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| a taxonomic group of any rank |
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| Kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus (pl. genera) > species |
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| Standard ending of phylum |
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| standard ending subclass? |
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| standard ending subfamily? |
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| standard ending subtribe? |
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| Umbelliferae (traditional) |
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| International Code of Botanical Nomenclature |
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| A specimen that by definition is the model for that name |
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| sepals and petals that can't be distinguished between |
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| Female reproductive parts: ovary + style + stigma |
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| where pollen gets deposited for sperm cells to travel to ovary |
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| (flowers) radial regular, many planes of symmetry |
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| (flowers) bilateral, one plane of symmetry |
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| (incomplete flower) without petals |
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| red flower likely to be pollinated by? |
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| smelly, dark or flesh coloured flowers likely to be pollinated by? |
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| male & female flowers on same plant |
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| male & female flowers on different plants |
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| stalk bearing a leaf, flower |
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| determinate inflorescence |
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| indeterminate inflorescence |
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Definition
| oldest flowers at base, no apical bud flower |
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| Clade. Composed of an ancestral species and all its descendants, therefore all members are more closely related to each other than to taxa outside the clade |
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| Grade. Composed of an ancestral species and some of its descendants, therefore NOT all members are more closely related to each other than to taxa outside the grade. |
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| contains two or more common ancestors |
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| the direction of evolutionary change |
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| a derived character state shared by two or more taxa suggesting common origin from an ancestral taxon |
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| unresolved branches in phylogenetic tree |
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| resolved node in a phylogenetic tree |
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| similarity due to common ancestry |
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| similarity due to independent evolutionary change |
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| Parallelism, Convergence, Reversal |
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| a character state evolves multiple times from the same ancestral character state |
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| a character state evolves multiple times from different ancestral states |
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| the loss of a derived character state with the re-establishment of an ancestral feature |
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| Ancestral character state = |
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| earliest - first extant branch of angiosperms |
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| order? - vessels absent, ethereal oils absent, flowers actinomorphic, tepals free spirally arranged, stamens numerous poorly differentiated in filament and anther, carpels free, unfused, fruit drupes |
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Definition
| Amborellales: one species Amborella trichopoda |
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| Order? - all continents, aquatic plants, etheral oils absent, flowers actinomorphic, floral parts free spirally arranged, stamens some laminar some filament, carpels usually free |
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Definition
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| Order? - ethereal oils present,flowers actinomorphic tepals free spirally arranged, stamens numerous poorly differentiated in filament and anther, carpels free formina a fruit composed of an aggregate of follicles |
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Definition
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| Amborellaceae, Nymphaceae, Illiaceae, Trimeniaceae, Austrobaileyaceae |
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| 5 steps to evolution of seeds? |
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Definition
| 1. Heterospory: two types of spores 2. Endospory: gametophytes don't germinate from megaspore but remain surrounded by spore wall 3. Only one megaspore 4. Retention of megaspore: not released from megasporangium 5. Integument: seed coat |
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| Diagnostic character states of gymnosperms, mostly plesiomorhpies (9) |
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Definition
- seeds not enclosed in a carpel, gymnosperm = 'naked seed'
- sporangia organised in cones/strobili
- ovule with a single integument
- motile sperm, except for Coniferophyta & Gnetophyta
- wind dispersed pollen
- pollen droplet
