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| move away from each other |
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| where three plates meet with various interactions |
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-stable over time
-don't move
-initates at the core mantle boundary
-rises up to the bottom of the lithosphere
-melts the lithosphere |
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| -heat: convection at mantle |
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N- natural occuring
I-inorganic material
C-cryataline structure
E-electrically neutral with consistent chemical composition.
60 common minerals |
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external expression of the orderly internal arrangment of atoms
-if free to grow in it's own place most mienrals have distinctive shape |
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| the way the mineral reflects light |
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| tendency to break along a predefined plane of weakness |
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| the color of a mineral in its powdered form; may be different from its overall color |
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| ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water |
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| a minerals resistance to abrasion |
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| other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
| taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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Term
| other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
| taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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Term
| other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
| taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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Term
| other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
| taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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Term
| other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
| taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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Term
| other ways to identify a mineral |
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Definition
| taste, feel, smell, magnetism, chemical reaction, etc |
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Definition
fingernails- hardness of about 2
penny- 3
stainless steel- about 5
porcelain- about 7 |
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-determined by x-ray diffraction
-x-rays passing through a mineral grain are bent (like light through a prism)
-constructive and distructive interference patterns produce a pattern
-technique can measure distance between atoms and the size and shape of the electron cloud |
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Definition
| grow by crystalization from magmas or from aqueous solutions |
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| mineral growth-additons of atoms to crystal face requires |
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Definition
-concentration of the particular of atoms that can be incorparated into the crystal lattice (depends mostly on size and charge)
-proper conditions for growth (temp, pressure, etc)
-form and structure remain the same during growth
-atoms are added along crystal faces, although some faces may grow faster than others |
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minerals are only stable over a fixed range of pressure, temp, chemical conditiosns
-if a mineral is in equilibrium with it's enviroment than it is called stable
-stability of a mineral is dependent on its chemical composition and crystal structure |
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| a mineral that exists outside its stability range |
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| are all defined by ions with negative charge . native elements are pure only one element. |
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-most important mineral group
-95% of crust and mantle is silcates
-basic building block is silicon-oxygen tetrahedron which consist of one Si atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms.
-tetrahedron 4 charge |
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Term
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Definition
silicate tetrahedrons form minerals in two ways
1. the oxygen in the tetrahedra bond with other elements
2. the oxygens between adjacent tetrahedra are shared.
-the more oxygens that a silica tetrahedron shares, the lower its electrical charge, and so |
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| dividing silicate minerals |
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by chemical composition
-felsic- minerals rich in silicon and aluminum
-mafic: mineals rich in magnesium and iron |
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most common mineral at Earth's surface
hard to break |
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most common mineral in the Earth's crust
-easy to break turns to clay in crust |
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| common in mafic and felsic rocks |
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| common in mafic and felsic rocks |
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| common in igneous and metamorphic rocks |
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| major component of the mantle |
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| most sulfides are metal ores because it is easy to extract the metal |
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Definition
| heat the ore until the sulfer vaporizes, leaving metal behind. |
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| contain members of the halogens |
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contain C032-
2nd most imporant element because they are the largest rock former outside of silicates. calcite most common. rhodochite- msot valuable. If you find this you will be rich |
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