in VO2 max? |
|
Definition
decrease in:
cardiac output
HR
physical activity
muscle mass
increase in occult disease
muscle enzyme changes |
|
|
Term
| What's pathologic in terms of respiratory system in the elderly? |
|
Definition
dyspnea
COPD
Pneumonia
PE
Cancer
DOE |
|
|
Term
| What are the best indicators of cardiac risk factors? |
|
Definition
increase in SBP
wide pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
What's most common regarding the following:
RELATED TO PATHOLOGY IN ELDERLY
HTN:
CAD:
HF
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
SICK SINUS SYNDROME |
|
Definition
HTN: isolated systolic
CAD:silent ischemia
HF: diastolic failure
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE: aortic sclerosis
SICK SINUS SYNDROME: tachycardia leading to a fib so you need a pacemaker
|
|
|
Term
| What type of brain atrophy do u see in the elderly that is normal? |
|
Definition
| brain atrophy with decrease number of neurons, esp in frontal lobe, temporal lobe, locus ceruleus and substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
| What are nervous system pathologies? |
|
Definition
demential, esp Alzheimer's
Delirium
Depression
Parkinson's disease
Cerebrovascular disease |
|
|
Term
- Define longevity and life expectancy.
|
|
Definition
longevity:life span
life expectancy:how long one lives
|
|
|
Term
- List and define at least five major theories on aging
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three musculoskeletal pathologies. |
|
Definition
osteoarthritis
osteoporosis
paget's disease |
|
|
Term
| What area of the bone are most likely to fracture in elderly? |
|
Definition
proximal femur (interochanteric or intracapsular)
proximal humerus
distal radius |
|
|
Term
What causes decrease in bone mass, senile osteoporosis:
ALL NORMAL! |
|
Definition
decrease intake in Ca
Vit D def/sunlight
exercise: must stress bone |
|
|
Term
| What are endocrine pathologies in the elderly? |
|
Definition
Type II DM
hypothyroidism: Hashimoto's
Apathetic hyperthyroidism: TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER
Tachyarrythmia causing a fib
Thyroid nodules
hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common sx in elderly pt with hyperthyroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes hypercalcemia in elderly? |
|
Definition
| HCTZ, hyperparathyroid, malignancy |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of impaired glucose tolerance? |
|
Definition
- decrease beta cell function
- dysfunctional hepatic glucose output
- decrease insulin mediated glucose uptake in muscle cells
- obesity
- poor diet
- decrease in physical activity decrease insulin receptor and post receptor sensitivity
|
|
|
Term
| What are etiologies for constipation? |
|
Definition
dec physical activity
dec dietary fiber
decrease fluid intake
drugs
diverticulum |
|
|
Term
atrophic gastritis
PUD
diverticulosis and diverticulitis
colonic polyps and Ca
arteriovenous malformations
fecal incontinence
fecal impaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Genitourinary:
decrease in nephron size with dec kidney mass of 20-30%
dec renal blood flow
decrease GFR and creatinine clearance
decrease tubular filtration and absorption
decrease vit D synthesis
decrease drug excretion
decrease ability to concentrate or dilute urine with fluid changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain patho of nocturia. |
|
Definition
| bladder smooth muscle and supportive tissue replaced with fibrous connective tissue. decrease bladder capacity, increase in PVR, increase involuntary contractions. decrease bladder outlet and urethral resistance; increase in ANP and decrease in diurnal variation of ADH causes nocturia |
|
|
Term
| If there is an iron deficiency in the elderly- what are you thinking? |
|
Definition
MUST rule out GI malignancy
pt is bleeding from somehwer eint he body |
|
|
Term
| What type of hematologic problems can an elderly pt have? |
|
Definition
Fe deficiency
B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia (antibodies attacking parietal cells in GI)
folate def anemia
an of chronic disease
anemia of EDRD
anemia of andropause |
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