- long time between pollination and fertilisation
- absence of vessels, except Gnetophyta
- absence of sieve tube members |
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Term
Phylum? sister group of other gymnosperms,
1. absence of lateral branches (synapomorphy or plesiomorphy?),
2. compound leaves (s or p?),
3. circinnate vernation ( s or p)
4. motile sperm cells (s or p?) |
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Definition
Cycadophyta
1. s, 2. p, 3. p, 4. p. |
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| Phyla? - simple distinctive leaves, male cones absent, no flowers, motile sperm cells (plesiomorphy or synapomorphy?) |
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Definition
| Ginkgophyta, plesiomorphy |
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| Phylum? - simple leaves usually hard in texture and linear needle-like or awl shaped, often perennial, non-motile sperm cells (pleisomorphy or synapomorphy?) |
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| Coniferophyta. synapomorphy |
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| Order? - monophyletic, tropics deserts, presence of vessels |
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| imperfect, incomplete: staminate |
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| imperfect, incomplete: pistillate |
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| all four flower whorls present = |
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| cover over ovary or style |
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| ovary superior, hypanthium absent = |
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| ovary superior, hypanthium present = |
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| ovary inferior, hypanthium present = |
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| overy inferior, hypanthium absent = |
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Definition
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| ovary half inferior, hypanthium absent = |
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Definition
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| Group? ethereal oils present, leaves alternate usually entire, floral parts free spirally arranged, tepals frquently undifferntiated, stamen free numerous often lamninar, |
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Definition
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| Group + order +family? - etheral oils present, leaves alternate, leaf margin entire, floral parts free spirally arranged, tepals ususally undifferentiated, stamens free numerous often laminar, trees or shrubs, stipules present, inflorescence solitary terminal flower, flowers with elongated receptacle, fruit aggregate of follicles |
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Definition
| Magnoliids, magniolales, magnoliaceae |
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| Order? ethereal oils present, leaves alternate entire, floral parts free spirally arranged, tepals, stamens free numerous often laminar, mostly trees and shrubs, stipules absent, inflorescence axillary cyme or raeceme, tepals 2 x 3, stamens differentiated, staaminodes, carpel 1, fruit drupe |
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Definition
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Definition
| small outgrowth at bases of leaves/flowers, 2 per leaf/flower. sometimes absent, sometimes fused |
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| a sterile stamen, producing no functional pollen, may act as a nectary or petaloid |
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| Order + family? -etheral oils absent, leaves alternate entire, floral parts free spirally arranged, tepals, stamens free numerous often laminar, trees or shrubs, vessels absent (reversal), stipules absent, inflorescence determinate, sepals 2-4, petals 5 to many usually whitish, stamens laminar or at least anthers poorly differentiated, carpels 1 to numerous, fruit cluste of follicles or berries. |
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Definition
| Mangoliids, Cannelales, Winteraceae |
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| Group + order + family? - ethereal oils present, leaves alternate entire, floral parts free spirally arranged, tepals, stamens free numerous often laminar, herbs or soft-woody plants, internodes swollen, leaf base sheathing, leaves often palmately veined, stipules absent or adnate to petiole, inflorescence spikes, flowers minute perianth absent, carpels 1-4, fruit usually drupe. |
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Definition
| Magnoliids, Piperales, Piperaceae |
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| Monocots, MAgnoliids, Ceratophyllaceae, Eudicots in dichtomy ot polytomy? |
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Definition
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| Group? 1 cotyledon, leaves usually parallel-veined, vascular bundles scattered, vascular cambium absent (don't produce true wood some produce substance other than true wood), sieve tubes plastids with cuneate protein crystals, adventitious roots, flowers often 3-merous, leaves often sheathing and/or sessile, underground storage organs (whizomes, corms, bulbs, tubers), carpels sometimes fused, fewer floral parts: 4, 5, 6, higher degree of differentiation, stamens with distinct filaments and anthers, different floral whorls more distinct from each other, carpels more clearly differentiated/specialised |
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Definition
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| Group + order? - prevalent in aquatic habitats, mycorrhizae usually absent, 1 cotyledon, leaves usually parallel-veined, vascular bundles scattered, adventitious roots |
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Definition
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| Group + order + family? - prevalent in aquatic habitats, mycorrhizae usually absent, worldwide distribution, typically leaves bifacial, inflorescence usually spathe & spadix, flowers small actinomorphic, stamens free from style, ovary superior |
