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| A plant growth substance with growth-inhibiting action. Causes stomata to close; involved in a plant's response to salt and drought stress. |
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| A graph of light absorption versus wavelength of light; shows how much light is absorbed at each wavelength. |
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| The hypothesis that auxin increases proton pumping, thereby lowering the pH of the cell wall and activating enzymes that loosen polysaccharides. Proposed to explain auxin-induced cell explain auxin-induced cell expansion in plants. |
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| A graph of biological process versus light wavelength, shows which wavelengths are involved in the process. |
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| In some seeds, a tissue that lies beneath the seed coat and surrounds the endosperm. Secretes digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules stored in the endosperm. |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch, usually to maltose or glucose. |
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| The main trunk of the arteries leading to the systemic circulation. |
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| In plants, inhibition by the apical bud of the growth of axillary buds. |
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| In plants, the continuous meshwork of cells, and extracellular spaces through which material can pass without crossing a plasma membrane. |
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| A transport protein in plant and animal cell membranes through which water passes in osmosis. |
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| A muscular blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to other parts of the body. |
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| A small blood vessel arising from an artery that feeds blood into a capillary bed. |
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| atrioventricular (AV) node |
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| A modified node of cardiac muscle that organizes the action potentials that control contraction of the ventricles. |
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| An internal chamber. In the hearts of vertebrates, blood enters the thin-walled chamber(s) on its way to the ventricle(s). |
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| A positibe feedback process in which an activated enzyme acts on other inactive molecules of the same enzyme to activate them. |
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| An image that is produced from a nuclear emission produced by decay emissions. |
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| In plants, a substance(the most common being indoleacetic acid) that regulates growth and various aspects of development. |
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| The liquid component that blood is suspended in, contains various nutrients and waste. |
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| An elaboration of the renal tubule, composed of podocytes, that surrounds and collects the filtrate from the glomerulus. |
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| Plant steroid hormones that mediate light effects promoting the elongation of stems and pollen tubes. |
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| Fibers of modified cardiac muscle that conduct action potentials from the atria to the ventricular muscle mass. |
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| Part of a tissue that surrounds the veins of plants; contains chloroplasts in C4 plants. |
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| C3 photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) |
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Definition
| 3PG is the first stable product of carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Ribulose biphosphate is used as a CO2 receptor. |
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| Oxaloacetate is the first stable product of carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Phosphoenolpyruvate is used as CO2 acceptor. |
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| crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis |
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Definition
| A metabolic pathway enabling the plants to store carbon dioxide at night and then perform photosynthesis during the day with stomata closed. |
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| Very small tubes, especially the smallest blood-carrying vessels of animals between the termination of the arteries and the beginning of the veins. Capillaries are the site of exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid. |
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| Maintain CO2 gradient from cells to plasma, convert CO2 to bicarbonate |
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| A straight-chain polymer of glucose molecules, used by plants as a structural supporting material. |
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| Formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplants, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity. |
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| An organelle bounded by a double membrance containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis. |
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| A molecule that gives organic compounds color. |
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| A rhythm of growth or activity that recurs about every 24 hr. |
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| In vertebrates, a tubule that receives urine produced in the nephrons of the kidney and delivers that fluid to the ureter for excretion. |
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| In angiosperms, a specialized cell found adjacent to a sieve tube element. |
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| An arrangement that promotes the maximum exchange of diffusible substance, between two fluids by having the fluids flow in opposite directions through parallel vessels close together. |
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| Photoreceptors mediating some blue-light effects in plants and animals. |
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| Cyclic Photophosphorylation |
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| A member of a class of plant growth substances that plays roles in senescence, cell division, and other phenomena. |
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| "Dark Reactions" of Photosynthesis |
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| The outer covering of a plant, consisting of epidermis in the young plant and periderm in a plant with extensive secondary growth. |
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| The portion of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes. |
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| A young animal, or young plant sporophyte, while it is still contained within a protective structure such as a seed, egg, or uterus. |
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| The innnermost of the three embryonic germ layers delineated during gastrulation. Gives rise to the digestive and respiratory tracts and structures associated with them. |
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| A hormone produced by the kidney in response to lack of oxygen that stimulates the production of red blood cells. |
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| One of the plant growth hormones, the gas H2C=CH2. Involved in fruit ripening and other growth and developmental responses. |
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| When the plant grows in the dark and becomes skinny and paled color. |
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| A plant hormone involved in the conversion of a vegetative shoot apex to a flower. |
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| A 2.7um gap between plasma membranes. Allows chemical substances or electrical signals to pass from cell to cell. |
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| A set of similar genes derived from a single parent gene;need not be on the same chromosomes. The vertebrate globin genes constitue a classic example of a gene family. |
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| Sprouting of a seed or spore. |
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| A class of plant growth hormones playing roles in stem elongation, seed germination, flowering of certain plants, etc. |
