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PMP 4th Set
PMP Exam Certification 4th edition
86
Business
Professional
11/16/2010

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Oligopoly
Definition
There are very few sellers and the actions of one seller will have a direct effect on the other seller's prices and the overall market condition.
Term
Cost-reimbursable contracts
Definition
Cost-reimbursable contracts require the buyer to assume the risk of cost overruns.
Term
Indirect costs
Definition
costs attributed to the cost of doing business. Examples include utilities, office space, and other overhead costs.
Term
Decision Tree Analysis
Definition

• is an assessment of the data obtained using the decision tree method to evalute various possible outcomes.

• allows decision-makers to factor in both probability and impact for each branch of every decision under consideration.

• indicates the decision that will provide the greatest expected value when all the uncertain implications, costs, rewards and subsequent decisions are quantified.

Term
9 Knowledge Areas
Definition

Integration

Human Resource

Scope

Communications

Time

Risk

Cost

 Procurement

 Quality

Term
5 Process Groups
Definition

Initiating

Planning

Executing

Monitoring & Controlling

Closing

Term
Chain Network
Definition
Communication within a chain network involves the passage of information from the top down, person by person
Term
Staff Acquisition Methods
Definition
The methods of staff acquisition include negotiation, pre-assignment, and procurement.
Term
What is the most important objective of the Verify Scope process?
Definition
The deliverables are accepted by the stakeholders
Term
What is the main purpose for preparing lessons learned documentation?
Definition
To identify improvements for managing similar future projects
Term
Which person or group is NOT responsible for authorizing the project by signing the completed project charter?
Definition
Project Manager
Term
Which stakeholders are involved in approving the project management plan?
Definition
Functional managers, project manager, project sponsor
Term
Greater financial reward does not necessarily bring greater motivation is one of the concepts for which motivational theory?
Definition
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
Term
Which technique allows you to control schedule variances?
Definition
Schedule compression
Term

Schedule compression

Definition

Schedule compression is one technique used to control schedule variance. Schedule compression involves crashing, or fast tracking to bring activities back on schedule without changing the project scope. Crashing involves analyzing cost and schedule tradeoffs to determine how the greatest amount of compression for the least cost can be achieved. Fast tracking is where activities normally performed in a sequence are performed in parallel.

Term
TCPI based on EAC
Definition

TCPI based on EAC = (BAC – EV) / (EAC – AC)

BAC = 96,000

EV = 45,000

EAC = 125,000

AC = 54,000

= (96,000 – 45,000) / (125,000 – 54,000)

= 51,000 / 71,000

= .72

Term
Who approves the project management plan?
Definition

Typically, senior management is not involved in the process of approving the project management plan. Usually the project manager, the project sponsor, and functional managers whose resources make up the project team approve the project plan.

Term
Smoothing
Definition

Smoothing is generally a good resolution type for group relations. The members of the group are made to feel that the original conflict is less important than they originally thought. However, smoothing does not lead to a permanent resolution. The parties involved do not come to any type of agreement about what was or was not accepted. Due to the characteristics, the problem is most likely to reappear.

Term
Conflict Resolution methods 6
Definition

Withdrawing/avoiding

Smoothing/accommodating

Compromising

Forcing

Collaborating

Confronting/problem solving

Term
Pareto Chart
Definition

The Pareto chart is related in concept to the 80/20 principle, which theorizes that 80 percent of the problems are related to 20 percent of the causes. A Pareto chart, or diagram, is a specialized histogram that shows the frequency of defects based on specific causes. These diagrams are used to find the vital few causes of errors that create a disproportionate share of results, and fail to meet quality standards

Term
What is the MOST important purpose of receiving formal acceptance from the customer?
Definition
It identifies that the customer has accepted the deliverables.
Term
What is the Best tool and technique that shows the intended cost of procurement?
Definition

Independent estimates is a tool and technique for the Conduct procurements process that shows the intended cost of a procurement. Independent estimates can serve as a benchmark for comparing seller responses.

Term
What is the Major obstacle that mu7st be overcome to build an effective team whose team members are dispersed across multiple continents?
Definition

Cultural differences pose the greatest challenge when leading and managing a global team because attitudes towards authority, rank, and position vary greatly by geographic region.

Term
As a project manager, which tool would you use to calculate and manage earned value information?
Definition

A project management information system (PMIS) is a tool that can be used to enable project managers to calculate and manage earned value information. A PMIS can also be used for monitoring and controlling cost and resource usage as well as requesting and updating project information manually.

