Term
| what cell structure is essential to photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage of photosynthesis reduces CO2 to CH2O? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage of photosynth. oxidizes H2O? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kingdoms perform photosythesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main events of the light rxtns? |
|
Definition
1. O2 evolved from H2O
2. ATP produced
3. NADPH produced |
|
|
Term
| what powers the Calvin Cycle? |
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Definition
| ATP and NADPH from the light rxtns. |
|
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Term
| what organelle are chloroplasts derived from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the Emerson Enhancement Effect and what it suggested? |
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Definition
plants exposed to light >690 nm and <690 nm have a higher photsynthetic rate than the sum of either one on its own.
suggested presene of 2 photosystems |
|
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Term
| what is the absorption peak of photosystem I? II? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which photosysytem is involved in cyclic phosphorylation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when is the rate of photosynthesis the highest? |
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Definition
| when both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are occurring |
|
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Term
| what happens when isolated chlorophyll is exposed to light? |
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Definition
energy level of electrons boosted
red light and heat given off as they fall back down (fluorescence) |
|
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Term
| what happens to chlorophyll exposed to light in a chlorplast? |
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Definition
| electrons boosted to higher energy levels and transferred to electron carriers in the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stack of thylakoids (stacks of membranes) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pigment-containing 'sacs' |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the area between thylakoids |
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|
Term
| where do the light rxtns take place? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the calvin cycle take place? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the difference between grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids? |
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Definition
grana thylakoids make up granum
-stroma thylakoids connect granum |
|
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Term
| what strong reductant is produced by the light rxtns? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the name for the regions of the grana thylakoids that are in contact with the stroma? with each other? |
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Definition
contact w/stroma - non-appressed regions
each other - appressed regions |
|
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Term
| what area of the thylakoid is photosystem II found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the events that occur in photosystem II? |
|
Definition
1.light causes chlorophyll in rxtn center P680 to lose an electron
2.electron passed to pheophytin
3.photooxidized, moves to QA acceptor on D2 protein
4.moves to plastoquinone
5.moves to QB acceptor on D1 protein
6.reduced to plastoquinol |
|
|
Term
| where is the QA binding region located? |
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Definition
| the D2 reaction protein in photsystem II |
|
|
Term
| where is the QB binding site located? |
|
Definition
| the D1 reaction protein of photosystem II |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall reaction for PSII? |
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Definition
| 2H2O + 4 photons + 2PQ + 4H+ ==> O2 + 4H+ + 2PQH2 |
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|
Term
| where do the 4 input hydrogen ions come from in the PSII reaction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the 4 output hydrogen ions come from in the PSII reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is reduced in the PSII reaction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure transfers electrons from PSII to PSI? |
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Definition
| cytochrome B6 - cytochrome F complex |
|
|
Term
| what 2 movements does the cytB6-cytF complex facilitate? |
|
Definition
1.movement of electrons from PSII to PSI
2.movement of H+ from the stroma to the lumen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| appressed regions of grana thylakoids |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 general structures at work in PSII? |
|
Definition
1. intrinsic proteins
2. extrinsic proteins
3. Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes |
|
|
Term
| what parts of PSII are coded by chloroplast DNA? by nuclear DNA? |
|
Definition
Chloro DNA - intrinsic proteins
Nuclear DNA - extrinsic proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are the main intrisic proteins at work in PSII? how many total? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many extrisic proteins at work in PSII? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main Chlorophyl-Protein Complexes at work in PSII? what type and how many chlorophyll molecules a piece? |
