Term
| # segments in the spinal cord and where the cord ends |
|
Definition
31 segments
Ends at L1-L2 |
|
|
Term
| Location of the cervical spinal cord enlargement and why |
|
Definition
C5-T1
Location of the brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| Location of the lumbosacral spinal cord enlargement and why |
|
Definition
L2-S3
Location of the Lumbosacral plexus |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerves are all mixed motor and sensory except ___ |
|
Definition
| C1 which does not have a dorsal root (is motor only) |
|
|
Term
| At cervical levels, the spinal nerve exits ___ the corresponding vertebral body |
|
Definition
above
So between C3-C4 would be C4 root |
|
|
Term
| All spinal roots aside from the cervical segment exit ___ their corresponding vertebral body |
|
Definition
Below
So between T3-T4 would be the T3 root |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about where lumbar and thoracic roots come off the cord and exit? |
|
Definition
They come off higher up and then travel downward before exiting the canal
Example: The L1 root comes off at T11 and travels downward to exit the canal at the L1 level |
|
|
Term
| Which roots are more central in the cauda equina? Which are more lateral? |
|
Definition
Central roots in the cauda come off more caudally (lower)
Lateral roots in the cauda equina come off more rostrally (higher) |
|
|
Term
| What's unique about cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| They have a transverse foramen inside their transverse process in which the vertebral arteries run |
|
|
Term
| How many processes does each vertebrae have? Name them |
|
Definition
7 total for each vertebrae
2 superior articular
2 inferior articular
(^combine to form the facet joint)
2 transverse processes
1 spinous process |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerves exit the cord through what bony structure? What forms this? |
|
Definition
| The intervertebral foramen which is formed by the pedicle of the vertebrae above and below. They exit through the upper portion of this foramina. |
|
|
Term
| A herniation at the L5-S1 disc is more likely to affect which spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Usually S1 (but if more lateral can hit L5) |
|
|
Term
| The ligament you go through in an LP is the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you hit bone early (shallow) in an LP you're hitting ___. If you hit bone when deeper, you're hitting ___. |
|
Definition
Shallow= spinous process
Deep= lamina |
|
|
Term
| What herniates in a herniated disc? |
|
Definition
| The nucleus pulposus (center of the intervertebral disc) |
|
|
Term
What ligament connects the lamina?
What is the significance of this? |
|
Definition
Ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament)
Can push against your cord or roots posteriorly when hypertrophied |
|
|
Term
The venous plexus of the spinal cord runs in ___.
And what's special about these veins? |
|
Definition
The epidural fat
These veins do not have valves = spread of infection and cancer
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cutaneous territory innervated by a single nerve root (NOT a single nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of muscles innervated by a single nerve root (NOT nerve). |
|
|
Term
| What are the dermatomes of the head? Name and describe location |
|
Definition
§ Face: V1 (covers nose) ,V2,V3
§ Skull
· Angle of the Jaw is NOT V3, it’s actually C2
· Back of the head and posterior to ears is also C2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the dermatomes of the hand? |
|
Definition
§ C6: is thumb
§ C7: index and middle finger
§ C8: ring finger and pinky |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 important dermatomes in the trunk? |
|
Definition
§ T4 nipples
§ T10 umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 dermatomes of the leg and their locations |
|
Definition
§ L4 anteromedial shin (also corresponds to saphenous nerve, branch of the femoral)
§ L5 anterolateral leg and dorsum of the foot (superficial peroneal nerve
§ S1 calf and sole of foot |
|
|
Term
| Name the posterior cord (of the brachial plexus) branches |
|
Definition
Posterior cord branches mnemonic: STAR (from proximal to distal)
- Subscapular
- Thoracodorsal
- Axillary
- Radial |
|
|
Term
| Name the lateral cord (of the brachial plexus) branches |
|
Definition
Lateral cord branches mnemonic is DSL (from proximal to distal):
- Dorsal scapular nerve (direct branch of C5 root)
- Suprascapular nerve (branch of superior trunk)
- Lateral pectoral nerve (branch of the lateral cord) |
|
|
Term
| Name the medial cord (of the brachial plexus) branches |
|
Definition
- Medial pectoral
- Medial brachial cutaneous (pure sensory to arm)
- Medial antebrachial cutaneous (pure sensory to forearm) |
|
|
Term
| The location of the clavicle divides the brachial plexus. Above the clavicle are the ___ , at the level of the clavicle are the ___, and below are the ___. |
|
Definition
Above= roots and trunks
At clavicle= divisions
Below= cords and branches |
|
|
Term
| The brachial plexus is between the ___ muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phrenic nerve comes off which spinal roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lumbar plexus runs from ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the branches of the lumbar plexus |
|
Definition
Mnemonic: Interested In Getting Lunch On Friday?
- L1 has two direct branches (ilio____= iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves)= minimally important
- L1,L2 form genitofemoral (not important)
- L2, L3 posterior divisions form the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (on the lateral thigh, affected in neuralgia paresthetica)
- Anterior divisions (L2,L3,L4) form the obturator nerve
- Posterior divisions (L2,L3,L4) form the femoral nerve
|
|
|
Term
| What part of the lumbar plexus does the femoral nerve form from? |
|
Definition
| Posterior division (L2, L3, L4) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the lumbar plexus does the obturator nerve form from? |
|
Definition
| Anterior divisions (L2, L3, L4) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the lumbar plexus does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve form from? |
|
Definition
| L2, L3 posterior divisions |
|
|
Term
| What nerve roots form the Lumbosacral trunk? |
|
Definition
| L4, L5 (one from lumbar and one from sacral plexus) |
|
|
Term
| What spinal levels form the sacral plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the sacral plexus? |
|
Definition
Mnemonic SIPPS
- L4,L5,S1 form the Superior gluteal nerve (L5,S1 muscles that are non-sciatic innervation)
- L5,S1,S2 form the Inferior gluteal nerve (L5,S1 muscles that are non-sciatic innervation)
- S1,S2,S3 form the Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- S2,S3,S4 Pudendal nerve
- *L4, L5,S1,S2,S3 Sciatic nerve* |
|
|
Term
| What's special about the superior and inferior gluteal nerves in EMG? |
|
Definition
| They are L5, S1 muscles that are not branches of the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| The superior gluteal nerve forms from what nerve roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inferior gluteal nerve forms from what nerve roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sciatic nerve forms from what nerve roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The femoral nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve travel under the ___ through ___ |
|
Definition
| under the inguinal ligament through the femoral canal |
|
|
Term
| The sciatic nerve travels through the ___ and can be injured in ___ |
|
Definition
| Through the sciatic notch. Can be injured in hip fractures or following hip replacement |
|
|
Term
| A psoas abscess or retroperitoneal hematoma can injure what nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hysterectomy or pelvic mass can injure ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle is the most distally innervated by the radial nerve? Why is this important? |
|
Definition
Extensor indicis proprius
Is innervated by C8 but is not ulnar or median innervation |
|
|
Term
Describe Parsonage Turner Syndrome
What is the hereditary form called? |
|
Definition
| inflammation in brachial plexus typically presenting with acute onset of severe pain (commonly starts at night), sensory and motor deficits and later atrophy. Usually affects the upper plexus (particularly the long thoracic nerve and suprascapular nerve) the treatment is steroids specifically for the pain. Most patients have a preceding event (commonly infection). There is a recurrent form called Hereditary Neuralgic Amyotrophy AD on gene Septin9 (SEPT9) |
|
|
