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Definition
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Definition
| Pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms |
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Definition
| no specilisation, no embryo, gametes produced in cell |
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Definition
| classified on photosynthetic pigment colour, storage material, flagella, cell wall types |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) , chlorophytes, euglenophytes, phaeophytes (brown algae/seaweeds), chrysophytes(golden brown), rhodophytes(red algae/seaweed), pyrrophytes (dinoflagellates) |
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Definition
| one third of all the carbon in the world |
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Definition
| Multicellular sex organs, retain the zygotes within female sex organ and allow ti to grow into an embryo, have a cuticle, normally have no lignin |
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Definition
| Non-seed vascular plants, rely on spores, about 97% are ferns, found in all moist habitats, spread by underground rhizomesG |
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Definition
| First seed plants, bear their ovules and seeds exposed on the plant surface. two groups, the conifers and cycads |
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Definition
| Leaves, simple and highly reduced to needles, transaphroditic, vigorous secondary growth of vascular tissues |
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Definition
| Most succesful plant group |
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Definition
| vines that spread over canopy |
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Definition
| plants that climb on other plants to reach light |
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Definition
| plants that have moced back into the water |
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Definition
| Plants adapted to harsh, dry environments |
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Definition
| displayed early, young seedlings have two specialised meristems, one in the shoot and one in the root |
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Definition
| precise positioning of primordia that will become leaves |
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Definition
| on the surface of leaves, prevents water loss |
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Definition
| surrounded by guard cells that swell or shrink to open |
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Definition
| leaf hairs, involved in defence(stinging), trapping humid air and secreting compounds on leaf surface |
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Definition
| are the structures on which the reproductive organs of plants, flowers are bourne. |
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Term
| Water stress - not enough |
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Definition
| wilting, leaf rolling, reduced photosynthetic assimilation, a premature abscission of fruit flowers and leaves, decreased cell expansion and division, impaired transport of nutrients |
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Definition
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Definition
| 300-1000g of water for every gram of carbohyydrate produced |
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| Adaptions for efficient photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Large leaf area thin leaves efficient gaseous exchange |
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Term
| Root hairs are only functional for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| supplement old areas of roots and allow invasion of new areas |
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Definition
through cells
between cells |
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Definition
| Membrane pores that allow water into cells, driven entirely by osmosis |
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Definition
| under drought stress, dephosphorylation of specific serine residues, protonated histidine residue |
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Definition
| prevents movement through apoplastic, forcing water into cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| Spirals or hoops in a vessel wall provides strength |
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Definition
| water moves up cell as strong hydrogen bonds, and evaporates at the top pulling more through |
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Definition
| the formation fo air bubbles in cessels and tracheids as a result of a breakage in the hydrostatic column,, stopping water flow in the cell. |
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Definition
| occurs in leaves where root pressure causes exudates of water at the edge of leaves at the end of the vascular system in structures called hydathodes |
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Definition
| in some species when roots are metabolically activem transpiration is very low and when water supplies are good |
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Definition
| monocot has subsidiary cells around guard cells |
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Term
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Definition
| K+ ions causing guard cells to take up water and swell |
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Term
| Definition of essential nutrients |
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Definition
| Plant unable to complete life cycle without it, its function is not replaceable, and its is directly involved in metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| H, Mg, K, Ca, Mo, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, N, O, C, P, S, Cl |
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| Macro essential nutrients |
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Definition
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| Micro essential nutrients |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Component of proteins and amino acids, chlorophyll co-enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
component of cell wall
messenger in signal transduction |
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Definition
| component of nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids and co enzymes |
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Definition
| Activates some enzymes (related to vitamin D mainly), component of chlorophyll |
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Definition
| component of proteins, co-enzymes and defence compounds |
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Term
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Definition
Water splitting in photosystem II
Cell ion balance |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme co-factor
component of cytochromes
Found in chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme co-factor
component of cell walls |
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Term
| Zinc, copper. molybdenum and nickel function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ions bound to the enzyme to promote the chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Elleviate toxicity of other minerals |
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Definition
| Involved in cell wall rigidity |
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Definition
| optomisises CO2 in calvin cycle in arid condition |
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Definition
| Needed for notrogen fixing bacteria |
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Definition
| prevents toxic phosphate build up |
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Definition
| Surrounds root tip, helps mineral absorption by provision of a diffusion bridge between the soil and the root and provides an environment hospitable to for beneficial microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Where most root cell differentiation and specialisation occurs, and where root hair cells emerge |
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Term
| Large soil particles vs small soil particles |
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Definition
| Large = low cation binding, more aeration, ions leachable |
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Definition
| Area around roots where nutrients are dissolved by organic acids, provides a growth substrate for soil microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The measure of how many negatively charged sites are available on your soil particles |
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Definition
| has less base cations that the plant needs |
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Term
| Factors of plant flowering |
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Definition
Sensitivity to juvenility
Photoperiodism
Contro;
Meristems
Final growth event |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated rgion of ovary wall |
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Definition
| Top of style which allows pollination |
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Definition
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Definition
| Nutritional source for pollen, pollen-kitt is a sticky lipid material, abnormal mitotic division, degenerates prior to anthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| split into exine (sporopollenin and silicon) and intine thin pectocellulosic wall with proteinaceous material |
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Term
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Definition
| Keep proteins in exine cavities, protect pollen from pathogens, attract pollinators, stick pollen together and to pollinators, protect against solar radiation and water loss, facilitate pollen adhesion to stigma |
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Term
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Definition
