Term
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Definition
| suitable for drinking. Water treatment |
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Term
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Definition
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Correct pH is an aspect of
adequate water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potable water should be close to pH neutral, with a pH of 7. Acidic water has pH values less than 7 (6.0-6.9.) Corrodes pipes. Alkaline: above 7. |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally acidic, has become worse because of combustion, sulfur and nitrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
high mineral content: calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, and sulfates
in the water. Creates deposits on pipes and equipment. Anodes are used to control
deposits. Hard water is generally not harmful. Test: use of soap, easy lather. |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, filtration…. |
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Term
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Definition
| chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet…. |
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Term
|
Definition
aeration, corrosion control, softening, nuisance control,
flouridation…. |
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Term
| Hardness (calcium and magnesium salts) and contaminants. |
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Definition
Zeolite: softener / ion
exchange. Water is passed thru the zeolite tank, zeolite is recharged by back
washing and regenerated by brine (salts.) |
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Term
| Water supply service controls |
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Definition
two valves, one at the curb, and a second one
inside the building at the service entrance. A water meter keeps record of water usage. |
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Term
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Definition
the depth that the soil is expected to
freeze. The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat
transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources. Water supply pipes should be under the frost line. |
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Term
|
Definition
A reduced pressure (RP) backflow prevention device is used to protect the
potable water supply from contaminated water. It consists of an automatic pressure relief valve in between two check valves. The pressure relief valve opens to the
atmosphere in the event of a reduction in the pressure differential between the first two chambers of the device, resulting in the discharge of reversing water out. Stops return of water from the building into the public water supply. |
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Term
|
Definition
rainwater storage tanks, usually connected to roof. The quantity of
rainwater available in most locations could meet a high percentage of building
requirements. Issues: acid rain, lead, dust and bird droppings, other pollutants.
Great use: irrigation. Examine cistern design. |
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Term
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Definition
| impacts push a pipe into the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| rotation equipment drills a hole in the ground that is then protected by a casing or sleeve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a water pressure system is used to excavate and penetrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
a wheel like impeller(s) is/are rotated by a vertical shaft aligned with
the supply/discharge. Related: turbine pump: the wheel is a spiral paddle system.
Motor can be above ground or below. |
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Term
|
Definition
cylinder and piston with valves, similar to a compressor or car
engine. |
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Term
|
Definition
has a spiral rotor on a shaft within a rubber sleeve perpendicular to
the supply/discharge . As the rotor turns, it sucks water and discharges it at the
opposite end. |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses a venturi and a water jet sent from the surface to impel water to rise. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| water pressure: Gravity and friction losses |
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Definition
| flow rate; loss is related to pipe diameter, devices, and fixtures in the line ave to be considered in addition to gravity. |
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Term
| water pressure: Static head |
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Definition
| Pressure at the bottom of a column of water. 0.433 psi of pressure required to raise a column of water 1’. One psi lifts a column of water 2.3 feet. |
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Term
|
Definition
pressure regulating valve, pressure boosting pumps,
elevated tanks, hydropneumatic tank, hybrid systems. Constant pressure/tankless
systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| One psi lifts a column of water 2.3 feet. |
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Term
| water system design 1: objective |
|
Definition
| adequate amount of water at suitable pressure to all fixtures at peak time and lowest pressure in supply range. |
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Term
| water system design 1: peak time |
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Definition
| not all fixtures in operation. Design loads are given by codes. |
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Term
| water system design 2: supply water pressure |
|
Definition
Pressure at end fixture + pressure loss (or less than).
