Term
| causal agent of rose rosette |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agent of barley yellow dwarf |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agent of witch's broom |
|
Definition
many organisms, such as...
-fungi
-oomycetes
-insects
-mites
-nematodes
-phytoplasmas
-viruses |
|
|
Term
| What part of the plant does clothing come from? |
|
Definition
| fiber (cotton, linen, artificial fabrics) |
|
|
Term
| Why are some plant derived medicines, antibiotics, and insecticides declining? |
|
Definition
| loss of tropical rainforests |
|
|
Term
| ecological role of plants |
|
Definition
| -primary biomass
-affect CO2/O2 balance
-"air scrubbers" |
|
|
Term
| plant pathology (aka phytopathology) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant pathology focuses on ______ of disease rather than ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant pathology treats ______, not ______. |
|
Definition
populations
individuals
lets some plants die |
|
|
Term
| plant pathology focuses on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between how closely packed and risk of fungus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high plant population in 1 area |
|
|
Term
| Putting nitrogen on a plant does this. |
|
Definition
| makes it softer and more yummy to fungi |
|
|
Term
| The faster a plant grows, the ______ its tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant type within a species, resulting from deliberate genetic manipulation, which has recognizable characteristics (color, shape of flowers, fruits, seeds and height or form) (see also variety) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss of water by evaporation from leaf surfaces and thru stomata |
|
|
Term
| Do plant pathologists deal with injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no chlorophyll
-energy from organic compounds
-consumers and decomposers |
|
|
Term
| The vast majority of bacteria are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one benefits and other is unaffected
example: epiphytes on trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
both benefit
example: root nodule bacteria- legumes and mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one benefits and other is harmed; host provides food |
|
|
Term
| How many fungi are parasites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter; not symbiosis |
|
|
Term
| How many fungi are saprophytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-parasite that grows only on living host
-lives in balance with cells and doesn't kill them immediately
-very selective, attacking limited host range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can do something it prefers not to if it has to |
|
|
Term
| Can you do crop rotation when there's a facultative saprophyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-primarily a saprophyte, but can live as a parasite
-"opportunist" (makes dead material)
-kills cells and disorganizes tissue to obtain food (enzymes and toxins)
-rots tissue
-uses enzymatic attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lives only on dead matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtains nourishment from a living host |
|
|
Term
| Do all parasites produce symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biotic agent that causes a disease |
|
|
Term
| What happens to treated seeds? |
|
Definition
| the treatment wears off after 3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Many plant diseases have ______ hosts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ make their own hard to kill survival structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the point where it's in the plant and maybe even extracting food from it
-pathogen inside plant
-removes nutrients from plant |
|
|
Term
| Many pathogens go into survival mode when... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogens are often ______ of you. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For fungi, the inoculum is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only inoculum a virus has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is a good time to have pesticides out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| singular, tubular filament of a fungal thallus or mycelium; the basic structural units of fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reproductive structure of fungi and some other organisms, containing 1 or more cells
-can be bacterial cell modified to survive an adverse environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unassisted entrance thru surface tissues of the plant
fungi and nematodes do this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
entrance thru natural opening in plant surface, usually thru stomata, lenticels, hydrathodes, and nectaries
fungi and bacteria do this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thru injury in outer plant tissues- caused by insect, man, weather, and self-wounding
-fungi, bacteria, and viruses do this |
|
|
Term
| ultimate goal of pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If reproduction occurs early in the growing season,... |
|
Definition
| the inoculum may infect other plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogens that can spread by man and animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To counteract wheat rust, you need... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relative capacity to cause a disease
yes or no |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part or structure of the pathogen seen on the host
seeing pathogen tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-visible changes in the appearance of the plant resulting from disease
-seeing plant tissue
-very rarely can you make diagnosis based solely on symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