Term
Bottom-up estimating
Definition

Bottom-up estimating involves identifying and estimating each work package or individual activity separately, and then adding results to the project estimate. There are three steps for bottom-up estimating. The first step is to estimate the cost of each activity that makes up the work package. The next step is to roll up the estimates by totaling the estimates at each WBS level. The final step is to calculate an overall project estimate.

Term
Analogous estimating
Definition

This approach uses comparable historical information to forecast the cost of the current project. This approach is often used to estimate costs when there is a limited amount of information about the project. Analogous estimating bases estimates on the actual duration of earlier activities, such as previous similar projects. Although it is a less expensive cost-estimating tool, It is less accurate.

Term
Expert Judgment
Definition

Expert judgment is a technique that allows project managers to make decisions based on current project information and experience with similar projects. Expert judgment is commonly used when project managers make decisions about whether or not to accept or reject changes.

Term
Cost-plus-incentive-fee contract
Definition

In this type of contract, all costs are passed back to the buyer, however, the seller only receives the incentive fee if they meet the target stipulated in the contract. While this places some of the risk of cost overruns on the seller and motivates them to keep costs down, the buyer still bears most of the risk

Term
Time and material contract
Definition

In this type of contract, the buyer is charged for the seller’s time plus the cost of the materials that were required to complete the task. As such, the buyer takes on the most risk of cost overruns.

Term
Fixed price contract with economic price adjustment
Definition

FP contracts, (lump sum contracts) involve paying the seller a single fee for their product or service. This type of contract is usually used when the product or servise is well defined with very few unknown elements. Since the price is fixed, any cost overruns are the responsibility of the seller. As such, a FP contract with economic adj is a specific type of FP contract that takes into consideration the changing value of money over the course of a project. Least amt of risk for the buyer.

Term
Pareto Chart – 5 Steps
Definition

1. List the cause of errors in descending order of frequency

2. Calculate the cumulative percent of errors

3. Build the histogram

4. Plot the cumulative percentage line

5. Interpret the Pareto chart

Term
Referent power
Definition
Referent power is based upon another person liking you, or wanting to be like you.
Term
Coercive power
Definition
Coercive power is based on fear. Behavior is influenced by the use of threats and punishment.
Term
Expert power
Definition
Expert power is based on a person’s technical knowledge, skill, and credibility.
Term
Reward power
Definition
Reward power is based on rewards, pay, promotion, or recognition.
Term
CV
Definition
CV – Cost variance is a cost performance measurement. CV = Earned Value (EV) – Actual Cost (AC)
Term
SV
Definition

SV – Schedule variance is a measurement of the project’s schedule performance. Used to determine whether or not the project work is meeting the planned schedule.

 

SV = Earned Value (EV) – Planned Value (PV)

Term
PV
Definition
PV – Planned Value is the approved budget assigned to the scheduled work to be accomplished for a scheduled activity or work breakdown structure system
Term
EV
Definition
EV – Earned Value refers to the value of completed work based on the approved budget assigned to that work for a sched. Activity or work breakdown structure system.
Term
What needs to be updated to ensure a seller cannot successfully dispute the payment schedule?
Definition

Updates to organizational process assets during the administer procurements process can include payment schedules and requests. The payment schedule and requests detail the timing of deliveries, and of payments made to a seller. This information should be added to the organizational process assets, so records are available in the case of disputes.

Term
Bar Chart
Definition

The bar chart is a widely used format for presenting schedules. Project activities are presented by horizontal bars on a calendar. The length of each bar corresponds to the duration of the activity it represents. They are generally easy to read and are commonly used in management presentations.

Term
PDM
Definition

Precedence Diagramming Method (also known as Activity on Node)

 

