Term
| What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? |
|
Definition
| - Shahada, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, & Hajj |
|
|
Term
| What does Tahwid mean in the Muslim Faith? |
|
Definition
| It refers to the "onenes" of god |
|
|
Term
| what are the "people of the book" known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does 'umma' mean in the muslim faith? |
|
Definition
| - It is the community but more importantly refers to that islam can not exist outside the "umma" and maintains the belief that peace is necessary for Islam's survival |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of authority for Muslims? What does it mean? |
|
Definition
| The Qu'ran is the ultimate source of authority because it is the direct word of god, recited by Muhammad, and standardized only 30 years after his death. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four components of the Shar'iah? What does each component mean in Hierarchy? |
|
Definition
- Sunnah or actions of muhammad handed down according to the 'hadith'
- Ijma or conesensus of leading scholars generally religous known as the Ulama
- Qiyas or analagous reasoning
- Ijtihad or independent judgement There is some contreversy in analyzing this because there is debate whether it should be used in modern times or traditonal themes. |
|
|
Term
| Can conversion be forced according to the doctrine in Islam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the recitation of Muhammad What is the principle theme throughout the Qur'ran? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does 'Hadith' mean in the Muslim Tradition? |
|
Definition
| hadith is the train of sources attesting to the actions of muhammad |
|
|
Term
How can you breifly sum up Muhammad's life with respect to:
- Longevity of life
- His first Revelation, and where it occured
- What hijra means and when/where it occured
- birth of the 'umma' |
|
Definition
| Lived to 62 570 - 532, had his revelation in 610 in Mecca, made hijra in 622 to medina, the Muslim Umma formed in Medina |
|
|
Term
| What are the 'rashidun Caliphs'? |
|
Definition
| the first 4 caliphs to succeed muhammad |
|
|
Term
| with respect to the 'rashidun caliphs', what comprised their significance in terms of legacy? |
|
Definition
| Abu Bakr was the first, Omar had significant territorial expansion, Unthman standardized Quran and strengthened state and administration, Ali's regime fell in to civil war |
|
|
Term
How did Islam imperial expansion and cosmopolitanism spread with respect to:
- Muhammad ?
- Rashidun Caliphs?
- Ummayyad Empire?
- Non-muslim territories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the different dynasties in the Islamic Empire, and how long did they rule / where were the capitals? |
|
Definition
there was the Ummayad empire from 661 - 750 and located in Damascus
- the abbassid empire from 750 - 1258 in Baghdad, Iraq
- the Fatimid emire from 909 - 1171 in Cairo
- Ummayad in spain from 929 - 1031 in cordoba spain
this was considered golden age of islam and culture science and philosophy flourished |
|
|
Term
| What were the Islamic "Gunpowder" Empires, and where were they / time period? |
|
Definition
| the 3 gunpowder empires were the ottoman from 1299 - 1923 in constantinople, the Safavid empire from 1501 - 1736 in Iran |
|
|
Term
| what is the Shariah? when was it developed? when was it codified? what was the motivation? was there an Islamic court system prior to shariah and after? |
|
Definition
| codified in the 9th century and uses four aspects sunna ijma qiyas and ijtihad and was in order to check the accountability of islamic dynasties or caliphs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religous opinion concering islamic law |
|
|
Term
| How could the religous authority be described regarding Islam? is it centralized or decentralized? |
|
Definition
| religous authority is decentralized because no one person speaks for islam and religous scholars are the Ulama |
|
|
Term
| What are the two schools of Islam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the two schools of islam has four related denominations, what are they and where are they practiced? |
|
Definition
in sunni islam there are the Hanifi in turkey egypt c. asia and s. asia
- maliki in africa and muslim spain
- Wahabi in saudi arabia
- shafii which is the ottoman govt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transcends sunni and shiite which is belief that communication with god is spiritual rather than through legal doctrines |
|
|
Term
What does Edward Said mean by his term "Orientalism" in his 1979 article? In terms of
- policy makers
- focus |
|
Definition
| The idea that the west has thought of Islam as different than itself and shaped the attitudes in regards to policy. it was the rationalization for imperialism which promoted an intrinsic inferiority |
|
|
Term
| Who were 'janissaries' and what was their role in Ottoman Culture? |
|
Definition
| Janissaries were 'slaves' where ottoman turks 'kidnapped' generally christian children from eastarn states and trained them int he military, converted them to Islam and were the Sultans army. |
|
|
Term
| What was the role of european powers in the Ottoman Empire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the responses by state authorities as a result of European powers / involvement? |
|
Definition
| European powers in order to conduct trade with 'orient' secured no taxes and legal exemptions from citizens outside of ottoman empire. this meant they could be tried outside of ottoman empire in domestic country |
|
|
Term
| What was the response from local interests groups / NGOs as a result of European Powers? |
|
Definition
| Military beurocratic and religous groups were rising and tensions developed betweent hem and the sultan |
|
|
Term
| What happened during the politicization of Islam / what is how did Islam politicize? |
|
Definition
| sultan stressed authority of caliphate as part of ottoman identity |
|
|
Term
What aspects characterize the Ottoman empire with respec to
- roots?
