Term
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Definition
Distinctive in substance, and in approach
- deals with empirical analysis,domestic systems, and foreign systems
- can be compared across space, time and groups |
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Definition
| A statement that links causes and consequences, answers why and how, and is not a mere description |
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| Methodology of Comparative Politics |
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Definition
Why do we compare?
what do we compare?
how do we compare? |
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Definition
To explain rather than describe facts
- recognizing relevant facts to give context in differences being compared |
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Definition
test hypothesis and build theories, make causal inferences,
- posses objectivity, rigor and logic. |
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Term
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Definition
Cause and effect, a statement formulated for the purpose of explaining whether or not a relationship exists between two observations or facts.
- hypothesis is a statement that attempts to explain cause and effect.
- must be testable and falsifiable |
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Term
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Definition
Independant Variable or explanatory variable
- Cause
Dependant Variable
- Effect or Outcome |
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Term
| Political operationalizing Variables |
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Definition
variables that constitute regime type
- electoral freedom, media freedom, majoritarian or PR, Unitary or Federal, level of human rights, etc. |
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Term
| Economic operationalizing variables |
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Definition
| GDP, GDP per capita, GDP per capita PPP, income equality, specific economic sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, energy) % public ownership, inflation, taxation |
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Term
| social operationalizing variables |
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Definition
| nutrition, healthcare, education, life expectancy, quality of life, infant mortality,j population distribution |
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Term
Correlation and Causation
Question? |
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Definition
| Q: does economic growth cause democratization? |
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Definition
| Across space, time, and groups. |
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Definition
Lihpjardt (1971) paper: 4 scientific methods
- experimental
- statistical / quantatative
- case study / qualitative
- comparative |
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Term
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Definition
| the transition from an authoritarian political system to a democratic political system |
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Term
| why and how does democratization take place - causes? and Conditions? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Substantive view of democracy |
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Definition
when democracy is determined by its outcome
- Rousseau: does it reflect the common will? does it reflect economic justice, freedom, civil liberties? |
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Term
| procedural view of deomocracy |
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Definition
| democracy is the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| democracy is the process for selecting government to reflect the preferences of its citizens |
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Definition
- interests or choices as the reflect to government or public policy
- assumes individuals are rational actors and can choose between alternatives
- assumes that preferences can be ranked |
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| Citizens rights in democracy |
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Definition
full oppurtunity to
- formulate preferences, signify their preferences through single or collective action, have their preferences weighed equally |
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Term
| key dimensions in democratic process |
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Definition
| Contestation (liberalization) and participation (inclusiveness) |
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Term
| what makes democratization |
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Definition
| the increase in contestation and/ or participation |
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Definition
| a political power exerted by one dominant group over other groups |
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Definition
| power structure in which a select "elite" or small group has dominant control of government. |
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Term
| What changes are seen in operationalizing variables when government democratizes towards a polyarchy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polychotomous approach: democracy |
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Definition
Dahl's perspective
- measures democracy as a continuum or some countries are more democratic than others |
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Term
| dichotomous approach : democracy |
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Definition
Pzerworski, and Shumpeter perspective
- democracy either IS or IS NOT |
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Term
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Definition
| "democracy is no more than an arrangement or mechanism for people to elect leaders or policy makers in a competitive manner" |
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Term
| How is Dichotomous approach different |
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Definition
- clear criterion for identifying democracy
- emphasiszes role of leaders more than people
- stresses inter-elite competition rather than participation (inclusiveness)
- only right people have is to re-elect or evict government periodically |
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Definition
challenge of dependent variable
- depends on question trying to be answered |
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Definition
polychotomous approach
- dahl's democracy as a continuum |
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Definition
Dichotoumous approach: democracy exists or it does not.