death of tissue
brown or black, depending on stage of decay |
|
|
Term
| Other than excessive growth, gall does this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is complete control of plant disease ever achieved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-preventing of pathogen into area not yet infested
-not effective against wind dispersed pathogens
-most effective against soilborne pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-legal means of disease control
-not popular with producers
–not very effective because of difficulty in implementation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elimination of a pathogen from an area - already established
can be practiced at all scales |
|
|
Term
| If sanitation doesn't eradicate totally,... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-applied as sprays or dusts
-must be on plant surface or inside prior to inoculation with pathogen
-inhibit spore germination or kill germinated spores
-enormously efficient |
|
|
Term
| something hazardous about the new fungicides |
|
Definition
| they're transdermal, warranting protective clothing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant genes that don't occur naturally |
|
|
Term
| cons of molecular methods |
|
Definition
-extremely expensive up-front research costs
–very slow to develop
–only a few high-value crop/major pathogen combinations likely to be released |
|
|
Term
| Do fungi have true conductive tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These act like fungi, but they're now in their own kingdom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species of fungi cause disease in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species of fungi cause disease in plants? |
|
Definition
-about 8,000
-al plants are attacked by fungi
-many fungi can attack a wide range of plants |
|
|
Term
| Our immune system on fungi |
|
Definition
| exceptionally good against them |
|
|
Term
| The mycelia of true fungi are made of... |
|
Definition
| threadlike tubes of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collectively, the hyphae are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do fungi have a vascular or circulatory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell wall of fungi usually composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oomycete cell wall usually composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color of cell wall im mycelium/hyphae |
|
Definition
| mostly hyaline or transparent - no color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crosswalls that divide the mycelia of some fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no crosswalls in hyphae (Oomycetes) |
|
|
Term
| Most fungal hyphae are divided by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually works better for absorption? cellulose or chitin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyphal growth occurs at... |
|
Definition
| no crosswalls in hyphae (Oomycetes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete enzymes and absorb nutrients
"feeding stage" |
|
|
Term
| intracellular growth of hyphae |
|
Definition
-grows through plant cells
-when fungi grow through cells they tend to kill tissue
-soft rots usually not obligate parasites |
|
|
Term
| intercellular growth of hyphae |
|
Definition
-grows between host cells
when fungi grow between cells they may produce modified within cell feeding structures - haustorium
-usually obligate parasites
-cells are not killed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified within-cell feeding structures that hyphae may produce during intercellular cell growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-individual unit of reproduction in fungi
-often the inoculum
-equivalent to seeds of higher plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of 2 compatible haploid nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sexual stage of fungi
-this is what fungi taxonomy is based on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ascomycetes in this phylum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basidiomycetes in this phylum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fungi are entirely asexual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hyphal tip that functions as male gamete in oomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hyphal tip that functions as female gamete in oomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thick-walled resting structure that functions as spore in oomycetes
-antheridium and oogonium unite to form this |
|
|
Term
| How many ascospores per ascus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenic fungi that produce no spores are placed in this group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has to break down wood first: bacteria or fungus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces no spores of any kind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-necrotic
-hypoplastic
-hyperplastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degradation or death of cells and disintegration of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure or halting in differentiation, development, or growth of the plant or some of its organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over-differentiation, over-development, or overgrowth of plant tissue or organs |
|
|
Term
| signs of parasitic plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Irish Potato Famine occurred... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| late potato blight favored by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruit decays and later dehydrates to form a mummy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when lots of bacteria gather and produce a sticky polysac-based liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to look for this, cut one end of the stem and place the cut end in water and look for bacteria streaming out of the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extrusion of liquid as a result of bacterial disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-food
