Term
| Name three major function of a leaf: |
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Definition
1) Increase surface area
2) Conduct photosynthesis
3) Regulate gas exchange |
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Term
| What are three major adaptations of land plants (as observed in the leaf)? |
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Definition
1) Broad leaves increase surface area
2) Waxy cuticle prevents dessication
3) Veins for vascular tissue
4) Conducts photosynthesis
5) Regulates gas exchange through stomata |
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Term
| The __________ is the broad, flat portion of the leaf. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the stalk that attached the blade to the stem. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ are leaf-like outgrowths that are usually present in pairs at the base of the petiole |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ are strands of vascular tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the area of the stem where the leaf is attached. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ forms at the base of the leaf. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is the angle between the stem and petiole. |
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Definition
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Term
A simple leaf has a __________ blade.
A compound leaf has a blade divided into __________ leaflets. |
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Definition
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Term
An __________ leaf arrangement has one leaf at each node.
An __________ leaf arrangement has two leaves at each node.
A __________ leaf arrangement has three or more leaves at each node. |
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Definition
1) Alternate
2) Opposite
3) Whorled |
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Term
In __________ leaf venation, veins run parallel to one another.
In __________ __________ leaf venation, veins branch along the entire length of the midvein.
In __________ __________ leaf venation, several major veins radiate from one point. |
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Definition
1) Parallel
2) Pinnately netted
3) Palmately netted |
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Term
| What are the tree major types of tissue system that you observe in land plants? |
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Definition
| 1) The three major types of tissue observed in land plants is dermal, ground, and vascular. |
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Term
1. Upper / Lower Epidermis
-Most cells in these layers lack __________ and are relatively transparent.
-__________ __________ facing outward is __________ than the one facing inward. |
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Definition
1) Chloroplasts
2) Cell wall
3) Thicker |
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Term
2. Cuticle
-The __________ is the waxy layer secreted by the __________ __________ to reduce water loss from __________ walls. |
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Definition
1) Cuticle
2) Epidermal cells
3) Exterior |
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Term
3. Trichomes
-Trichomes help reduce __________ loss by retaining a layer of moist air next to the leaf and by reflecting __________.
-Some secrete stinging __________ to deter herbivores. |
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Definition
1) Water
2) Sunlight
3) Irritants |
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Term
4. Stomata
-Stomata regulate __________ __________ between leaf cells and environment.
-They can be numerous on the __________ / __________ epidermis depending upon environmental adaptation. |
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Definition
1) Gas exchange
2) Lower / Upper |
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Term
5. Guard Cells
-Guard cells are responsible for the opening and closing of __________.
-They are the only epidermal cells with __________. |
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Definition
1) Stomata
2) Chloroplasts |
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Term
6. Subsidiary Cells
-Subsidiary cells are cells associated with __________ __________.
-They provide a reservoir of water and __________ that move into and out of the __________ __________ as they change shape during the opening and closing of the stomata. |
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Definition
1) Guard cells
2) Ions
3) Guard cells |
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Term
| Which are the only epidermal cells with chloroplasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where on the leaf of land plants would you generally find more stomata? Why? |
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Definition
| 1) Stomata are more generally found on the lower epidermis due to the cuticle preventing gas exchange on the upper epidermis. |
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Term
| __________ __________ is composed of two types of mesophyll: __________ and __________. |
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Definition
1) Ground tissue
2) Palisade
3) Spongy |
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Term
Mesophyll is essentially a photosynthetic ground tissue composed of __________ cells which are __________ arranged with many air spaces to facilitate gas exchange.
-Palisade mesophyll is located toward the __________ __________, has a __________ arrangement, is __________ packed, and can be organized into __________ layers. It is also the primary site of __________.
-Spongy mesophyll is towards the __________ __________, has an __________ arrangement, is __________ packed, and has a __________ layer. It's primary function is to allow diffusion of gases, particularly __________. __________ also occurs but is no the primary function. |
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Definition
1) Parenchyma
2) Loosely
3) Upper epidermis
4) Columnar
5) Tightly
6) Multiple
7) Photosynthesis
8) Lower epidermis
9) Irregular
10) Tightly
11) Single
12) C02
13) Photosynthesis |
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Term
Spongy mesophyll includes all EXCEPT:
a. Towards lower epidermis
b. Primary function is diffusion of C02
c. Irregular arrangement of cells
d. Single layer
e. Main function is photosynthesis |
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Definition
| 1) e. Main function is photosynthesis |
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Term
| The vascular tissue system is composed of three prominent parts: the __________, __________ and __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Xylem
2) Phloem
3) Bundle Sheath |
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Term
The __________ stains red in the vascular tissue system and is located in the __________ part.
The __________ stains blue in the vascular tissue system and is located in the __________ part.
The __________ __________ is one or more layers of __________-__________ cells (__________ or __________) that surround the veins. |
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Definition
1) Xylem
2) Upper
3) Phloem
4) Lower
5) Bundle sheath
6) Non-vascular
7) Parenchyma or Sclerenchyma |
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Term
Dicots are usually composed of a broad, flattened __________ and __________.
They have __________ venation and possess guard cells shaped like __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Blade
2) Petiole
3) Netted
4) Kidney beans |
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Term
Monocots lack a __________, their structure is narrow and the base often wraps around the stem to form a __________.
The have __________ venation and some do not have __________ differentiated into distinct layers.
They have guard cells shaped like __________. |
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Definition
1) Petiole
2) Sheath
3) Parallel
4) Mesophyll
5) Dumbbells |
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Term
The wavelength of blue light is about __________ to __________nm.
