Term
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Definition
| Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length. |
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| A concept which describes the fact that all land plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes. Just think "gamete-producing plant". |
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Term
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Definition
| The multicellular diploid form that results in plants and algae that have alternation of generations upon the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes. Just think "spore-producing plant". |
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Term
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Definition
| Another word for land plant. So-called because of the multicellular, dependant embryo of land plants is such a characteristic trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of a heterosporous plant. It is an embryo sac. It contains 8 nuclei and 7 cells. (1n) |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing only one set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| This term refers to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| The male gametophyte that develops from the microspores of heterosporous plants, i.e. pollen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| Member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| One sperm fertilizes the egg. One sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into more differentiated cell type. |
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Term
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Definition
| A photosynthetic pigment that traps light energy and channels it into chlorophyll a, the primary pigment that initiates photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bird and bat wings - evolution that arrives at similar conclusions from different directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop |
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Term
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Definition
| An organ or cell in which gametes are produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multicellular female, egg-producing organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| A partition formed during cell division telophase of cell division that separates two daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of green algae. No flagellate cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genus of unicellular alga with flagellas. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diplod zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple monosaccharide found in plants. Source of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stack of membrane-bound thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large group of algae from which embryophytes (higher plants) descended. |
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Term
| homologous characteristics |
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Definition
| Elements that two closely related species have in common. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertaining to group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biologically induced appearance of free oxygen in the earth's atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long carbohydrate molecules joined together by glycosidic linkages. |
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Term
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Definition
| A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shared character or trait with taxonomic groups derived through evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy into chemical energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined through sexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores food, water and waste in cell. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers that produce seeds in an ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Joining of a female gametophyte with two gametes (sperm). Angiosperms (flowering plants) only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue produced by the seeds of flowering plants. Surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition. |
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Term
| endicotyledon or dicotyledon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular, microscopic algae. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the centre of two haploid nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient group of non-seed plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enclosure in which spores are formed. A cluster of them is called a SPORUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commercial breed of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| An embryonic shoot that lies in the corner between the stem of the plant and an offshoot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supportive tissue of plants, consisting of elongated living cells with unevenly thickened walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unspecialized tissue in plant stems and roots between the vascular bundles and the epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost layer of the cortex that forms a sheath around the vascular tissue of roots and some stems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf of an embryo of a seed plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylinder of parenchyma that lies just inside the endodermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube in which nutrients travels in vascular plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of tissue deep in vascular plants. A thin layer of parenchyma found in roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Undifferentiated tissue that develops into the pith and cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meristem which results in secondary growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine fibers that make up the plant cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pectin-rich intercellular material that cements together primary walls of adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristematic tissue that is derived from an apical meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rigid supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of all above-ground organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special type of elongated cell that makes up the phloem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongated cells in the xylem of the vascular cambium that help transport water and salts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leaves which are unique to various species of plants as opposed to the more similar cotyledons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supportive conducting material in plants consisting of the xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| An elongated, water conducting cell in the phloem. They die, leaving only their lignified cell walls. Water flows along these columns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supporting and water-conducting tissue in vascular plants. Woody tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiotic relationship between the roots of a vascular plant and a fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell walls that provides structural support in terrestrial species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary meristem that gives rise to vascular tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary meristem that gives rise to epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| The region in the apical meristem of roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of phloem derived from the secondary meristems of a vascular plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from the vascular cambium in plants exhibiting secondary growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The food-conducting cells of phloem tissue in angiospems. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Free diffusional space outside the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism capable of self-nourishment. (Photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtain nutrients (carbon) from other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Common. Exists in moderate temperatures where water is plentiful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in carbon fixation, in drought and high temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as a reaction to arid conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waterproof bands which run around the cell walls of endodermal plants. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Change in oxidation state. Cellular respiration is the reduction of oxygen to water. Photosynthesis is opposite. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vital in carbon fixation. Responsible for forming oxaloacetate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of ATP using the energy of sunlight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rubisco has an oxygen added to it instead of carbon dioxide in normal photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic channels that traverse plant cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribulose 1-5 biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase. An enzyme involved in a major step of carbon fixation. |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| The entropy of the universe is always increasing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores in the epidermis of cell leaves and stems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores guarded by two guard cells. Allows of gas interchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway through cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A natural plant hormone that prompts cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth and fruit growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant hormones that stimulate the branching and growth of mycorrhizal fungi, increasing the possibility of a symbiotic association between plant and fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant hormones that regulate growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant hormone that prompts the ripening of fruits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promote cell division and cytokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates plant processes such as dormancy. Plays a role in response to stress and pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as C3 or dark reactions. f |
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Term
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Definition
| Phylum of the fungi family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual spore-bearing cell produced in fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic, spore-producing structure found on fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual spores of a fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungus of the group claviceps. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of a parasitic that enters its host plant and draws nutrients from it |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of pronuclei of two cells as part of syngamy/fertilization/bacterial conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between two organisms that provides a fitness benefit for both parties |
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Term
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Definition
| branching, threadlike portions of a fungus. hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage in the sexual reproduction of a fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that lives on dead organic matter such as fungi and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| partition wall in the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| motile asexual spore that uses a flagellated tail for locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
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