Term
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Definition
| have phycoerythrin and other accessory pigments in plastids. mostly marine. |
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Term
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Definition
| have chlorophyll a and b (green) in chloroplasts. store energy as starch |
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Term
| two algal groups in plantae? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most closely related to land plants (type of green algae) |
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Term
| key synamorphy of land plants? |
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Definition
| embryo/embryophyte- protected by tissues of parent plant |
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Term
| main two groups of land plants |
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Definition
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Term
| when did land plants first appear? what did they have to adapt to, and how? |
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Definition
| 400-500 mya, during paleozoic period. had to adapt to dry conditions by developing transport systems for water and nutrients, develop structural support, and new ways to disperse gametes and progeny. |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy coating that slows water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| closable openings that regular gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| organs that enclose gametes and keep them from drying out |
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Term
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Definition
| young plants contained in protective structure |
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Term
| what did a mutually beneficial association with fungi do? |
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Definition
| promote nutrient uptake from the soil |
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Term
| key adaptations of land plants? (5 things) |
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Definition
| cuticle, stomata, gametangia, embryos, mutually beneficial association with fungi |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| all land plants have it -- includes multicellular diploid stage and multicellular haploid stage. gametes produced via mitosis, spores via meiosis. spores develop into multicellular haploid organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellular diploid plant |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in these produce haploid spores by meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellular haploid plant, produced gametes via mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
non-vascular and live in moist habitats
mostly small w/ no vascular system
minerals distributed via diffusion
have cells called HYDROIDS which die and leave a channel for water
---gametophyte is photosynthetic, independent of sporophyte (but sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte)
still dependent on water for fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
consists of tissues specialized for transport of water and minerals
evolution of vascular tissue allowed land plants to spread to new environments and diversify rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| cell type evolved in sporophytes was critical for invasion of land for vascular plants |
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Term
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Definition
vascular plants
still require water for movement of sperm
gametophtye (tiny) and sporophyte (can be huge) independent |
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Term
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Definition
| most vascular plants are this. have a megaspore to develop into female gametophyte (megagametophyte) and produces only eggs. microspores develop into male gametophyte (microgametophyte) and produce only sperm. |
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Term
| what are seed plants and name two types |
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Definition
| plants that use seeds... gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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Term
| seed plant reproduction method |
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Definition
male gametophyte - pollen grain
pollination - arrival of pollen grain near megagametophyte
pollen tube grows from grain and digests its way to megagametophyte for fertilization
-diploid zygotes divides to form embryonic sporophyte and enters dormant stage as seed |
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Term
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Definition
reproductive organs in flowers, seeds enclosed in fruits
all flower parts are modified leaves
pollinated by animals (coevolution)
flowers = food for pollinators |
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Term
| angiosperm synamorphies (7) |
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Definition
-double fertilization
-endosperm, nutritive tissue
-ovules and seeds in carpel
-flowers
-fruits
-phloem w/ companion cells
-reduced gametophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| antenna system and reaction center in chloroplast, spanning thylakoid |
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Term
| oxygen generated during photosynthesis comes mostly from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) imbibition -intake of water
2) enzyme activation, increased cellular respiration
3) embryo grows via food in endosperm
4) completion of germination when radical (embryonic root) emerges |
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Term
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Definition
| plant hormone that promotes leaf abscission and senescence, speeds ripening of fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| plant hormone that induces proliferation of cultured plant cells, promotes formation of shoots with high ratio to auxin, promotes root formation with low ratio. can cause germination despite darkness. |
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Term
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Definition
plant hormone that must die before plant can mature.
-enhances cell elongation and cell division in shoots
-promotes xylem differentiation
-promotes growth of pollen tubes
-promotes seed germination
-promotes apical dominance and leaf senescence |
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Term
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Definition
hormone that must be washed out before germination begins
-prevents seed germination
-promotes seed dormancy
-mediates responses to environmental stresses and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
physiological and developmental events controlled by light
-plants respond to light quality (wavelengths) and quantity (intensity and duration of exposure) |
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Term
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Definition
red light (650-680 nm) receptors. Pr = red form, Pfr= far red form.
-->last exposure determines growth (Pr causes most to germinate)
sundown = pfr
night = pr
dawn = pfr |
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Term
| complete flower consists of four concentric groups of organs from modified leaves |
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Definition
| stamens, carpels, petals, sepals |
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Term
| perfect flowers & imperfect flowers |
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Definition
perfect - has stamens and carpels
imperfect - has only stamen or carpels
--->monoecious - male and female on same plant
--->dioecious - individual plants have only male or female flowers |
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Term
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Definition
1) one sperm fuses with egg cell for diploid zygote
2) other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to make triploid nucleus. nucelus divides by mitosis to make endosperm, food for embryo. |
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Term
| fertilization initiates the growth and development of four things |
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Definition
| embryo, endosperm, integuments, carpel |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue layers surrounding megasporangium that develop into seed coat |
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Term
| what does the carpel become after fertilization |
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Definition
| wall of the fruit that encloses seed |
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Term
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Definition
-seed protection from animals and pathogens
-seed dispersal |
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Term
| annual, biennial, and perennial plants |
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Definition
annuals: complete lives within year
biennials: two years; first year vegetative growth, second year reproductive growth
perennials: three years or more, typically flower yearly |
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Term
| inflorescence meristem and floral meristem |
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Definition
inflorescence meristem: shoot apical meristem turns into this when it produces floral parts
if shoot apical meristems continuall produce parts, it's indeterminate growth.
floral meristem: meristem turns into this when making a single flower (determinate growth, limited) |
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Term
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Definition
LEAFY - go into floral mode
APETALA1 - stay vegetative |
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Term
| floral organ identity genes |
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Definition
| homeotic (hox) genes; products are transcription factors that determine cell differentiation for cells in floral meristem |
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Term
| external cues that initiate gene expression for flower (3 things) |
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Definition
1) photoperiod (growth ultimate depends on length of night, based on ratio of fr to pr); short day plants vs long day plants
2) temperature (coming out of period of cold, called vernalization, common among bienniels) |
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