Need to add required fixture operating pressure |
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Term
| water system design 2: Pressure losses |
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Definition
| gravity (static head) and friction in pipes, fittings, joints, and other on-line devices + fixture load. Smaller the diameter, more pressure loss. |
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Term
| water system design 2: Fixture unit |
|
Definition
comparison value assigned to a specific fixture that represents the
probable water use or demand. Equivalent to 7 ½ gallons or one cubic foot per
minute. |
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Term
| water system design 2: Equivalent length of pipe |
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Definition
| factor used to calculate the pressure loss in a system; actual length plus some to compensate for pressure loss. |
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Term
| water system design 2: Water hammer |
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Definition
load on pipe system or noise caused by sudden pressure
increases due to valve or faucet closing. Air chamber (dead end pipe full of air) or
shock absorbers manage this problem. |
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Term
| water system design 2: Expansion bend /loop |
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Definition
| extra set of curves in a pipe run that can contract or expand to accommodate thermal movement. |
|
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Term
The pressure in a city water line is 57 psi. The pressure loss through piping, fittings, and the water meter has been calculated as 23 psi, and the highest fixture requires
12 psi to operate. What is the maximum height the fixture can be above the water
main? |
|
Definition
In order to find the maximum height, first take the pressure in the water main and
subtract other known pressure losses and the pressure required for the fixture to
operate properly.
P=57-23-12=22 psi
Because 1 psi is needed to lift water 2.3 ft, the maximum
height is:
h=(22)(2.3)=50.6 ft. |
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Term
| Hot Water Systems ratings factors |
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Definition
| volume and recharge rate (time that will take the tank to reheat) |
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Term
| Pipe thermal expansion factors |
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Definition
ΔL : change in length
L : length
k: coefficient of expansion
T¹ : original temperature
T² : final temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
| electric (tanks), gas (tanks), steam (tanks), tank-less, solar |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
rigid copper - soldered/brazed joint - compression fittings,
soft copper - soldered/brazed joint - compression fittings,
PVC - Threads/PVC solvent cement joints,
CPVC - Threads/PVC solvent cement joints,
PEX - corss-linked polyethylene - crimp rings/barbed fittings joints,
galvanized steel - threads and flanges joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| no pressure, gravity flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of soiled water and waste by a system with no pressure, avoiding odors and siphonage |
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Term
| proper slope for drain system |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| block drain pipes so gases do not escape into interior spaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows air movement in pipes so that gases can escape in the right direction. breaks siphonage or suction of water |
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Term
|
Definition
ALL fixtures are connected to the waste water system using traps.
They can be integrated or separated: WC (toilet), floor drain, sinks (p-trap). |
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Term
| exceptions to individual drainage traps |
|
Definition
three sinks, kitchen sink and two laundry trays , and three laundry trays.
Two feet from fixture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| level separation between water supply and highest level of overflow in a fixture. |
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Term
|
Definition
device used in some fixtures to accomplish the same goal, typical of the flux-valve toilet. It is an attachment commonly placed on a hose connection valve or toilet or urinal
flush valve, that prevents water from being sucked backward into the public water
system. A vacuum breaker typically contains a plastic disc that is pressed forward
by water supply pressure, and covers small vent holes. Should the supply pressure
drop, the disc springs back opening the vent holes which let in outside air, and
preventing backflow of water. |
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Term
|
Definition
use a trap insert filled with a special liquid instead of water The lighter-than-water liquid floats and seals the urine collected in the trap, stopping
gases from being released into the air. Although the liquid must be periodically
replaced, the system saves anywhere between 15,000 and 60,000 gallons of water
per urinal per year. Other products do not use a cartridge; instead they have
developed an outlet system that traps the odor, preventing the smell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| vertical pipe serving a number of floors. |
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Term
|
Definition
maintenance/inspection port that allows access to a pipe run.
Sump pump: allows discharge to a sewer/storm system that is higher |
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Term
|
Definition
Extension of waste/soil stack above the highest horizontal drain, and
extending above roof (12”) |
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Term
|
Definition
| vertical air circulation to provide relief to drainage system |
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Term
|
Definition
| discharge from toilets and urinals, and all fixtures |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries discharge from sinks, and fixtures other than toilets and urinals. |
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Term
|
Definition
local waste discharge system: aerobic or anaerobic, gravity or
pressure. 25% of the US population uses septic tanks |
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|
Term
|
Definition
watertight/underground (?) chamber that receives waste from a
building that separates, decomposes, and purifies organic waste by the action of
anaerobic bacteria. They develop an environment in the tank in which
decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank.