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Definition
| Monocot, Alismatales, Araceae |
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| Group + order? - carpels sometimes fused, fewer floral parts, high degree of differentiation, seed coat containing phytomelan- black colour (dry fruits) or outer epidermis absent (fleshy fruits), nectaries in the septa of ovaries |
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Definition
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| Group + order + family - seedcoat contains phytomelan or outer epidermis absent, nectaries in the septa of ovaries, perennial herbs or shrubs, leaves usually unifacial & ensiform, inflorescence spike, panicle, cyme or solitary flower, usually actinomorphic, stamens 3 opposite petals free from style. |
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Definition
| Monocot, Asparagales, Iridaceae |
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| Group + order + family? - seedcoat containg phytomelan or outer epidermis absent, nectaries in the septa of ovaries, usually perennial herbs, quite a few grow as epiphytes, quite a few have storage faciliteis, roots mycorrhizal, leaves usually bifacial, inflorescene raceme, spike, panicle or single flower, flowers usually zygomorphic, stamens usually 1 or 2, anthers fused with style (column), ovary inferior |
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Definition
| Monocot, Asparagales, Orchidaceae |
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| have left and right sides |
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Definition
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| Group + order + family? - nectaries at base of tepals or filaments, mostly northern hemisphere, perennial herbs, leaves usually bifacial basal or cauline, inflorescences raceme, umbel, or solitary, flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, stamens 2 x 3 (6), free from style, ovary superior |
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| Monocot, Lilales, Lilaceae |
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| Group + order + family? - silica bodies in epidermis, many taxa wind pollinated, stems hollow, round, 2-ranked leaf sheath open, inflorescence "grass spikelets" composed of glumes, flowers perianth reduced, stamens 2 or 3 free from style, ovary superior |
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| Group + order + family? - silica bodies in epidermis, many taxa wind pollianted, stems solid 3-sided (trinagular in cross section), leaves bifacial, 3-ranked, leaf sheath closed, inflorescence "sedge spikelet", flowers perianth reduced, stamens usually 3 free from style, ovary superior |
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| Monocot, Poales, Cyperaceae |
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| a taxon that has two or more groups that are related but widely seperated from each other geographically |
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| Group? order? - alkaloids present, leaves toothed, lobe or compound, stamens many but some excpetions |
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Definition
| Basal Eudicots Ranunculales |
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| Group? Order? Family? - alkaloids present, leaves toothed, lobed or compound, stamens many but some exceptions, sap clear, white or coloured, sepals usually 2 or 3 fewer than petals often caducous, perianth biserate = composed of 2 whorls, scrunched looking corolla |
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Definition
| Basal Eudicot, Ranunculales, Papaveraceae - poppies |
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| Group? Order? Family? - etheral oils absent, alkaloids present, leaves toothed, lobed or compound, stamens many but are some exceptions, sap clear, sepals 5-8 often petaloid, |
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| Basal Eudicot, Ranunculales, Ranunculaceae - daisies |
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| Group? Order? Family? - etheral oils absent, leaves simple to compound coriaceous, perianth uniseriate petals absent, sepals 4 often petaloids, stamens 4, |
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Definition
| Eudicot, Proteales, Proteaceae |
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| Group? Order? - etheral oils absent, interesting adaptations, exist in nutrient poor enviros, |
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Definition
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| Group? Order? Family? - etheral oils absent, succulent, nodes not swollen, leaves alternate reduced to spines placed in fasicles, carpels syncarpous,fruit berry |
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Definition
| Eudicot, Caryophyllales, Cactaceae |
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| Group? Order? Family? - etheral oils absent, sometimes nodes swollen, leaves opposite usually normally developed, corolla apopetalous petals 5 often clawed, ovary superior gynophore, fuit capsule, sepals don't fall off easily |
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| Eudicot, Caryophyllales, Caryophyllaceae |
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Definition
| receptacle like structure, male & female parts on little stalk |
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| No very good apomorphies or synapomorphies > relatively little evolutionary time to develop and large group with wide distribution so difficult to have shared characters |
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| Group? Order? Family? - spines if present from stipules not leaves, latex common present (sap), stipules usually present, inflorescence cyme or modified cyme (cyanthium), calyx aposepalous sepals 5, corolla apopetalous petals 0-5, |
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Definition
| Eudicot Rosid, Malpighales, Euphorbiaceae |