-shelter
-clothing
-fuel
-medicinals
-antibiotics
-insecticides
-primary biomass of ecosystems
-"air scrubbers"
fab micas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediately shows up in pocket book |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something you don't immediately thing about |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crop, region, and economic status |
|
|
Term
| Fungal diseases often flourish in these conditions. |
|
Definition
| warm and moist conditions |
|
|
Term
| How many flowering plant species are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many plants are utilized for food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many plant species are widely cultivated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10 plant species account for ______% of the world's food supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ plant species account for 95% of the world's food supply. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of wheat was grown during the Green Revolution? |
|
Definition
| high yielding, semi-dwarf varieties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necrotic area of tissue irregular in form |
|
|
Term
| Soybean rust was introduced in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden, severe, and extensive spotting, discoloration, wilting, or destruction of leaves, flowers, stems, or entire plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spreads to other trees and strangles vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rust on soybeans that steals food and spreads rapidly |
|
|
Term
| most common type of plant disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of water, nutrients, chemicals, or food materials within a plant |
|
|
Term
| How can disease affect photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
detrimental physiological process due to continued association with a causal factor
results in symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to brief association of causal factor with the plant (lightning, hail, tractor tires, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have chlorophyll
-secure energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| examples of obligate parasites |
|
Definition
-some fungi
-all viruses
-all nematodes
-very few bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-primarily parasite, but can live as saprophyte (usually brief period of time- survival stage)
-survives best on dead hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ability to cause disease on a particular host; varies from cultivar to cultivar
virulence is + or - |
|
|
Term
| difference between pathogen and disease |
|
Definition
-pathogen: living organism
-disease: result of pathogen |
|
|
Term
| When you find this, you know exactly when and where to protect the host. |
|
Definition
| point of penetration and entry |
|
|
Term
| At this stage, the pathogen produces visible signs. |
|
Definition
| reproduction (production of signs of the pathogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant pathogen (inoculum) is placed in contact with the susceptible part of the plant (infection court) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any part of a pathogen capable of causing infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of plant where pathogen can establish infection
-can be different for primary and secondary inoculum
-fungus figured it out |
|
|
Term
| pathogens that can survive in seed of host plants |
|
Definition
-all groups have individuals that can do this
-starts feeding at germination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entrance of pathogen into host |
|
|
Term
| If the inoculum is a fungal spore, it must do this first. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does germination take? |
|
Definition
several hours to a day
shortest part of disease cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nectar secreting gland in fower
friendly to bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-movement of pathogen thru host tissue
-feeding on all the tissue
-can be localized (spot) or general (blight)
-during this time, symptoms become evident |
|
|
Term
| groups of pathogens that survive living on perennials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogen groups that can live on plant debris (be saprophytes) |
|
Definition
fungi and bacteria
not option for obligates |
|
|
Term
| pathogen groups that can survive in insect vectors |
|
Definition
| viruses most common, but also bacteria and fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| environmental factors that make host more susceptible to attack by pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widespread losses occur under favorable environment |
|
|
Term
| examples of tissue overgrowth |
|
Definition
-galls
-hypertrophic leaf curl
-longer stem |
|
|
Term
| emphasis of plant disease control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most measurements of plant disease control are aimed at... |
|
Definition
| prevention or protection, not cure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep pathogen away from crop |
|
|
Term
| how lettuce mosaic virus is detected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a virus, there's ______ after virus infects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heat treatment of soil by live steam |
|
Definition
-sometimes under pressure
-used in greenhouses, etc.
-soil sterilization is complete when temp. in coldest part of soil > 82°C for 30 min.
