mutualisms are

and 3 types

interactions of mutual favors

1.) trophic

2.) defensive

3.) dispersive

complimentary ways to aquire energy

ex: bacteris breaking down cellulose for cows in the rumin

trade foor for transport

ex. pollen transfer and seed dispersal

pollen reaches stigma by gravity

- need wind, sometimes pollen is wasted (if species are far away)

1.) chemical incompatibilty

2.) spatial seperation of sexes within flower

3.)spatial seperation of sexes in different individuals

4.) temporal seperation between pollen release and female receptiveness

5.) heterostyly

advantage: cheap, dont need flowers or nectors, odors

limitations- need copious quantities of pollen

-plants need to be in monospecific stands

-rare in highly diverse communities

flower shape

color

odor

timing

all to attract vectors

gently places pollen on bee back

-reduce competition with parents (survival greater away from parents)

-reduce seed predation

wind an water

external carriage by animals