The blue light triggers the activation of __________ __________ in the guard cell's plasma membrane
It also triggers the synthesis of __________ __________ and the hydrolysis of __________. |
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Definition
1) 400 to 500
2) Proton pumps
3) Malic acid
4) Starch |
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Term
Stomatal Opening and Closing
1. __________ __________ activates proton pumps.
2. Protons are pumped out of __________ __________, forming electrochemical gradient.
3. __________ ions enter guard cells through voltage-activated ion channels.
4. __________ ions also enter guard cells through ion channels.
5. __________ enters guard cells by osmosis and the stomata open. |
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Definition
1) Blue light
2) Guard cells
3) Potassium
4) Chlorine
5) Water |
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Term
As the day progresses, __________ ions slowly leave guard cells and __________ is hydrolyzed to sucrose.
Stomata close when __________ leaves guard cells. |
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Definition
1) Potassium
2) Starch
3) Water |
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Term
__________ is the loss of water vapor through the aerial parts of the plants; the process occurs through the __________.
There is a tradeoff between C02 the requirement for __________ and the need for water conservation. |
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Definition
1) Transpiration
2) Stomata
3) Photosynthesis |
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Term
| __________ is the release of liquid water from the leaves of some plants which occurs through special structures when __________ is negligible and the available soil moisture is __________; the process occurs during the __________. |
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Definition
1) Guttation
2) Transpiration
3) High
4) Day |
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Term
__________ __________ is the process of shedding or losing leaves.
The primary reasons for this process is that a plant's metabolism alters during different climates and they must meet specific water requirements.
The hormone responsible for leaf abscission is __________. |
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Definition
1) Leaf abscission
2) Ethylene |
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Term
Modified Leaves
A __________ is used to deter herbivores.
__________ are parts of the plant which grasp and support the weak stem
__________ __________ protect delicate meristematic tissue or dormant buds.
__________ are short, underground stems with fleshy leaves.
__________ __________ primarily participate in water storage.
__________ __________ have leaves modified to trap insects. |
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Definition
1) Spine
2) Tendrils
3) Bud scales
4) Bulbs
5) Succulent leaves
6) Carnivorous plants |
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Term
| __________ are embryonic shoots. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is located at the tip of the stem. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ are modified leaves which cover the terminal bud and protect the delicate apical metistem during dormancy. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ or __________ __________ are located at axils of plant leaves and form branches that bear leaves or flowers. |
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Definition
| 1) Axillary buds or lateral buds |
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Term
| The __________ is the area on the stem where each leaf is attached. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the region between two successive nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ are sites of loosely arranged cells that allow oxygen to diffuse into the interior of the stem. |
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Definition
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Term
The __________ is primarily composed of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells; it is the site of __________ and provides __________ and support.
The __________ is the __________ __________ at the center which consists of thin walled __________ cells that function in storage.
__________ __________ are arranged in bundles and __________ __________ exists sandwiched between xylem and phloem which is a __________ __________ responsible for secondary growth |
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Definition
1) Cortex
2) Photosynthesis
3) Storage
4) Pith
5) Ground tissue
6) Parenchyma
7) Vascular tissues
8) Vascular bundles
9) Lateral meristem |
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Term
| Monocots have vascular bundles which are __________; they also have no distinct area for __________ and _________, and no __________ __________ to produce vascular or cork cambium. |
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Definition
1) Scattered
2) Cortex
3) Pith
4) Lateral meristem |
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Term
| Which type of meristem gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a monocot undergo secondary growth? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| 1) No because the lateral meristem is absent. |
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Term
The cork cambium gives rise to the __________.
The periderm includes __________ and __________ cells.
-Cork cells replace the __________ in a woody stem.
-Cork __________ cells function primarily in __________ in woody stems. |
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Definition
1) Periderm
2) Cork
3) Parenchyma
4) Epidermis
5) Parenchyma
6) Storage |
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Term
| Is osmosis active or passive transport? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) The amount of energy to perform work; in this case the water potential. |
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Term
| If solute concentration is high, water concentration would be __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water goes from a region of __________ potential (__________ negative) to __________ potential (__________ negative). |
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Definition
1) High
2) Less
3) Low
4) More |
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Term
| Solutes __________ water potential. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is a fast process that involves movement of water across the plasma membrane and it does not require __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water initially moves __________ into the roots from the soil. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutrient mineral ions are __________ absorbed from the soil at __________ and are pumped into the __________. |
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Definition
1) Actively
2) Night
3) Xylem |
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Term
| Water moves into the roots by __________ creating __________ pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
The Tension-Cohesion Model is specific for the __________ vascular tissue.
The model reveals that water is transported __________ only through the xylem in a __________ transport.
Water is pulled up as a result of tension (__________ pressure) at the top of the plant.
__________ at the top is responsible for the __________ pressure (tensions, sucking) and hence the energy source responsible for this is the __________.
Gravity pulls water down but if the tensions produced is too great the water column may break creating a vapor pocket that causes water movement to stop, a process called __________. |
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Definition
1) Xylem
2) Upwards
3) Passive
4) Negative
5) Transpiration
6) Negative
7) Sun
8) Cavitation |
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Term
| Does water transport require energy? |
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Definition
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Term
Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Sugar produced during photosynthesis is converted into __________.
Dissolved sugar is translocated upward or downward.
__________ transport while loading sugar at the source and unloading at the sink. |
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Definition
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Term
The __________ is where sugar is removed from the phloem.
Sugar is transported out of the sieve tube elements by __________ and __________ transport.
The water potential in the sieve tubes rise and water moves out via __________. |
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Definition
1) Sink
2) Active
3) Passive
4) Osmosis |
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