4 types of dependencies are possible

Start to Start

Start to Finish

Finish to start

Finish to Finish

Term
ADM
Definition
Arrow diagramming method Is a technique that is rarely used today. It uses arrows to represent activities
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Is a term that describes when an individual compares and measures foreign cultures against his or her own. Often the individual feels their native culture is superior to other foreign cultures.
Term
Sociocentrism
Definition
Similar to ethnocentrism, sociocentrism is a term that refers to the idea that one’s social group is superior to another’s social group.
Term
Racism
Definition
A term that refers to the idea that a particular race is superior to other races.
Term
Ishikawa analysis
Definition
Ishikawa is a cause and effect style diagramming technique that is used as a tool within the identify risks process. This is a tool that helps evaluate the causes of risks.
Term
Sensitivity analysis
Definition
Sensitivity analysis is a commonly used technique within the perform quantitative risk analysis process. This type of analysis focuses on determining which risks will have the greatest potential for impact on the project.
Term
Delphi Technique
Definition
The Delphi Technique is an information gathering technique that is used within the identify risks process. The Delphi Technique makes use of the project experts who participate anonymously via a questionnaire to aid in the identification of important project risks.
Term
Project Scope Statement
Definition
Is the document that defines the product and determines what needs to be accomplished. The Define Scope process results in the project scope statement which details the product scope description and acceptance criteria as well as the project deliverables, exclusions, assumptions, and constraints.
Term
Project Management Plan
Definition
This plan establishes how the project work will be executed, monitored and controlled, and closed. Includes a collection of other project plans. Scope Mgmt Plan Process improvement plan Requirements mgmt plan Human resource plan Schedule mgmt plan Communications mgmt plan Cost mgmt plan Risk mgmt plan Quality mgmt plan Procurement mgmt plan
Term
Developing a project scope statement Tools & Techniques
Definition