-affects physical properties of soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-using selected wavelengths
-fungi, Alternaria, Botrytis, in greenhouse |
|
|
Term
| UV barriers used in control light |
|
Definition
| remove light < 360 nm = no fungal spores |
|
|
Term
| If fungi don't do this, they die. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil treatment usually used on... |
|
Definition
-vegetables, ornamentals or trees nurseries
-high value crops
-expensive treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment of plants using chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-excise pathogen-free meristem (explants)
-virus diseases
-doesn't affect meristem
-basically grow plant from meristem |
|
|
Term
| types of biological control |
|
Definition
-desirable but still not reliable
-hyperparasitism - parasitism of one microorganism on another
agents involved - fungi, bacteria, viruses
-natural competition (antagonism) in soil -not enough control in most situations
-seems to be a "novelty" in commercial ag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-parasitism of one microorganism on another
-agents involved - fungi, bacteria, viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-natural competition in soil
-not enough control in most situations
-very important but difficult to manipulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-prevention of infection by pathogen
-use of a chemical or physical barrier on the susceptible plant parts
-assumed the pathogen will contact the plant, as contrasted to exclusion, quarantine
-this is about 90% of what's done to manage plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bearer of hereditary material, often loosely applied to cultivars and breeding lines |
|
|
Term
| Chestnut blight was introduced in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dutch elm disease was introduced in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sudden oak death was introduced in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infects phloem and inner bark to cause bleeding cankers |
|
|
Term
| groups of infectous plant diseases |
|
Definition
-fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes
-rare: parasitic higher plants, algae, protozoa: no economic problem so far |
|
|
Term
| noninfectious categories of plant disease |
|
Definition
a. nutrient deficiencies (under fertilization)
b. mineral toxicities (over fertilization)
c. extremes in soil moisture
d. temperature extremes
e. light extremes
f. lack of oxygen
g. air pollution
h. improper soil pH |
|
|
Term
| What can impair cell division and differentiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can diseases inhibit transpiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At minimum, we look at... |
|
Definition
| the pathogen and the plant |
|
|
Term
| For a facultative parasite to attack, there has to be a... |
|
Definition
| pre-existing fault in the armor or stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can a parasite not be a pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a pathogen not be a parasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the degree of pathogenicity
How pathogenic is it? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chain of events in disease development
-includes stages of development of pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: survival of pathogen
2: dissemination (primary inoculum)
3: inoculation
4: penetration and entry
5: infection
6: invasion (to what extent?)
7: production of symptoms
8: reproduction (this is where it produces visible signs)
9: secondary inoculum (spores from this year's reproduction)
10: survival in absence of host |
|
|
Term
| ______ often survive in insects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inoculation doesn't occur w/o... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can symptoms show up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These phases of the plant disease cycle can happen without us knowing (might be too late). |
|
Definition
1-7
1: survival of pathogen
2: dissemination (primary inoculum)
3: inoculation
4: penetration and entry
5: infection
6: invasion (to what extent?)
7: production of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| At these stages in the plant disease cycle, you do diagnosis and treatment. |
|
Definition
8-9
8: reproduction (this is where it produces visible signs)
9: secondary inoculum (spores from this year's reproduction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inoculum from overwintering sources; first inoculum of the growing season; primary overwintering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inoculum formed during the present growing season
-secondary infections, epidemics; secondary this season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vegetative and reproductive parts of fungi
-vegetative cells of bacteria
-virus particles
-nematodes- eggs, juveniles, adults |
|
|
Term
| ______ generally don't move under their own power. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an organism, such as a spore or a bacterium, that may be disseminated and reproduce the organism |
|
|
Term
| Penetration begins with... |
|
Definition
| the growth of the inoculum on the surface of the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specialized, narrow hyphal strand on the underside of an appressorium that penetrates host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a swollen, flattened portion of a fungal filament that adheres to the surface of a higher plant, providing anchorage for invasion by a fungus |
|
|
Term
| types of pathogen penetration |
|
Definition
-direct
-indirect
-wound penetration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidermal leaf structure specialized for secretion or exudation of water; leaf opening at terminus of vein |
|
|
Term
| methods of attack of infection |
|
Definition
-facultative parasites
-obligate parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time from inoculation to infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-time from inoculation to symptom expression
-as important as the epidemiology of the disease; can determine outcome of the epidemic |
|
|
Term
| ways pathogens can survive |
|
Definition
-living on perennials
-living on plant debris (being saprophytes)
-resistant survival structures or as saprophytes in soil
-insect vectors
-in seed of host plants (starts feeding when it germinates) |
|
|
Term
| pathogen groups that can survive using resistant survival structures or as saprophytes in soil |
|
Definition
-fungi
-bacteria
-nematodes
-made to last for years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wind
-rain
-water
-insects
-man and animals (most efficient) |
|
|
Term
| pathogens that can disseminate by wind |
|
Definition
-fungal spores produced dry
-local and long distance
-fungi |
|
|
Term
| pathogens that disseminate by rain |
|
Definition
-fungal spores
-bacteria
-within plant canopy |
|
|
Term
| pathogen groups that can disseminate by water |
|
Definition
| all groups, many soilborne |
|
|
Term
| pathogens that can spread by insects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virulence and aggressiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease generally present year after year, but not causing widespread damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease that causes damage in localized area and may or may not return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive cell enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-exclusion
-eradication
-protection
-resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow seed and propagative parts in areas where pathogen is not present- visual and lab inspection |
|
|
Term
| how to kill pathogen w/o killing plant |
|
Definition
-chemicals
-hot water
-heat treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-eradication
-crop rotation
-heat treatment
-control light
-chemicals
-biological control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction of primary inoculum sources |
|
|
Term
| Sanitation can be done by... |
|
Definition
a. Remove/destroy crop residues (for many diseases, this is all you need)
b. Remove susceptible and alternative hosts (obligate parasites)
example: weed control
c. Remove alternate hosts (rusts)
example: weed control
d. Clean implements and worker hands, worksurfaces, benches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-starve the pathogen
-Use of crops which are not susceptible - if available, economical.