Wastewater enters the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and scum
to float. The settled solids are digested by bacteria reducing the volume of solids.
The liquid component flows through the dividing wall into the second chamber
where further settlement takes place with the excess liquid then draining in a
relatively clear condition from the outlet into the drain field. |
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Term
|
Definition
second chamber or component of a septic tank that disposes a
specified volume of effluent once it has accumulated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| determination of the rate at which the soil can absorb effluent. |
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Term
|
Definition
area with an arrangement of perforated pipes that allow effluent from a
septic tank seep into the soil |
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|
Term
| Learn to identify the valve type based on the movement of the closing mechanism |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| valves should be at the following locations |
|
Definition
Risers
Branches
Bathrooms or kitchens
Individual fixtures
Pumps and other devices
Water treatment equipment
HVAC
Sprinkler systems…… |
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|
Term
| factors that define pipe joint selection |
|
Definition
function/type of fluid
MATERIAL
pipe thickness/diameter
pressure
temperature
break-apart requirements
durability
environment
stiffness
building code |
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Term
| connection types: threaded joint |
|
Definition
rigid joint used with any pipe that can be threaded. This is generally limited to 4” diameter pipe.
Threads can be tapered (plumbing) or standard. |
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|
Term
| connection types: solvent cement joint |
|
Definition
this type of joint is used with plastic pipe, and uses material specific cement. The joint
created seems like a soldered joint, but it is more that that, as the cement acts as a solvent fusing the two parts
into a single one. |
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Term
| connection types: compression gasket joint |
|
Definition
Used with hub and plain end pipes, are flexible pressure joints suitable for gravity
drainage and pressurized fluids compatible with the pipe and gasket |
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Term
| connection types: compression couplings |
|
Definition
| rigid non pressure joints used to connect plain end gravity drainage pipe. |
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Term
| connection types: caulked joints (oakum or lead) |
|
Definition
used to connect metal hub and spigot end pipes, above or below ground. It is
rigid, non pressure, labor intensive. It is currently being replaced by no-hub compression couplings above
ground and by compression gaskets below ground. |
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|
Term
| connection types: soldered/brazed joint |
|
Definition
used to join copper pipe and fittings for low pressure applications, and are rigid
pressure joints. The difference is the temperature level during the process. Soldered joints require 950 degrees,
and brazing more than that. Flux is used for soldered joints, but is not permitted in health care gas uses. No
lead is permitted in potable water systems |
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Term
| connection types: welded joints |
|
Definition
socket or but-end rigid joints that are made continuous by melting metal pipe via arc welding, or
by the use of a cement/solvent for plastic pipe and the use of a special machine. |
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|
Term
| connection types: crimp ring fittings - barbed fittings |
|
Definition
mechanical / pressure joint used to incorporate brass terminals for joints
to PEX(cross-linked polyethylene) pipe |
|
|
Term
| connection types: heat fused joints |
|
Definition
rigid joints used for thermoplastic pipe. An electrical current is used to fuse socket or butend
joints to create homogeneous joint. |
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|
Term
| connection types: flared joints |
|
Definition
rigid pressure joints used on small diameter copper pipes. A thread forces a deformation and
molding of the soft metal against a fitting, creating a seal. There are systems that can be used for high pressure
applications. |
|
|
Term
| connection types: flanged joints |
|
Definition
rigid pressure joints used to connect large diameter pipe by the addition of mating end flanges
(threaded, welded, or brazed) and uniting these using bolts and gaskets. |
|
|
Term
| connection types: split coupling joint |
|
Definition
| a groove is cut or rolled in the two pipes to be joined, and a metallic coupling ring is attached using the grooves and an elastomeric seal. |
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