|
Definition
LHCII, CP47 and CP43
antennae chlorophyll
20-25 chlorophyll molecules a piece |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the cytochrome complex coded with chloroplast DNA? nuclear? |
|
Definition
chloroplast - CytB6, CytF
nuclear - Fe-S protein |
|
|
Term
| where are CytB6-CytF complexes located? |
|
Definition
| equally in the grana and stroma thylakoids |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main parts of the cytochrome complex? |
|
Definition
Cytochrome B6
Cytochrome F
Fe-S Protein
Compnent IV |
|
|
Term
| what is the electron path thru cytochrome complex? |
|
Definition
1.platoquinol
2.Fe-S
3.CytF
4.Plastocyanin |
|
|
Term
| what are the main oxidation-reduction reactions of the light reactions? |
|
Definition
PSII - H2O oxidized, plastoquinone reduced to plastoquinol
Cyt.Complex - plastoquinol oxidized/platocyanin reduced
PSI - plastocyain oxidized/ferredoxin reduced
Stroma - ferredoxin oxidized/NADP reduced to NADPH |
|
|
Term
| what ion carries the electron in plastocyanin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ion carries the electron in PSI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the electon path in PSI? |
|
Definition
1. plastocyanin
2. A
3. A1
4. Fe-S
5. Ferredoxin
6. NADPH |
|
|
Term
| what is the initial molecule oxidized in the light rxtns? final molecule reduced? |
|
Definition
initial - H2O
final - NADPH |
|
|
Term
| where on the thylakoid is PSI active? |
|
Definition
| in the non-appressed regions of the grana and stroma thylakoid |
|
|
Term
| where on the thylakoid is PSII active? |
|
Definition
| on the appressed region of the grana thylakoid |
|
|
Term
| where on the thylakoid is ATPase active? |
|
Definition
| on the non-appressed regions of the grana and stroma thylakoid |
|
|
Term
| where on the thylakoid is the cytochrome complex active? |
|
Definition
| on the entire thylakoid (appressed and non-appressed regions of grana and stroma thylakoid) |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for the cytochrome complex reaction? |
|
Definition
| 2PQH2 + 4PC ==> 2PQ + 4PC + 4H+ |
|
|
Term
| what ion involved in reduction of plastocyanin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reaction for PSI? |
|
Definition
| light + 4PC + 4Fd ==>4PC + 4Fd |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme in the stroma catalyses the final OR reaction of the light reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 ions involved in PSII? |
|
Definition
manganese
calcium
iron
chloride |
|
|
Term
| what replaces magnesium in pheophytin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chlorophyll makeup of the LHCII? |
|
Definition
| a and b in 1:2 ratio (250 total molecules?) |
|
|
Term
| which LHC is more abundant in low light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chlorophyll makeup of the LHCI? |
|
Definition
| a and b in 1:4 ratio (100 total molecules) |
|
|
Term
| what does ATP synthase consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the head region of ATP synthase called? the stalk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the minimal #of photons needed to reduce 1 CO2 to 1 simpe sugar? |
|
Definition
| 12 - 8 from non-cyclic, 4 from cyclic |
|
|
Term
| what is the output of non-cyclic photophosphorylation w/4photons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the output of cyclic photophosphorylation alone with 4 photons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the minimal ATP and NADPH needed to produce a simple carb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the 8 H+ ions from non-cyclic photophosphorylation come from? |
|
Definition
4 from H2O (PSII)
4 from plastoquinol (originally from stroma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (Calvin Cycle) |
|
|
Term
| what are the compounds involved in the Calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
1. Ribulose bisphosphate
2. Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
3. Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
4. Ribulose 6-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor to sucrose/starch in the calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chain of reactions of the PCR cycle? |
|
Definition
| 6RBP(5C) + 6CO2(1C) ==> 12PGA(3C) ==> 12 PGAL(3C) ==> 1 F6P(6C) + 10R6P(5C) |
|
|
Term
| what is known as the 'herbicide binding protein'? what site binds with herbicides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what crops are naturally resistant to herbicides that normally bind to the QB site? how are they resistant? |
|
Definition
corn and cotton
sequester the herbicides in glands |
|
|
Term
| where step in the PCR cycle does Rbisco catalyse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much ATP and NADPH needed to reduce 6CO2 to 1 glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what steps in the PCR cycle are ATP and NADPH needed? |
|
Definition
ATP - PGA to PGAL AND R6P to RBP
NADPH - PGA to PGAL |
|
|
Term
| what 4 specific events in photosynthesis require light? |
|
Definition
1.ATP and NADPH production
2. Photolysis of H2O at OEC
3. activation of 5 enzymes in PCR including Rubisco
4. Coupling factor (ATPase) activation |
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