Term
| Roots and shoots lengthen through activity at_____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In many plant species, older roots and stems thicken by activity at |
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Definition
| Both cork and vascular cambium |
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Term
| ________ conducts water and minerals through a plant, and ________ conducts sugars. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mesophyll consists of ______________ |
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Definition
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| In phloem, organic compounds flow through_______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Xylem and phloem are ______ tissues. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| The most common tissue in plants is _______ tissue. |
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Definition
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| Plant tissue noted for photosynthesis, storage, and secretion is |
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Definition
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Term
| The substance that strengthens and waterproofs cell walls is |
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Definition
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Term
| The cells that function with the sieve tubes are the |
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Definition
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Term
| Gaseous exchange occurs in plants through these structures in the epidermis |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| The stalk that supports the individual dicot leaf is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a specialized structure associated with the epidermis? |
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Definition
Hairs, scales, spikes, hooks
ALL OF THE THESE |
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Term
| Which of the following is in direct contact with the soil into which it is growing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gives rise to lateral roots? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which environment would be most likely to produce trees without annual rings? |
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Definition
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Term
Name four categories of Monocots.
Name one non characteristic of monocots |
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Definition
Four Categories
Flower parts in threes or multiples of three
Pollen grains with one pore
One cotyledon in the seed
Parallel veins in the leaf
Non Characteristic
Vascular tissue in the stems arranged in a ring |
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Term
Name four characteristics of Xylem.
Name one non characteristic of Xylem. |
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Definition
Characteristic
Dead at maturity
Cell walls impregnated with waterproofing substances
help support plant body
water can move laterally through cells
Non Characteristic
Photosynthetic |
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Term
| Most flowering plants (including stems, leaves, and flowers) have____ roots and _______ roots |
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Definition
| above ground; below-ground |
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Term
| Monocots and eudicots differ in ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ inside stems conduct water, nutrients, and photosynthetically produced sugars between leaves and roots |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Makes up the bulk of the plant body
Stores materials, functions in photosynthesis, and structurally supports the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubes distribute water and nutrients through a plant body |
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Term
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Definition
Covers and protects the plant body
Includes simple and complex tissues |
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Term
| Vascular tissues conduct ____ and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ tissues make up the plant body |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ tissue covers root and shoot surfaces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Leaflike structure that contains food for a plant embryo |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Regions of undifferentiated cells that retain their ability to divide
Location where plant tissues originate |
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Term
| Primary growth (lengthening) arises from _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary growth (or thickening) arises from ________________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Plant growth from apical meristems in roots and shoot tips |
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Term
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Definition
Thickening of older stems and roots
In woody plants, secondary growth occurs when cells of a thin cylindrical layer of meristem divide |
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Term
| Simple tissues consit primarily of ___ type of cell |
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Definition
One
Ex: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma |
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Term
| Complex tissues have __________ or more cell types |
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Definition
| Xylem, phloem, and epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
cells are typically thin-walled, flexible, and are alive in mature tissue
Function in storage, secretion, wound repair, photosynthesis, and other specialized tasks
Mesophyll is photosynthetic parenchyma
Simple plant tissue made up of living cells
Main component of ground tissue |
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Term
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Definition
thick, flexible walls that support fast-growing plant parts, and are alive in mature tissue
Simple plant tissue composed of living cells with unevenly thickened walls
Provides flexible support |
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Term
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Definition
Simple plant tissue that is dead at maturity
Its lignin-reinforced cell walls structurally support plant parts |
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Term
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Definition
single layer of cells on the plant’s outer surface
Epidermal secretions form a cuticle that helps the plant conserve water and repel pathogens
Outermost tissue layer of a plant |
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Term
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Definition
Dermal tissues include specialized cells, hairs, and other epidermal cell outgrowths
Pairs of specialized epidermal cells form stomata, which control diffusion of water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gases across the epidermis
Periderm replaces epidermis in woody stems and roots |
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Definition
| Consists mostly of parenchyma, but can also include other simple tissues |
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Definition
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Definition
conducts water and dissolved mineral ions
Consists of dead tracheids and vessel members with perforated, interconnected walls |
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Term
| _____ and ______ are vascular tissues composed of elongated conducting tubes often surrounded by sclerenchyma fibers and parenchyma |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
conducts sugars and other organic solutes
Consists of live sieve-tube members interconnected to form sieve tubes
Companion cells load sugars into sieve tubes |
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Term
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Definition
Tapered cell that forms water-conducting tubes in xylem
Dead at maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex vascular tissue of plants; distributes sugars through its sieve tubes |
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Term
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Definition
Cell that forms water-conducting tubes in xylem
Dead at maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducting tube of Phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| In phloem, parenchyma cell that loads sugars into sieve tubes |
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Term
| Meristems lay down tissue behind itself during __________ in a lengthening stem or root |
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Definition
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Term
| In herbaceous and young woody eudicot stems, a ring of ____ divides ground tissue into cortex and pith |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ have vascular bundles distributed throughout ground tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Most primary growth occurs by cell divisions of ______ in ________ |
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Definition
apical meristem;terminal buds (naked or encased in bud scales).