- territories?
- symbols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were the features of the Ottoman empire with respect to
- justification?
- court life?
- Specific system / centralized or decentralized?
- Social Hierarchy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the ottoman empire during the 17th - 18th c., what were some of the challenges with respect to
- external factors
- the capitulations
- and what both factors led to? |
|
Definition
| agreements signed with european powers france specificially, captiulations made tax exemptions and low tariffs and extraterritorial jurisdiction, these led to a major loss of revenue and economic isolation |
|
|
Term
| During the 17th - 18th c. what were some of the internal challenges the ottoman empire faced? |
|
Definition
| the ottoman empire faced many internal challenges including weak leadership, military and buerucratic decline as a result of lossed revenue and corruption, ethnic groups developed an idea of nationalism |
|
|
Term
| What was the 1648 treaty of Westphalia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the Tanzimat / what characterized it?
- when did it take place and what did it changes did it make with respect to decentralization? |
|
Definition
| the Tanzimat is the reorgnaization of Ottoman Empire which took palce in the 18th and 19th century. characterized by looking to the 'west' example. a set of reforms were set out to reorganize institutions, and insititutionalized religous establishment. abolished janissaries and created universities, aboloshied millet system, adopted western dress military tactics and trained bureucrats and a netork of notables. informal structure to formal structure or centralization |
|
|
Term
| What was the impact of the 'new' reforms on the structure of the Ottoman empire? |
|
Definition
| the empire shifted from a decentralized structure under the millet system to a centralized structure with a formal system of network of notables.changes did not amount to very much because changes were superficial and led to fall of ottoman empire due to inability to change |
|
|
Term
| What countries were involved in pressures on Ottoman empire? How did they pressure the Empire? |
|
Definition
| economic changes served interessts of europeans and by creating monopolies on resources like oil notably britain and there influence on the suez canal rusia wanted to control the black sea for a warm water port and france competing with britain wanted majority control of over the suez canal to disrupt britain |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Eastarn Question" |
|
Definition
| wanted to maintain a balance of power between russian, britain, and french by forming counter coalitions to thwarth the influence of another country. |
|
|
Term
| What were some consequences to 'foreign intervention' in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire. |
|
Definition
| some effects were direct warfare, encouraged nationalist movements granted protection to non-muslim communities and division of territories |
|
|
Term
| What came as a result of the Berlin Conference in 1878; the Anglo-Russian entente 1907? |
|
Definition
| they divided the territories and russians took north iran and britain took south iran in the entente in 1907 |
|
|
Term
| How does the Ottoman territories in 1807 differ than in 1924 around modern day Turkey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What happened as a result of the Politicization of Islam with regards to
- The sultan?
- religious revivialism?
- Arab Cultural Renaissance? |
|
Definition
stressed authority of caliphate and created two movments.
