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| Result of __________ reduced need to travel to follow food supply. |
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| Improved the seed drill, advocated the use of horses instead of oxen, invented a horse-drawn hoe, and made changes to the design of the plow |
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| Fashioned a steel polished plow to cut clean furrows through sticky midwest soil |
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| Environmental degredation occurs when no one owns a resource. It is no ones best interest to conserve it, therefore it is over-harvested, overgrazed, or over cropped |
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| (1930's) Caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation |
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| a system that utilizes an understanding of natural processes along with the latest scientific advances to create integrated, resource-conserving farming systems. These systems will reduce environmental degradation, are economically viable, maintain a stable rural community, and provide a productive agriculture in both short and long term |
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| Components of conventional agricultural production |
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Definition
| Intensive tillage, monoculture, synthetic fertilizers, irrigation, chemical pest controls, manipulation of plant and animal genomes, vertically integrated confined animal production |
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| Negative impacts of conventional agriculture |
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Definition
| Soil degradation, fresh water depletion, environmental pollution, dependence on external inputs, loss of biodiversity, loss of local control of agricultural production |
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| Management changes to enhance agricultural sustainability |
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Definition
| diversification of grain farms to include livestock, rotation of row crops with legumes to provide nitrogen, increase the use of animal manure to replace fertilizer,reduce use of pesticides through biological controls, mechanical and cultural practices |
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| Elements critical to agricultural sustainability |
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Definition
| Generation of adequate income, Expanded availability of food and consumption through increased production and better marketing, conservation and enhancement of natural resources |
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Term
| In the last 50 years, farm numbers in the U.S. have _______ while individual holdings and farm size have ________. The number of farm workers has __________. |
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Definition
| Decreased, increased, decreased |
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Term
| As people and countries become more affluent, they purchase a greater proportion of protein requirements as __________ |
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Definition
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Definition
| Using plants and animals to produce useful products such as food, feed, and fiber |
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Definition
| Study of plant life, in particular, structure, function, and lifecycle |
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Definition
| The scientific study of soil management and crop production, including irrigation and the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers |
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Definition
| Science and art of cultivating specialty crops such as fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals |
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Definition
| Science and art of managing forests, tree plantations |
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| Nikolai Vavilov (1887-1943) |
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Definition
| Russian plant breeder/ geneticist, wrote "Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants", stated that each crop had a center of origin which serves as a center of diversity |
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| Geographical area where a species is believed to have developed through natural selection from ancestors |
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| American plant explorer/plant breeder/geneticist, proposed three different systems with each having a center and non-center (where domestication took place) |
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Definition
| origin was a limited area without spread or dispersal |
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Definition
| origin was a limited area with spread or dispersal |
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| center of origin, widely dispersed; no secondary center apparent |
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| center of origin, widely dispersed; numerous secondary centers apparent |
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| completes life cycle in one season |
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| Requires two seasons to complete life cycle |
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| Repeat life cycle indefinately regenerating from vegetative parts |
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| multiple stems from ground level |
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| Grasses grown for edible seed |
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| Legumes grown for edible seed |
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| Plants grown for their oil content |
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| Crop plants grown for use in fiber production |
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| Plants grown for vegetable matter harvested for animal feed |
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| Crops grown for use in making sugar |
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| Plants grown to improve soil fertility |
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| Plants grown in between crop cycles to reduce erosion |
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| Plants grown for direct consumption of their vegetative parts |
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| Plants grown for their aesthetic value |
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Definition
| science of classifying and naming plants |
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| Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) |
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Definition
| Wrote "Species Plantarum", developed binomial system of nomenclature |
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Definition
| Group of plants found in nature that are so different from the species originally described that it warrants further classification |
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| A single plant or group of genetically identical plants that have been cultivated or bred by humans to maintain specific characteristics (drought or disease tolerance) |
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Definition
| prokaryotic cells, i.e. bacteria |
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Definition
| eukaryotic cells, i.e. algae, slime molds, protozoa |
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| Produce own food, i.e. vascular plants |
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| Ingest own food, i.e. multicellular animals |
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Grass family
-Wheat, barley, oats |
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Palm family
-oil palm, coconut palm |
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Amaryllis family
-onions, garlic, chives |
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Mustard family
-cabbage, radish, broccoli |
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Definition
Legume family
-dry beans, cowpea, pea peanut, soybean |
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Nightshade family
-tomato, potato, tobacco, pepper |
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Spurge family
-cassava and castor bean |
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Sunflower family
-sunflower, lettuce |
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Carrot family
-carrot, parsley, celery |
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Pumpkin family
-pumpkin, melon, watermelon, cucumber |
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| Lolium arundinaceum Schreb. |
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