Facilitated workshops

Product analysis

Alternatives identification

Expert Judgment

Term
Parametric estimating
Definition
Is a technique that uses statistical relationship that exists between historical data and variables to estimate the costs by using a mathematical model.
Term
Qualitative analysis
Definition
Qualitative risk analysis examines risks from the risk register and analyzes their probability of occurrence and the impact they would have on the project deliverables if they did occur. This allows the project performance to improve by focusing on high-priority tasks.
Term
Reserve analysis
Definition
This analytical technique is used to determine the contingency and management reserves. These reserves are typically created after risk analysis has been completed.
Term
Assumptions analysis
Definition
Assumptions analysis is a technique used within the identify risks process that examines the validity of assumptions that apply to the project assumptions. This technique helps identify inaccurate, instable, inconsistent, or incomplete assumptions.
Term
Quantitative analysis
Definition
Quantitative analysis involves a numerical analysis of how the identified risks will impact the project deliverables. A goal of quantitative analysis is to quantify the risks that were ranked by your qualitative analysis.
Term
Lessons Learned
Definition
Lessons learned are communicated to provide project team members and key stakeholders with relevant information for the duration of the project, as well as similar future projects. The lessons learned can reduce risks by enlightening the tam members of possible pitfalls. It can also provide information on the project’s successes, which may be adapted for similar upcoming projects.
Term
Which method of conflict resolution is favored in most situations?
Definition
Confrontation, also known as problem solving, involves proactively dealing with the root of the problem. This type of conflict resolution is favored in most situations because it can find a permanent solution to the conflict.
Term
Compromise
Definition
Compromise requires that each side of the conflict sacrifice something to reach a resolution to the problem. While this can be an effective form of conflict resolution, it is not the most favored.
Term
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1961)
Definition
Suggests that employees’ experiences shape their needs and consequently what motivates them. The three needs he identified are achievement, affiliation, and power. Employees motivated by the need for achievement take moderate risks to achieve their goals, because they can attribute the outcomes of these situations to their own effort. Employees motivated by the need for affiliation value personal relationships with others, they require acceptance within work group and prefer regular interaction with coworkers.
Term
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1954)
Definition
Describes the sequence in which individuals satisfy their needs. According to Maslow, all human needs can be classified as physiological, safety and security, affiliation, esteem, or self-actualization. His basic premise is that the behavior of individuals at a particular moment is determined by their strongest need. Once that need is met, the individual will begin to focus on the next highest need in the hierarchy. His theory does not involve a discussion of achievement, affiliation, and power, as well as how they motivate people.
Term
Hershey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (1977)
Definition
Paul Hershey and Kenneth Blanchard developed the situational theory in 1977 to explain how a strong leader adjusts to the needs of the employees. These leaders provide sufficient support and direction for individual employees, or groups of employees. There are 4 styles of leadership: delegating, participating, telling, and selling
Term
Dimensions of Communication
Definition
Written and oral Internal and external Formal and informal Vertical and Horizontal
Term
Electronic Communication
Definition
Electronic communication is an information distribution method, not a dimension of communication
Term
Contingency Reserve
Definition
Money that has been set aside in the budget for identified risks that may or may not take place. These reserves are not part of the project cost baseline but are included in the project budget. This reserve may be used completely or partially. The contingency reserve can also be adjusted as information that is more accurate is discovered about the project.
Term
Rough order of magnitude estimate
Definition
A rough order of magnitude (ROM) estimate has an accuracy range of between +/- 50% in the early stages of the project and +/- 10% when more information is known. Near the beginning of the project, the range (around 50%) narrows (10%) as more information becomes available. This is not the most accurate estimation techniques.
Term
Preliminary Estimate
Definition
This estimate has an accuracy range of between -10% and +20%. It is generally performed as the project progresses, which reduces the range of the estimate.
Term
Conceptual Estimate
Definition
This estimate has an accuracy range of between -15% and +25%.
Term
Definitive Estimate
Definition
This estimate has an accuracy range of between -5% and +10%.
Term
Risk Register
Definition
The risk register is one of the components that makes up the project management plan and includes all relevant identified risks to the project. It contains information about these risks and is frequently updated throughout the project. It is an output of the Identify risks process and it is updated by other risk management processes.
Term
Risk Management Plan
Definition
The risk management plan is a document that organizes how the project risks will be addressed. It either is contained in or is a supporting portion of the project management plan. It is a different document than the risk register, but it will contribute to the risk register.
Term
Bottom-up estimating
Definition
A tool for estimating activity resources and not estimating activity durations. Bottom-up estimating is used to determine the resources needed to carry out complex activities. This involves breaking down an activity into its component pieces of work, estimating the resources needed for each of the pieces, and aggregating the estimates to find a total.
Term
Administer Procurements
Definition
This process occurs during the monitoring and controlling process group. The purpose of the Administer procurements process is to ensure that both buyer and seller meet their contractual obligations. This entails reviewing and documenting a seller’s performance to establish required corrective actions, and provides a basic for future relationships with the seller.
Term
Project
Definition
A project is temporary in nature and its purpose is to create a unique product, result, or service. Since every project has a definite beginning and end, it is also defined as temporary. Once planned objectives have been attained, the project is concluded and the project team is dissolved.
Term
Issue Log
Definition
An issue log is a written log that documents issues within the project. As issues arise, the log can be used to document who is responsible for resolving issues, and by what date. This is a tool of the manage project team process, and can be used to document the team members responsible for resolving the problems or issues.
Term
Direct and Manage Project Execution
Definition
The direct and manage project execution process enables the PM and project team to perform the necessary actions to ensure the project mgmt plan is executed. It uses the Project mgmt plan as its main source of information about how a project will be executed. Uses project mgmt plan, approved change requests, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets as inputs.
Term
Critical Path Method
Definition
The CPM is a technique that calculates the earliest and latest possible start and finish times for work activities in a project. It uses the est. duration of the activities and the dependencies among them to determine limits for when each activity can be performed. It also identifies activities in a project that will throw the entire project off schedule if they are not completed on time, which forms the critical path.
Term
PERT
Definition
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a scheduling model that provides a weighted average of an optimistic or best case duration, the most likely duration, and a pessimistic or worst case duration. (P + 4M + O )/ 6 Pessimistic, Most Likely, Optimistic
Term
RACI Chart
Definition
RACI stands for responsible, accountable, consult, and inform. This type of responsibility assignment matrix that is used to illustrate the relationship between the work that needs to be completed and the team members. In a RACI chart, a matrix is created with work packages making up the rows, and team member roles in the columns. Assumes that one person will be accountable for a work package and more than one person may be responsible for completing the work package
Term
SPI – Schedule Performance Index
Definition
PMs can use the SPI with the schedule status to help predict the project’s completion date. To calculate SPI, divide the earned value (EV) by the planned value (PV). An SPI of one indicates the project is on schedule, greater than one indicates it is ahead of schedule, and less than one indicates that it is behind schedule.
Term
Close Project - Outputs
Definition

Administrative Closure Procedure

Contract Closure Procedure

Organizational Process Assets (Updates)

Final Product, Service or Result

Term
Project Notebook
Definition
A detailed project plan. The notebook is updated throughout the life of the project.
Term
Operation
Definition
Work that is ongoing and repetitive.
Term
Project Phase
Definition
A collection of logically related project activities, usually culminating in the completion of a major deliverable.
Term
Project
Definition
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.
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