- salifiyya movment which is traditional tot he first 50 years of Islam and rationalized from the deviation of true islamic values
- the reformit modernist movemnt promoted spirit of inquirty and looked from 8th - 11th centuries where islam was at a civiization height |
|
|
Term
| During the politicization of Islam, and a result of religouss revivalism, what were the two movements taking place? How are they different? |
|
Definition
| safiyya movenment and the reform modernist movement |
|
|
Term
| What were some of the Political currents taking place in the Ottoman Empire? |
|
Definition
| there was Ottomism who had the Young turks and the emergence of the CUP conervative westernizers which wanted to preserve the hierarchy of ottoman Empire European inspired liberal reformists who wanted to be secular like europe and the Islamic revivalists who wanted to revert back to the golden age of islam all wanted to overthrow autocratic orer. |
|
|
Term
| What is Ottomanism in regards to the political currents? |
|
Definition
| there were many different political ideas but generally wanted to acheive the overthrow of the autocratic rule of the ottoman empire in various ways, with the exception of conservative westerners |
|
|
Term
| What is the Turkish cultural movement? |
|
Definition
| Referred to the harkening of a pre-islamic past and justified by saying there empire was great prior to islamic rule |
|
|
Term
| What are the European liberal reformists? |
|
Definition
| European inspired liberal reformists saught to adopt eurpoean institutions and secularize the government |
|
|
Term
| What are the 'Islamic revivalists' |
|
Definition
| Islamic revivalists wanted to maintain the identiry of islam and took place under two movements the safiyya and modernist movements through the example of the golden age of islam |
|
|
Term
| What led to overthrowing the 'old autocratic order' of the Ottoman Empire / society? |
|
Definition
| there was a new state sytem with old elites and uncertain identities and the high handedness from european powers created a steep distrust from their arab counterparts. problems came with adopting new national identies in new structure, and british pledge came across as double dealing to the arabs |
|
|
Term
| Who did the Ottoman Empire Ally itself with during WW1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were some of the important military engagments of the Ottoman Empire during WW1? |
|
Definition
Gallipoli and Kut were military success in 1915- 16 and humiliated the british.
suez caucas in 1915 and jerusalem in 1917 damascus in 1918 were defeats and ill advised to attack british in suez and russias in the winter |
|
|
Term
| In 1918, what occurred after the proclamation of 'jihad'? |
|
Definition
| the proclomation of jihad was used to rally troops and citizens and created resentment towards invaders. ultimately surrendered in 1918 |
|
|
Term
What Were some of the Pledges / counter pledges made in regards to
- Sharif Husayn and Arab Revolt
- Sykes - Picot Agreement
- Balfour declaration
When did these pledges take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When and what were the
- Treaty of versailles
- treaty of sevres
- san Remo conference
- treaty of lausanne |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Wilson's doctrine of self-determination mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the 'mandate' system? what were the consequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was Anatolia divided during the interwar years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the results of the Sykes- Picot agreement and the mandates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What aspects characterized the ME region during the interwar area? what were the results?
- who dominated
- economic structure
- political identities
- politics of notables
- pan-arabism and pan-islamism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What sort of westernizing reforms took place in Turkey with regards to
- a timeline
- who is "Ataturk"
- what happend to the sultanate and caliphate
- reform, republic, secular, national, popul, static, - isms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was turkey's position during WW2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some westernizing reforms that took place in Iran? Who was it under? What is the timeline? how do
- centralization, secularization, nationalism, statism relate?
- absence of republicanism and populism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happend to Iran during WW2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant events in Saudi Arabia took place that characterize islamic revivalism?
- alliances
- conquests
- dates
- constitution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some actions taken by the french during their occupation in the ME?
- how was the rule
- motivations
- institutions
- consequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some of the French mandates in Lebanon? what were the consequences?
- Timelin
- groups
- politics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were the french mandates in Syria? what were the consequences?
- timeline
- politics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some of the 'political currents' taking place in the Ottoman Empire during the interwar years?
- "regionalism"
- Arabism
- Islamism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are some changes in the ME that occured in the Post WW2 years and Pre- 1970s?
- dynamics
- political challenges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some issues with Israel, and some conflicts that occurred as a result?
- relationships
- politics
- leadership and intervention
- politicization
- Timeline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Post WW2, what were some events that took place in Turkey?
- timeline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some Aspects Post WW2 that characterized Iran / events that took place?
- Timeline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some Aspects Post WW2 that characterized Egypt / events that took place?
- Timeline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whos is Gamal Abd al-Nasser? what were some of his accomplishments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the Suez canal? when did it open, Who controlled it and the dates of control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the Suez Crisis of 1956? What happened before leading to and consequences after the Suez crisis?
- repuation for Nasser? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What treaty did Egypt sign in 1936? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Nasserism and some results of Nasserism? What two aspects characterize it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to Nasserism, what is 'Arab Socialism'? What were some results of "Arab Socialism" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In regards to Nasserism, what is 'Arab Nationalism'? What were some results of "Arab Nationalism"
- UAR and dates?
- Succssful in preventing arab conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened in Syria and Iraq in regards to a "Pan-Arab Vision"? What were the consequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Ba'thism (Resurrection)? objective and consequences?
- Who is involved
- timeline
- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The arab cold war took place during which decades? What was it / the consequences? What were the competing themes and states during this period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain from the 70s - the 80s, what were some of the significant events that took place in teh Arab-Israeli conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the "Oil Factor" play in the ME? What are the consequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In regards to state building, what aspects in the ME present challenges to building state?
