Term
| What are the five characteristics common to all seed plants? |
|
Definition
seeds
reduced gametophytes
heterosporygania
ovules
pollen |
|
|
Term
| Where do gametophytes of seed plants develop? |
|
Definition
| within the walls of spores retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte |
|
|
Term
| Is water needed for fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ovule consist of? |
|
Definition
| a megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments |
|
|
Term
| What do microspores develop into? |
|
Definition
pollen grains
contain male gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| What eliminates the need for water in fertilization? |
|
Definition
| because pollen can be dispersed by air or animals |
|
|
Term
| If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to what? |
|
Definition
| a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule |
|
|
Term
| What does a seed develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a seed include? |
|
Definition
| sporophyte embryo, food supply, and protective coat |
|
|
Term
| What does not apply to gymnosperms or angiosperms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In seed bearing plants, microspores develop into ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bears "naked" seeds, typically on cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four phylums that make up gymnosperms? |
|
Definition
Phylum Cycadophyta
Phylum Gingkophyta
Phylum Gnetophyta
Phylum Coniferophyta |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of the Phylum Cycadophyta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name an example from the Phylum Coniferophyta. |
|
Definition
pines
firs
junipers
sequoias |
|
|
Term
key feature of the gymnosperm life cycle
What is dominant? |
|
Definition
| dominance of the sporophyte generation |
|
|
Term
key feature of the gymnosperm life cycle
What is the role of pollen? |
|
Definition
transferring sperm to ovules
no water required |
|
|
Term
key feature of the gymnosperm life cycle
What does the development of seeds come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many generations are represented in the seed of a gymnosperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are some examples of
gymnosperms? |
|
Definition
| cycads, conifers, Ginkgo biloba, and gnetophytes |
|
|
Term
| The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flowering plants
("covered seeds") |
|
|
Term
| What are the derived traits of angiosperms? |
|
Definition
| the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits |
|
|
Term
| What are the most widespread and diverse of all plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species of angiosperms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiosperms make up what percentage of all extant plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are flowers specialized for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parts of a flower
What are sepals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parts of a flower
What are petals? |
|
Definition
| brightly colored, attract pollinators |
|
|
Term
parts of a flower
What are stamens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parts of a flower
What are carpels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the ovary mature? |
|
Definition
| after fertilization of ovules |
|
|
Term
angiosperm life cycle
When does double feritilization occur? |
|
Definition
| when a pollen tube tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule |
|
|
Term
angiosperm life cycle
What does the first sperm do?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
angiosperm life cycle
What does the second sperm? |
|
Definition
| combines with the 2 nuclei in the center cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of endosperm |
|
|
Term
angiosperm life cycle
What does the endosperm do? |
|
Definition
| nourishes the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
| Ovaries are only found where? |
|
Definition
| only in flowers (angiosperms) |
|
|
Term
With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?
egg cell - n
megaspore - 2n
microsporocyte - 2n
endosperm - 3n |
|
Definition
megaspore - 2n
spores are always haploid |
|
|
Term
| In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? |
|
Definition
| It functions as a haploid food reserve. |
|
|
Term
| Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants draw nutrients from two very different enviroments: |
|
Definition
| below ground and above ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases the surface area of the root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absorption occurs near... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stems
points at which leaves are attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stems
segment between nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stems
potential to form lateral shoot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stems
located at shoot tip, causes elongation of a young shoot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a flattened blade
the petiole, which joins the leaft to a node of the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a single, undivided blade
(some may have deep lobes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blade consists of multiple leaflets divided into smaller leaflets |
|
|
Term
| What are the three tissue systems? |
|
Definition
| dermal, vascular, and ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of the epidermis and per derm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries out transport of materials between roots and shoots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conveys water and minerals up from roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports organic nutrients from sources to sinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various functions including storage, photosynthesis, and support |
|
|
Term
| One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that ____. |
|
Definition
| only angiosperms produce fruit |
|
|
Term
| A typical eudicot leaf is composed of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin, flexible primary cell walls
alive at maturity
carry out most metabolism within plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unevenly thickened, but flexible primary cell walls
alive at maturity
supports young growing stems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick, rigid secondary cell walls
dead at maturity
provides support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin, tubular cells
cell walls contain pits (thin regions with only primary cell walls)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short, wide tubular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducting cells
alive, but not many organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonconducting cells
alive and supports sieve tube members |
|
|
Term
| Unlike collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues, parenchyma tissue does not function in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meristems generate cells for ____________ growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are apical meristems located? |
|
Definition
| at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots |
|
|
Term
| What do apical meristems do? |
|
Definition
| elongate shoots and roots through primary growth |
|
|
Term
| Where are lateral meristems (or cambia) located? |
|
Definition
| runs parallel to the long axis of roots and shoots |
|
|
Term
| What do lateral meristems do? |
|
Definition
| add thickness to woody plants through secondary growth |
|
|
Term
| __________ lengthens roots and shoots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers and protects the apical meristem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder
(arise from pericycle) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the shoot apical meristem located? |
|
Definition
| dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip of the terminal bud |
|
|
Term
| What do shoot apical meristems do? |
|
Definition
| responsible for primary growth in young stems |
|
|
Term
| How is vascular tissue arranged? |
|
Definition
| in a ring of bundles in gymnosperms and most dicots |
|
|
Term
| In most monocots, vascular bundles are ________. |
|
Definition
| scattered throughout the ground tissue |
|
|
Term
| If you were to penetrate through the epidermal layer of a root, you would next encounter the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In twenty years time, a tree swing will be _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does secondary growth occur? |