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| Group? - perianths with unfused sepals and petals, number of stamens higher than number of sepals/petals |
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Definition
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| Group? Order? Family? - latex absent, leaves usually compound, stipules usually present, calyx apo or syn sepalous sepals 5, corolla apo or sym petalous petals 5, stamens 5 or 10 to many, fruit usually legume: 3 flower types Caesalpinoid, Mimosoid or Papilionaceous |
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Definition
| Rosid, Fabales, Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - bean/pea family |
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Definition
| zygomorphic, apopetalous, stamens 5 or 10 |
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Definition
| Apo or sym petalous, actinomorphic, stamens numerous |
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Definition
| sympetalous > banner/flag + wings + fused keel, zygomorphic, stamens connate, 10 > can be all fused or some fused & some free, often single pistil |
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| Group? Order? Family? - latex absent, leaves often unentire margin, stipules usually present, 5-merous, calyx aposepalous, corolla apopetalous, stamens 20 to many, fruit usually a drupe or capsule, |
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Definition
| Rosids, Rosales, Rosaceae |
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| Group? Order? Family? - often with peculiar hairs, latex absent, leaves simple or palmately compound often palmately veined and lobed, stipules present but usually caducous, flowers 5-merous usually with epicalyx, corolla apopetalous, stamens 5 to many filament connate, ovary superior, fruit usually a schizocarp or capsule |
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Definition
| Eudicots Rosids, Malvales, Malvaceae |
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Term
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Definition
| additional calyx on outermost whorl (whorl of small bracts that reasemble calyx) |
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| Group? Order? Family? - herbs rarely shrubs, stipules absent, inflorescence usually a raceme, 4-merous, stamens 2 + 4 > 4 long 2 short, fruit cilique or silicle, glucosinolate present |
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Definition
| Eudicots, Brassicales, Brassicaceae |
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| Group? - iridoid compounds, sympetalous corolla, syncarpelous, ovules unitegmic - reversal homoplasy, ovules tenuninucellate |
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Definition
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| Group? Order? - stamens twice as many as petals, 5 carpels |
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Definition
| Eudicot Asterid, Ericales |
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| GRoup? Order? Family? - stamens twice as many as petals, carpels 5, perennial evergreen shrubs or small trees but are exceptions, leaves simple coriaceous, stipules absent, corolla sympetalous 5 petals often cylindrical or urn shaped, stamens 5 + 5, inverted dehiscence poricidal |
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Definition
| Eudicot Asterids, Ericales, Ericaceae - inludes cranberry blueberry etc. |
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| Group? Order? - number of stamens = number of petals, carpels 2, inflorescence various e.g. verticil, raceme, cyme, flowers usually zygomorphic, corolla sympetalous petals 1 + 3 or 2 + 3 (upper + lower lids, stamens usually 2 + 2 are exceptions |
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Definition
| Eudicot (core) Asterids, Lamiales |
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| Group? Order? Family? - usually herbs,leaves usually compound with sheathing base, stipules absent, inflorescence usually compound umbel, also head like structures, flowers small actinomorphic > altho can have margin flowers with some enlarged petals, styles 2 stylopodium |
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Definition
| Eudicot (core) Asterids, Apiales, Apiaceae - carrot family |
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Definition
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| Group? Order? Family? - diverse plant forms > in NZ commonly have distinct young & mature forms, stipule present but often fall off very early, inflorescence usually compound umbel, carpels 2-5 syncarpous, ovary inferior, style 1 to many |
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Definition
| Eudicots (core) Asterids, Apiales, Araliaceae |
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| Group? Order? Family? - incredible morphological & ecological diversity, stipules absent, inflorescence of heads (capitula) in various secondary arrangements, ivolucrum or involucral bracts ('phyllaries') taking place of clayx for flower head- protect young flower head, flowers on disc often called florets because really small flowers, three types of flowers & flower heads, calyx reduced to pappus or awns, corolla sympetalous |
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Definition
| Eudicots (core) Asterids, Asterales, Asteraceae - sunflowers, artichokes, lettuce, etc. |
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Definition
| usually perfect, zygomorphic (strap-shaped) |
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| usually female, zygomorphic (strap-shaped) |
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| Usually perfect actinomorphic |
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| only composed of ligulate flowers |
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| only composed of disc flowers |
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| ray flowers at margin and disc flowersin centre (most common form) |
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