- regime type
- secularization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were some of the Regional and civil wars that took place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some events that occured in lebanon from the 70s - the 80s? What were the consequences?
- Timeline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were some notable events that took place in Syria and Iraq Post WW2? What were some consequences?
- Politics
- military
- Religous groups
- economics
- reforms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How were the foreign relations in regards to Syria and Iraq? What were the aspects taht describe these relations / people involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were some of the consequences of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 / implications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What factors in Iran post WW2 created support that led tot he Islamic revolution of 1979?
- opinon of the Shah
- movements
- religous aspects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What events post WW2 occured under 'Anwar Sadat'.
- Infitah (opening)
- Yom kippur War (1973)
- 1979 Peace Accord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is the understanding of governance for the state different in regards to
- state strength
- regime types
- formal institutions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the issues of Governance be characterized? |
|
Definition
| "the exercise of POLITICAL AUTHORITY and the use of INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES to manage societies PROBLEMS and AFFAIRS" |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of a state? How does it relate to State Strength in MENA countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are some of the issues that can emerge in "State-Building"
- beginnings
- Intervention
- Reliance on Rents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are some reasons for the overwhelming presence of authoritarian regimes and lack of democracy in MENA countries?
- economics
- geopolotics
- culture
- State and Islamist actors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why are MENA political parties weak? Any exceptions?
- ruling elites
- patronage
- organizational stability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of Opposition movements came about in the MENA countries from 60s - 80s? What were the factors taht contributed to these movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the different types of Civil activism in MENA countries with the structural reforms of the 80s? Who do western donor countries favor, and the attitudes of state actors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What different roles of civil society play in MENA countries? What has the effect of new technology had on civil society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the "Dreyfus affair", and when did it occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is Theodor Herzl and what/when did he write? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What congress took place in 1897 for the Jewish people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the Husayn-McMahon Correspondance / when did it happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "Sykes-Picot" Agreement / when did it happend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "Balfour Declaration" / when did it happend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "British Mandate" / when did it happend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From 1936 - 1939, why was there a Palestinian Uprising? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "Shoah" and when did it occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "Jewish-British war" / when did it happend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is UN resolution 181, what did it say and when was it passed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What year was israel declared a state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between 48 - 50, what percentage of Palestinians were displaced from their land? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the "Suez Crisis" and when did it happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in 1964, what two groups formed in Israeli territory, and why are they significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the "six day war" take place, and what were the consequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what "movement" took place from 70 - 76, and why was it significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Yom Kippur War, and when did it take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What party in Israel won in 1977? why is this significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the "Camp David Accords" under president carter took place in what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Country does Israel invade in 1982, and why do they do so? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first "Intifada" began in what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is UN resolution 242 and when does the PLO finally recognize it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Oslo Peace accords, who was involved, what was the purpose, and when did it take place? was it successful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What groups made up Pre-Modern Palestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Zionism and how are they different? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Jewish Nationalism and what was the motivation for this? what issues are in dispute between jews and Palestinian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the factors for "Aliya" (4 parts)? What occured at the 1st zionist congress in 1897, and What part did Herzl play? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the british mandate and what effect did it have in the formation of Israel, UN resolution 181, and other consequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In regards to Israel, what is significant about:
- 1948
- 1967
- 1977
- 1987 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is the PLO when was it established, and who is its leader? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arafat showed signs of 'moderation', what plan did he adopt in 1974, what did it entail and what were the consequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was significant about Israels founding in 1948?
- territory?
- displacement of Palestinians
- Regionalization of conflict |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the territory lines between UN resolution 181 and Post-armsistice change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happend during the 6 day war, when did it occur and why is it significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the voting of the Likud party in 1977 important, who became prime minister, and what were the consequences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Intifada, when did it occur/end, and what was significant about it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Palestinians, what was the effect of the Intifada / consequences for groups involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What impact did the Intifada have on Israel / significance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How has the demographic and Population distribution changed from 48 to present day in the Israeli territories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors led to the Oslo Peace process from 93 - 95, who was involved and what were the objectives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the Consequences from the Oslo Peace Process? what were some of the Hardliner responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were some aspects with the End of Peace process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What have been some more recent developments in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aspects passed by the UN are included in the "Roadmap for peace"? |
|
Definition
|
|