| Apomixis, self-pollination, cross pollination |
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Term
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Definition
| production of seeds without sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthers to stigmas of different flowers but on the same plant, or anthers to stigmas of a genetically identical plant |
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Definition
| Unisex flowers on same plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Unisex flowers on different individuals-guaranteed outcrossing |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation by time -protandry-pollen released before stigma is receptive, or -progyany - stigma receptive before pollen matured |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| stamens and or style forcibly released onto pollinator |
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| One way ssytem trap flowers |
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Definition
| Form a pouch with a slippery, restricted entrance |
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Term
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Definition
Food e.g. nectar or other
Sexual- convinces male to attempt to mate with it |
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Term
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Definition
| Wind pollinated, long and extended stamens |
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Term
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Definition
| photosynthesis, have a double envelope membrane, filled with matrix called stroma |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| plastids which develop in the dark |
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Definition
| The orginiator of all plastids |
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Term
| Protein complexes on the thylakoid membrane |
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Definition
| Photosystem II, cytochrome b6f complex, photosystem I, ATP synthase |
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Term
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Definition
Number of quanta falling on unit area in unit time, expressed as
uE m-2s-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| light harvesting chlorophyll binding protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Porphyrin head group containing magnesium and a long phytol tail |
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Term
| Calvin cycle (photosystem I) |
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Definition
| CO2 combines with ribulose biphosphate to form two molecules of 3 phosphoclycerate, which is reduced by ATP to form 1,3 diphosphoglcyerate which is then reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, some of which is converted to useful organic compounds, more of which is regenerated to ribulose biphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| Low affinity for catalysing CO2 fixation, present at high conc, sometimes fixes O2 instead, which produces phosphoglycolate, which is recycled to glycolate, moved to the peroxisomes where it is converted to glyoxylate, which produces hydrogen peroxide, before finally being turned into glycine, which can be metabolised |
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Term
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Definition
| After the zygote is created, a pollen nucleus and two different egg nuclei undergo a fertilisation event to create a triploid endosperm which is used for storage |
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Term
| Dicots and Monocot seed storage |
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Definition
| Dicots only use endosperms early, and move on to use cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lipids (mostly unsaturated)
carbohydrates
non-enzymatic proteins
some toxic glycoproteins as a protectant |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits seed germination and builds up in the testa |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes seed germination and is made by the enzyme, also synthesizes production of amylase and hydrolases to break down starch |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell returns to previous state when pressure is relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell wall retains stretch |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes cell expansion by activating proton pumps, acidifying cell walls and weakening them, while making them more plastic, water moves in, and walls stretch plasticly due to turgor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent glycans sticking to cellulose microfibrils or each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Hold together cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
Photo-light
gravi-duh
thigmo-touch |
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Term
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Definition
| special amyloplasts present in the columella signal the auxin to flow on different sides of the root or stem |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpalatable fruit, may contain noxious compounds |
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Term
| Seed influence on fruit growth |
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Definition
| produce hormones directing the growth |
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Term
| Climacteric and non-climacteric fruit |
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Definition
| Climacteric has a dramatic burst of respiration during fruit development |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes ripening of climacteric fruits, causes transcription and translation stimulation |
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Term
| Polymers that mostly make up a cell wall |
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Definition
cellulose
hemicellulose
peptin
5-10%protein |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by cell wall hydrolysis, which is mainly performed by polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, cellulase and galactancase |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled degredation used to recycle metabolic components |
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Term
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Definition
| Can prevent or delay senescence |
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Term
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Definition
| highly specialised cells program cell degredation to detach fruit and leaves |
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Definition
| normally need a vector i.e. insects to attack |
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Term
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Definition
| Must enter through stomata or wound |
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Term
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Definition
| splash/wind transmitted, can enter plants through stomata, wounds or penetration (still not a good enough reason to use the word 'penetration') |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down tissues using enzymes then ffeed off the released nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid recognition and use plant photoassimilates for their own use |
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Definition
| produce haustoria into mesophyll cells and disease symptoms are only apparant as it begins to sporulate |
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Term
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Definition
| Damages tobacco and tomatoes, single stranded |RNA, only 3 genes |
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Term
| Crown gall disease (general bacteria diseases0 |
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Definition
| Tumour like growths, present in soil, attracted by wound-induced chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| survives on crop residues, spreads in water, enters via minor wouns |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by phytoplasmas and spread by insect vector |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that lack cell wall |
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Term
| Anatomical plant defences |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Produce metabolites toxic to potential pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants control ssignals to prevent pathogen stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogen ASsociated moleculer patterns are recognised as non-self |
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Term
| Which plant cells are defensive against pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When a bacterial product is recognised |
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Definition
| the hypersensitive response is triggered, and the pathogen gene that triggered the response is called the avirulence gene |
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Term
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Definition
| switches on changes in gene expression in cells surrounding the site of pathogen attack, acumulation of toxic phytoalexins kill pathogens, chitinase produced to break down fungal cell wall, production of hydrogen peroxide, thickening and modification of cell wall, host cells close to infection site rapidly collapse and die |
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Term
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Definition
| induces expression of pathogenesis related proteins, and uses slaicylic acid as a chemical messenger |
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Term
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Definition
Lower-phycomitrella
Higher, monocot-rice and maize
higher, Dicot - arabidopsis |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure of existing genetic variation in somatic plant cells |
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