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PLSC100
Final
22
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 1
05/09/2012

Additional Plant Sciences Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Gibberellins
Definition
-breakdown starch for beer fermentation and seed germination
-stem elongation and berry growth. cuts phloem
Term
Cytokinins
Definition
-cell division
-coutneracts apical dominance
-anti-aging
Term
Ethylene
Definition
-reduces stem elongation
-increases radial growth
-leads to ripening-related enzymes that affect quality
-color, flavor, aroma, abscission
Term
Ripening
Definition
-low 02 reduces respiration rate and delays ripening by reducing ethylene
-increased C02 reduces decay
-ethylene inhibitors used commercially to delay ripening
Term
Grafting
Definition
Woody plants hard to root, so use grafting
rooting hormoe=auxin + talc powder
Term
Phylloxera
Definition
Native American root pest that decimated European crop populations including French economy
Term
Thomas Knight
Definition
showed that purple and white flowers bred yield purple flowers. Progeny are not combo of mom and dad
Term
Mendel
Definition
used inbred lines of peas
emasculated plants to avoid self-pollination
Term
Histones
Alleles
Genes
Definition
-proteins for packing DNA into chromosomes
-different forms of one trait and how it visibly appears
-regulate genetic traits
Term
Test Cross
Di Hybrid Cross
Definition
-determines genetic makeup of plant. Cross with recessive form
-cross of individs differing in 2 traits (Law of Independent Assortment)
*yield 9:3:3:1 ratio
Term
Meiosis
Mitosis
Definition
-ovule and anther. 2 divisions that reduce chromosome #
-meristematic growth. chrom. copies in daughter cells
Term
Polyploidy
Definition
-cells of organism contain more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes. plants tolerate well, animals dont.
Triploid:bananas, seedless watermelon, Jonagold apples. males typically sterile bc of meiosis.
Hexaploid: wheat
Term
Bateson's Cross
Definition
If no 9:3:3:1 ratio, then independent assortment happening. Traits FURTHER apart more likely to cross over.
indian and asian banana breeds crossed, interspecific seedless hybrids formed with wider geographic range
Term
Harvest Index
Definition
weight of grain per plant
________________________
total plant weight +grain

-tells how many calories being used and wasted
Term
Norman Borlaug
Definition
-shuttle breeding: bred in both warm and cold regions to yield 2 crops a year
-Dwarf lines: to prevent lodging and increase harvest index. didn't like GA, but allowed more N fertilizer so 5x more productivity
-Nobel Prize
Term
Vectors
Definition
1. electro poration-brief high voltage electric current, pulse transfers DNA thru pores in solution
2. Agrobacterium-wound plant and agro. inserts DNA copy. causes crown gall disease in dicots (sink for phloem transport)
3. Bacterial DNA-plasmid and genophores (circular DNA which twists all over itself)
Term
Process of using vectors
Definition
1. identify transformed cells with markers
2. transform cells in tissue culture
3. clone plant into many GMOs for trials and production
Term
Tissue culture provides:
Definition
-agar
-plant hormones
-essential growth elements
-carbs/sugars for respiration
Term
FC Steward-regenerated whole plants
Definition
1. carrot and blender
2. coconut milk bc liquid endosperm has cytokinin
3. cell clumps in agar to grow shoots and roots
4. transplant into ground or greenhouse

-Vasil and Haberlandt used differentiated tobacco stem cells and manipulated to express previously unexpressed genes
Term
Concerns of Bt
Definition
-insect resistance. use stacked genes
-contamination of organic crops. use set aside acreage
Term
GMO facts
Definition
-first grown commercially 1996
-by 2009 almost 300 million acres of GM plants produced in 25 countries
-negative press began 1998
-Flavr Savr tomato failure
-USDA failed attempt to incorporate into organic cert.
-Bt pollen is potential toxin for monarchs
-superbug risk: what if gene migrates into human pathogens?
Term
Auxin (IAA)
Definition
-cell elongation
-differentiation of xylem cells
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