- Pzeworski and Shumpeter |
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Term
| does democracy produce undemocratic results? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
system of social, economic, and political rules
- different from 'government' or 'administration' |
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Term
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Definition
- wrote article on non-democratic regimes
- beyond 3-part distinction: democracy, authoritarian, totalitarian
- creates criterion for identifying type of non-democratic regime |
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Term
| prior regime type determines: |
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Definition
- transition path
- challenges upon democratization |
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Term
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Definition
establish type of regime and how they are different from democracy and each other
- pluralism, mobilization, ideology, and leadership |
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Definition
political - contestation and participation
Social - freedom to organize
economic - free market, capitalist |
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Term
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Definition
| liberal freedoms, process, no overtly stated final purpose |
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Definition
| free to organize, opposition allowed |
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Definition
| freely elected, subject to rule of law |
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Term
| Pluralism - totalitarian regime |
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Definition
| no political, economic, or social freedoms |
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Term
| mobilization - totalitarian regime |
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Definition
| intensive and extensive mobilization |
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Term
| ideology - totalitarian regime |
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Definition
| explicit utopian ideology |
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Term
| Leadership - totalitarian regime |
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Definition
| Charismatic leader with arbitrary use of power |
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Term
| Pluralism - post-totalitarian |
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Definition
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Term
| ideology - post-totalitarian |
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Definition
| weakened ideology or less faith towards utopian society. |
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Term
| Mobilization - post-totalitarian |
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Definition
| less intense and less extensive |
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Term
| Leadership - post-totalitarian |
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Definition
| more bureaucratic or technocratic |
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Definition
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Definition
| None, except for absolutism |
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Definition
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Definition
| Personalistic, or unrestrained |
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| Authoritarian - Pluralism |
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Definition
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Definition
| limited with 'distinctive mentalities' |
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| Mobilization - authoritarian |
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Definition
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Term
| Leadership - Authoritarian |
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Definition
| one leader, small elite; predictability |
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Definition
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| Post-totalitarian example |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Napolean France and Kim Jong Il North Korea |
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Term
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Definition
| PRI in Mexico and post WW1 spain |
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Term
| 3 democratization theories |
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Definition
Modernization Theory
- does not take prior regime types in to account
Culturalist Theory
- does not do so explicitly or directly
Strategic Elites
- does take in to account prior regime type |
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Term
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Definition
A self-governing, stateless cooperative society
- common ownership of wealth, communal organization of social life |
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Term
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Definition
| Written in 1848 by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels |
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Term
| Communist Mannifesto States |
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Definition
: The inevitable rise of proletariat and revolution to overthrow capitalists
- history develops in stages, each stage characterized by economic structure and class development
- teleological and deterministic view of history |
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Term
| Marx and Engels determined progression towards communism |
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Definition
| Tribal society --> ancient society --> feudal society --> capitalist society --> socialism --> communism |
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Term
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Definition
| "the history of all hithetro society is the history of class struggles." |
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Term
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Definition
the existence of classes
- only bound in particular, historic phases of the development of production |
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Definition
Dictatorship of the proletariat
- class struggle leads to this |
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Term
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Definition
abolition of all classes in to a classless society
- result from transition with the dictatorship of proletariat |
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Definition
- leader of vanguard party
- led bolshevik revolution in 1917 |
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Definition
| created state collectivization and rapid industrialization |
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Term
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Definition
| established socialism one country at a time |
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Definition
| concentrated power in to party and with himself |
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Definition
| where marx said there was a progression, Mao believes society can skip capitalism. |
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Definition
| mobilization of peasants, guerrilla warfare of urbanites, deep suspicion of intellectuals |
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Term
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Definition
Great Leap Forward (1958 - 1961)
Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976) |
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Term
| The Reality of the Communist State |
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Definition
| Based on Belief that a stateless, hierarchical party in state can speed up socialism |
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Term
| The Reality of the Communist State: characteristics 1 |
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Definition
political system
- consolidation of power
- democratic centralism |
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Term
| The Reality of the Communist State: characteristics 2 |
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Definition
Economic System
- non-capitalist ownership
- command economy |
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Term
| The Reality of the Communist State: characteristics 3 |
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Definition
Ideological sphere
- Goal - Oriented
- International movement |
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Term
| Analytical perspectives: 4 |
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Definition
| Culturalist, structuralist, institutionalist, process |
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Term
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Definition
- Stresses contextual meanings and ideas
- Unit of analysis, group or whole of society
- behavior based in deep seated notions, and difficult to change |
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Term
| Huntington (1991) - culturalist |
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Definition
| questions focus on identity, values, historical experience, uniqueness, "path dependancy" |
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Term
| Structuralist Perspective |
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Definition
- stresses relationship between individuals or groups; how they are positioned in a system or oranization (relative power)
- economic and social frameworks are fairly inflexible |
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Term
| Lipset (1959) - structuralist |
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Definition
| questions focus on historical dynamics, prerequisite conditions, and distribution of power |
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Term
| Institutionalist Perspective |
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Definition
-Focuses on Formal and Informal rules and conventions are institutions
- emphasis on individuals and groups
- institutions or flexible in long-run and not as much in short run |
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Term
Institutionalist perspective - 2
Linz and Stepan (1996) Barbara Geddes (2004) |
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Definition
- individuals or groups adapt actions towards institutions
- focuses on incentives, perspectives may change in long-run |
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Term
| Process-Oriented Perspective |
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Definition
- Pzerworski (1991)
- Stresses Rational, strategic actors with clear perspectives who behave deliberately to maximize their own self-interest
- emphasis on individual
- analyzes behavior rather than ideas |
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Term
| Process-Oriented Perspective : Questions |
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Definition
| questions tend to focus on collective action, choices; institutional rules are the result of benefiting those in power |
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Term
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Definition
Lipset - Structuralist
- Question: what are the conditions necessary to bring democratization? |
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Term
| What definition of Democracy does lipset use? |
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Definition
| - a response to comparative - historical analysis |
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Term
| What is Lipset's Hypothesis |
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Definition
The more well-to-do a nation is, the better chance of creating and sustaining democracy.