|
Definition
| in the stems and roots of woody plants |
|
|
Term
| The secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by the _____________. |
|
Definition
| vascular cambium and cork cambium |
|
|
Term
| What is not characteristic of parenchyma cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary xylem is formed in association with the ______. |
|
Definition
| inner face of the vascular cambium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
older layers of secondary xylem
no longer transport water
often clogged with resins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
younger layers of xylem
still transports water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all the tissues external to the vascular cambium
includes secondary phloem and periderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives rise to the secondary plant body's protective covering, or periderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas in the periderm where gas exchange with the outside air can occus |
|
|
Term
| In leaves, chloroplasts are found in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ provides cells for secondary growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cork? |
|
Definition
| insulation and waterproofing |
|
|
Term
| How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained? |
|
Definition
| by the division of its cells |
|
|
Term
| transport in vascular plants occurs on three scales? |
|
Definition
transport of water and solutes by individual cells
short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues and organs
long-distance transport (bulk flow) within xylem and phloem |
|
|
Term
| What controls movement of solutes into and out of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is movement across membrane down concentration gradient and doesn't require energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pumping solutes across membrane against concentration gradient and requires energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are transport proteins? |
|
Definition
| integral membrane proteins that carry out transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
create a H+ gradient that is a formm of potential energy
helps produce a voltage known as a membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transport proteins couple passage of one solute with passage of another
(uptake of NO3 and sucrose) |
|
|
Term
| What powers a proton pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is proportional to concentration of dissolved molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is physical pressure on a solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 01M sucrose soln (Ψ=-.23), net waterflow would ________. |
|
Definition
| be from the tissue to the sucrose soln |
|
|
Term
| If Ψp=0.3MPa and Ψs=-0.45MPa, the resulting Ψ is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following traits is characteristic of collenchyma cells?
capacity to divide
high conc in mesophyll of leaves
high numbers in young stems
dead at maturity |
|
Definition
| high numbers in young stems |
|
|
Term
| What drives the transport of water and mineral from roots to shoots via the xylem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cytoplasmic continuum? |
|
Definition
| symplast; movement is through plasmodesmata |
|
|
Term
| What is continuum of cells walls and extracellular spaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water make it from the soil to the leaves in tall trees during the day? |
|
Definition
| pulled up from the leaves |
|
|
Term
| What is the transport-cohesion-tension mechanism? |
|
Definition
| water is pulled upward over great distances by negative pressure (tension) in the xylem |
|
|
Term
| What is the evaporative loss of water from the leaves of a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does water water vapor exit the leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is transpiration low? |
|
Definition
| at night, but root cells will still pump ions into xylem of vascular cylinder |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of transpiration regulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of leaves increases photosynthesis, but also increases water loss through stomata. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 90% of water loss by a plant occurs through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water loss is regulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transport of K+ is coupled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant organ that is a net producer or source of sugar (e.g., mature leaves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ that is a net consumer or storage site of sugar (e.g., tuber or bulb during the growing season) |
|
|
Term
| ___________ of sucrose allows companion cells to acculumate sugar at high concentrations. |
|
Definition
| proton pumping and cotransport |
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not appear to involve active transport across membranes. Movement of _____.
mineral nutrients into root epidermal cells
potassium into guard cells
water into the vascualr cylinder of a root
sugar into companion cells of phloem |
|
Definition
| water into the vascular cylinder of a root |
|
|
Term
| In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____. |
|
Definition
| Casparian strip... endodermis... xylem |
|
|
Term
| _____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which term describes an area where sugars are used or stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characterizes the rates of photosynthesis and transport in a plant on a dry cloudy day? |
|
Definition
| Both photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low. |
|
|
Term
| True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to climate, ______________ of soil are major factors determining the distribution of plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil is made up of particles derived from the __________ (minerals) along with _________ (humus). |
|
Definition
| breakdown of rocks... organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relative amount of various sizes of soils particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative amount of inorganic and organic components |
|
|
Term
| Phloem transport is driven by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "A" horizon is a mixture of ________ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What horizon is the lowest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After rains, smaller spaces in the soil retain water because of ________ with clay and other particles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants (increase, decrease) the pH of the soil fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of nutrients from soil by water that percolates through it |
|
|
Term
| ______ are best at holding onto nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which soil mineral is most likely leached away during a hard rain?
Na+
K+
Ca++
NO3-
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most of the dry mass of a tree come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants derive most of their organic mass (biomass) from the..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an element required by a plant to complete its life cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required by plants in relatively large amounts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elements that are needed in only small amounts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria convert N2 from the atmosphere to NH3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria convert N- containing organic material to NH4+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria convert NH4+ to NO3- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria convert NO3- to N2 |
|
|
Term
| What are swellings along the root that have been "infected" by Rhizobium bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rhizobium convert N2 to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of a root nodule's leghemoglobin is to ______. |
|
Definition
| regulate the supply of oxygen to Rhizobium |
|
|
Term
mycorrhizae
Fungus gets a steady supply of ________ from the plant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mycorrhizae
Fungus provides _________ for the host plant. |
|
Definition
| additional water and nutrients |
|
|