Meristem cells differentiate into dermal tissues, primary vascular tissues, and ground tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
Dormant shoot that forms in a leaf axil
Gives rise to branches, leaves, and flowers |
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Term
| Leaves are ____________ where photosynthetic cells make sugars |
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Definition
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Term
| A typical leaf has a _______ and, in eudicots, a _______ attached to the stem |
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Definition
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Term
| Leaves of grasses and other monocots are flat blades, with a base that forms a _____ around the stem |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple leaves are ________; compound leaves have blades ________ as leaflets |
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Definition
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Term
| Leaves contain ______ and ______ between their upper and lower epidermis |
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Definition
| mesophyll;vascular bundles |
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Term
| What covers every leaf structure exposed to air |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Translucent, waxy secretion that slows water loss from the sheetlike array of epidermal cells |
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Term
| Water vapor and gases cross the epidermis at the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of photosynthetic parenchyma with air spaces between cells that allow gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
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Term
| In leaves oriented perpendicular to the sun, mesophyll is arranged in two layers: ______ and _________ |
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Definition
| paliside;spongy mesophyll |
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Term
| Monocot leaves that grow vertically intercept light from _____ directions; their mesophyll is not divided into two layers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Vascular bundles of xylem and phloem strengthened with fibers
Veins in eudicots branch into a network of minor veins embedded in mesophyll
In monocots, veins are similar in length and run parallel with the leaf's long axis |
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Term
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Definition
The two main flowering plant groups (monocots and eudicots) differ in the organization of tissues in stems and leaves
Leaf specializations for sunlight interception, water conservation, and gas exchange support photosynthesis |
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Term
| _______ mainly function to provide plants with a large surface area for absorbing water and dissolved mineral ions |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two root systems of primary growth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A primary root and all of its lateral branchings
Typical of eudicots |
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Term
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Definition
Root system composed of an extensive mass of adventitious and lateral roots of similar size
Typical of monocots |
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Term
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Definition
| fine extensions of epidermal cells which increase surface area for taking up water and mineral ions |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of parenchyma that encloses the vascular cylinder of monocots and eudicots |
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Term
| Water moves from cell to cell until it reaches the ____________, a waterproof layer of cells around the pericycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Wood plants thicken (secondary growth) by cell divisions in _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary growth occurs at two types of lateral meristem, _______ and ______ - both arise from pericycle |
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Definition
| Vascular cambium and Cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular cambium or cork cambium; sheetlike cylinder of meristem that gives rise to plant secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Ring of meristematic tissue that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| In plants, a lateral meristem that gives rise to periderm |
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Term
| Divisions of vascular cambium cells produce secondary xylem on the cylinder’s ______ surface, and secondary phloem on its ______ surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Displaced cells of the _______ divide in a widening circle, so the tissue’s cylindrical form is maintained |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Parenchyma and cork, and the cork cambium that produces them |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all of the living and dead tissues outside the vascular cambium |
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Term
| The cork component of bark does what |
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Definition
| protects, insulates, and waterproofs a stem or root surface |
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Term
| Secondary Xylem is also called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dense, dark accumulation of nonfunctional xylem at the core of older tree stems and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional secondary xylem between the vascular cambium and heartwood in an older stem or root |
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Term
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Definition
stems that branch from the main plant stem
Adventitious roots and leafy shoots sprout from nodes and develop into new plants
Example: strawberry |
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Term
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Definition
Rhizomes are fleshy, primary stems that grow under the soil, parallel to its surface
They are the plant’s primary storage tissue
Example: turmeric |
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Term
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Definition
A bulb is a short underground stem with overlapping layers of thick, modified leaves (scales)
Contains starch and other stored products
Example: onion |
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Term
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Definition
A corm is a thickened underground stem that stores nutrients
Unlike a bulb, a corm is solid rather than layered
Example: taro |
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Term
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Definition
Tubers are thickened portions of underground stolons
They are the plant’s primary storage tissue
Example: potato |
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Term
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Definition
Cladodes are flattened, fleshy, photosynthetic stems that store water
Example: cactuses |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain types of stem specializations are adaptations for storing water or nutrients, and for reproduction |
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