- what is independant variables?
- what is dependant variables? |
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Term
| Indices of Economic development; 4 |
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Definition
- Wealth
- Industrialization
- Urbanization
- Education : each indices is interrelated and interdependent |
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Term
| What results of economic development make it compatible with features of democracy? |
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Definition
- Large Middle-class, less inequality; more moderation
- more education; more rational, more tolerant
- more material security; government cannot threaten life chances, redistribution less dramatic
- wealth encourages universalistic norms
development or modernality is associated with rationality |
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Term
| Key causal mechanisms modernization theory |
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Definition
| economic development changes values. it produces a secular political culture and an integrated national culture |
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Term
| economic development leads to a more complex associational life on two fronts: |
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Definition
- division of labor
- greater degree of social organization
: de toqueville |
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Term
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Definition
| economic development leads to cross cutting cleavages. |
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Term
| Economic Development and democratization |
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Definition
| - economic development is both necessary and sufficient for democratization. |
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Term
| implications of economic development |
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Definition
- democratization is a sequential process
- economic development and democracy is linear and evolutionary
- democracy is uttainable for all societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structuralist perspective |
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Term
| Linz and Stepan framework |
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Definition
| focus on institutionalist perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| Process-oriented approach |
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Term
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Definition
| institutionalist perspective |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| causal mechanisms of Modernization Theory |
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Definition
| economic development changes values. it produces a secular political culture, and an integrated national culture. |
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Term
| when is democratization apparent |
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Definition
| it is unclear when democratization takes place |
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Term
| is modernization theory to linear? |
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Definition
| too many examples of of hybrid/unstable regimes |
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Term
| does economic development cause and sustain democracy |
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Definition
| many regime reversal occur at low levels of development |
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Term
| where is modernization theory more correct? |
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Definition
| empirical evidence suggest theory holds true for W. Europe |
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Term
| Modifications to Modernization Theory |
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Definition
Huntington - intermediate levels of development are destabilizing
O'Donnell - type of development matters |
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Term
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Definition
that culture is the major impediment towards democratization
- absence of commitment towards democratic values |
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Term
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Definition
More Restrictive Version
Less Restrictive Version
- Huntington has to show how Confucian and Islamic cultures are opposed to democratic ideals
- and that these values impede democratization |
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Term
| Confucianism and how it's antidemocratic |
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Definition
- lack tradition of individual rights
- harmony is preferred over competition
- conflict seen as dangerous and illegitimate |
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Term
| arguments supporting confucians can have democracy |
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Definition
- holds high standard of morality and benevolent leadership
- favors seperation of the political and the personal
- more of a personal ethic than personal attitude |
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Term
| Reasons Islam is undemocratic |
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Definition
| there is no distinction between religion and the state, and laws are created because political leaders are also religious leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
culturalist have not held up over time
- catholics have become democratic
Cultures are dynamic and can change |
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Term
| O'Donnell and Schmitter - Strategic elites approach |
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Definition
| there is no transition whose outcome is the consequence - direct or indirect - of important divisions within the authoritarian regime itself, primarily along the fluctuating cleavage of hardliners and softliners. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prior Regime --> liberalization of auth. rules --> breakdown / transition (rules in flux) --> Democratization (new rules) or Reversal (old / new auth. rules) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- oppurtunists
- concerned with political survival
- concerned with retaining share of spoils
- reject 'disorders' of democracy |
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Term
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Definition
- seek some regime legitimacy
- seek to control liberalization
- seek personal advantage |
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Term
| Game of Strategy: stage 1 |
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Definition
Authoritarian regime : stage 1
- if regime is strong no change
- if regime is weakened some liberalization |
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Term
| Stage 2 authoritarian regime in crisis |
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Definition
as liberalization occurs, what happens or who stops it?
- liberalization --> liberalization halts
- liberalization --> reversal
- liberalization --> liberalization proceeds |
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Term
| Stage 3 authoritarian regime in crisis |
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Definition
Popular dissent
if:
- low --> no further change
- Moderate --> negotiated pact
- high --> reversal / revolution / regime defeat |
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Term
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Definition
a central task (for actors) is to limit the uncertainty of the political transition and the subsequent democratization in order to facilitate COMPROMISE.