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| Sites in the kidney where blood filtration takes place. Each glomerulus consists of a knot of capillaries served by afferent and efferent arterioles. |
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| Those parts of the plant body not included in the dermal or vascular tissue systems. Ground tissues function in storage, photosynthesis, and support. |
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| Paired epidermal cells that surround and control the opening of a stoma. |
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| Oxygen-transporting protein found in the red blood cells. |
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| Having a greater solute concentration compared to another solution. |
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| Having a lesser solute concentration compared to another solution. |
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| The region between two nodes of a plant stem. |
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| Having the same solute concentration compared to another solution. |
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| Long, hairpin loop of the mammalian renal tubule that runs from the cortex down into the medulla and back to the cortex; creates a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluids in the medulla. |
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| Plant tissue made up of undifferentiated actively dividing cells. |
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| Chloroplast-containing, photosynthetic cells in the interior of leaves. |
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| Crosslinked cellulose polymers, forming strong aggregates in the plant cell wall. |
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| The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a structure for receiving a filtrate of blood and a tubule that reabsorbs selected parts of the filtrate. |
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| A point on a stem where a leaf is or was attached. |
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| Noncyclic Photophosphorylation ("Z Scheme") |
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| Movement of water across a differentially permeable membrane,from one region to another region where the water potential is more negative. |
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| In vascular plants, the vascular tissue that transports sugars and other solutes from sources to sinks. |
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| A pigment that triggers a physiological response when it absorbs a photon. |
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| Light-driven uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide, the carbon being derives from early reactions of photosynthesis. |
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| A plant pigment regulating a large number of developmental and other phenomena in plants. |
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Definition
| A substance that absorbs visible light. |
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| A cytoplasmic strand connecting two adjacent plant cells. |
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| Any of the plant cell organelles that house biochemical pathways for photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| Phloem transport in angiosperms. It holds that sieve element transport is driven by an osmotically driven pressure gradient between source and sink. |
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| primary vs. Secondary Growth |
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Definition
Primary growth is lengthening of roots and shoots and proliferation of new roots and shoots through branching.
Secondary growth is the increase in girth. |
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Definition
| A huge protein structure that binds to and digests cellular proteins that have been tagged by ubiquitin. |
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| The portion of the circulatory system by which blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart for distribution. |
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| Specialized heart muscle cells that conduct excitation throughout the ventricular muscle. |
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Definition
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| A structural unit of the kidney that collects filtrate from the blood, reabsorbs specific ions, nutrients, and water and returns them to the blood, and concentrates excess ions and waste products for excretion from the body. |
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Definition
| A compound, such as cAMP, that is released within a target cell after a hormone (First messenger) has bound to a surface receptor on a cell; the second messenger triggers further reactions within the cell. |
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| Seedling "Triple Response" to Ethylene |
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| The characteristic cell of the phloem in angiosperms, which contains cytoplasm but relatively few organelles, and whose end walls contain pores that form connections with neighboring cells. |
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| The pacemaker of the mammalian heart. |
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| Small opening in the plant epidermis that permits gas exchange; bounded by a pair of guard cells who osmotic status regulates the size of the opening. |
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| The fluid contents of an organelle such as a chloroplast or mitochondrion. |
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| "Sugar Shuffle" of Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
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Definition
| The continous meshwork of the interiors of living cells in the plant body, resulting from the presence of plasmodesmata. |
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Definition
| A membrane transport protein that carries two substances in the same direction. |
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Definition
| Portion of the circulatory system by which oxygenated blood from the lungs is distributed throughout the rest of the body and returned to the heart. |
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| Contraction of a chamber of the heart, driving blood forward in the circulatory system. |
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| A flattened sac within a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain all the chlorophyll in a plant, in addition to the electron carries of photophosphorylation. Thylakoids stack to form grana. |
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| The ability for a single cell to divide and produce differentiated cells. |
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| The evaporation of water from plant leaves and stem, driven by heat from the sun, and providing the motive force to raise water from the roots. |
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| The hydrostatic pressure of an enclosed solution in excess of the surrounding atmospheric pressure. |
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| A small protein that is covalently linked to other cellular proteins identified for breakdown by the proteosome. |
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| A compound that is the main excreted form of nitrogen by many animals, including mammals. |
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| A compound that serves as the main excreted form of nitrogen in some animals, particularly those which must conserve water, such as birds, insects and reptiles. |
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| A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart. |
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Definition
| A muscular heart chamber that pumps blood through the lungs or through the body. |
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| A small blood vessel draining a capillary bed that joins other of its kind to form a vein. |
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| In osmosis, the tendency for a system to take up water from pure water through a differentially permeable membrane. water flows toward the system with a more negative water potential. |
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| In vascular plants, the tissue that conducts water and minerals; xylem consists, in various plants, of trachields, vessel elements, fibers, and other highly specialized cells. |
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