- often that means no redistribution of power and economic resources |
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Term
| O'Donnell and Schmitter on negotiated pacts |
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Definition
| suggested that negotiated pacts are the most likely route to democratization |
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Term
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Definition
| an explicit agreement on rules that guarantee the vital interests of parties involved |
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Term
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Definition
| highly unpredictable because it involves the strategic calculations of different actors acting under conditions of uncertainty |
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Term
| Linz and Stepan: on negotiated pacts |
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Definition
neither theoretically nor historically do transitions have to involve pacts.
- pacts can range from very democratic to very non-democratic either in intention or consequence or both |
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Term
| Linz and Stepan: on negotiated pacts 2 |
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Definition
pacts can fall apart
- they require organizational and ideological capacity to form a grand coalition
- they require the allegiance of followers to the terms of the pact |
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Term
| Linz and Stepan: on negotiated pacts 3 |
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Definition
in addition pacts require at least four players in game.
- hardliners
- softliners
- opposition moderates
- opposition radicals (sometimes involve the military) |
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Term
| Totalitarian - likelihood for negotiated pact |
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Definition
| highly improbable cause civil society does not exist |
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Term
| Post-Totalitarian - likelihood for negotiated pact |
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Definition
| possible because some level of civil society exists so a moderate opposition is likely |
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Term
| Sultanistic - likelihood for negotiated pact |
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Definition
| unlikely because softliners unlikely to have power and moderate opposition will be weak |
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Term
| Authoritarian - likelihood for negotiated pact |
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Definition
| possible because some level of civil society exists so moderate opposition is likely |
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Term
| Pzerworski (1991) on democracy |
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Definition
organized uncertainty - democracy is institutionalized
" from the point of view of each participant... dice are thrown to see what outcomes are." |
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Term
| decisive step towards democracy |
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Definition
| the devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules |
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Term
| According to Pzerworski why would groups comply with outcomes |
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Definition
- groups have long term horizon
- security from arbitrary violence
- institutions matter (winner does not earn a permanent advantage) |
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Term
| According to Pzerworski why would groups comply with outcomes 2 |
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Definition
Self-enforcement
- self-interested strategic compliance is plausible and sufficient
- democracy is an equilibrium; a system of self-government |
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Term
| Barbara Geddes (2004) Negotiated Pacts vs. civil protests |
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Definition
| Negotiated pacts seem to occur in South America and civil protests occur more in E. Europe and Africa instead of pacts. |
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Term
| Authoritarian institutions |
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Definition
| shape the identity and interests of regime supporters |
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Term
| Authoritarian institutions: Assumptions |
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Definition
- different politicians want to achieve office and remain there, for varying reasons
- best survival strategy is to satisfy supporters |
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Term
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Definition
| Military - dominated, Single-party regime, and Personalistic regime |
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Term
| Military regime Interests / preferences |
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Definition
- desire to maintain hierarchy, dicipline, cohesiveness in military
- autonomy from civilian intervention
- territorial integrity and civil disorder
- sufficient corporate budget |
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Term
| military regime - greatest threat |
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Definition
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Term
| Military Regime: strategic calculation |
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Definition
"Battle of the Sexes"
- credible first mover advantage
- all officers must pursue the same course |
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Term
| Military Regime: cause of transition |
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Definition
- most susceptible to internal disintegration
- in crisis negotiated pact is most likely |
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Term
| Single Party Regime: Interests and preferences |
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Definition
- leaders want to maintain power (to control policy, to hold power, to make material gains)
- they value survival and unity of the part as a means to stayin in office |
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Term
| Single Party Regime: Strategic calculation |
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Definition
- everyone is better off united and in office
- co-optation is preferred over exclusion |
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Term
| Single Party Regime: cause of transition |
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Definition
- cadres keep heads down and ride out leadership split; want to keep party in power
- most enduring and institutionalized; usually collapse from external crisis
- in crisis, some liberalization is most likely |
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Term
| Personalist Regime: Interests / preferences |
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Definition
- personalist clique depends solely on leaders good will
- wants to maintain his power |
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Term
| Personalist Regime: Strategic calculation |
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Definition
- ruling clique wants to maintain minimum winning coalition
- exclusion of rival faction is more likely |
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Term
| Personalist Regime: cause of transition |
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Definition
- collapse of coalition with death of leader or violent overthrow
- followers subject to marginalization, followers have narrow support base
- in crisis, actors have fewest options |
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Term
| Empirical outcomes of 3 regimes |
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Definition
Military regime (9 years)
- South America and southern europe
Single-party regimes (23 years)
- Eastern Europe
Personalist Regime (15 years)
- Africa |
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