-Not effective against long-survival pathogens weed hosts |
|
|
Term
| methods of heat treatment |
|
Definition
a. Treatment of soil
b. Treatment of plant propagative parts
c. Treatment of whole plants |
|
|
Term
| heat treatment of soil by solarization |
|
Definition
-37 - 52°C
-eradicates some pathogens
-90% of population killed |
|
|
Term
| heat treatment of plant propagative parts |
|
Definition
-treat seed, bulbs, nursery stock
-eliminate viruses, fungi and nematodes
-temp. 52°C for 11 min |
|
|
Term
| heat treatment of whole plants |
|
Definition
-for viruses
-35-40°C several weeks - up to 8 months
-only for extremely valuable propagative stock
-basically gives plant fever
-don't forget to water plant |
|
|
Term
| most common leaf spots and blights in ornamentals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use of chemicals in eradication |
|
Definition
-soil treatment
-treatment of plants |
|
|
Term
| methods of soil treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-broad spectrum biocides active only in vapor phase
-must be done 2 weeks prior to planting
-soil temp. >15°C |
|
|
Term
| how fumigants are applied |
|
Definition
-injected into soil with tractor-mounted equipment
-soil surface sealed using tarp cover |
|
|
Term
| chemicals used in fumigants |
|
Definition
-volatile compounds- chloropicrin, metam sodium
-"crappy"
-methylbromide used to be huge |
|
|
Term
| fumigant used only for nematodes |
|
Definition
| Telone II (1,3 dichloropropene) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungicides and neamticides |
|
|
Term
| how non-fumigants are applied |
|
Definition
-applied as dusts, drenches, granule or spray
-can be incorporated |
|
|
Term
| non-fumigants that are fungicides |
|
Definition
-captan
-metalaxyl
-PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene)
survive well in soil, but shows up in well water |
|
|
Term
| non-fumigants that are nematicides |
|
Definition
| fluensulfone (marketed as Nimitz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-skin deep
-vivitax (carboxin)
-These are single site motivaction products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- treatment of non-invasive pathogens – near surface – use a systemic fungicide – powdery mildews, rusts, scabs, sooty molds
-generally have 1 site of action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-seed treatment
-can clean up some of the pathogens in the seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fungicides applied to plants
-cultural practices |
|
|
Term
| most common plant infection |
|
Definition
-Fungicides applied to plants
-must be on plant surface before you need it |
|
|
Term
| examples of fungicides applied to plants |
|
Definition
-foliar application
-seed treatment |
|
|
Term
| seed treatment using fungicides |
|
Definition
-treats bulbs, tubers, etc. (reproductive parts)
-does not eliminate internal infections (protectant, as compared to eradicant)
-applied as dusts, or wettable powders in slurry
-creates a barrier around seed - seed attains germination potential
-no protection after germination unless compound is systemic - then may last up to 3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| most effective fungicides for seed treatment |
|
Definition
| the old fashioned metal ion type fungicides |
|
|
Term
| Cultural practices usually promote... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of cultural practices |
|
Definition
-seedling disease
-plant/row spacing
-proper nutrition
-drainage in low areas
-irrigate less frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plant when conditions are optimal to hasten growth, development - reduce period of immature susceptibility
-challenge here doe to irregular weather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep canopy open, air movement, dries faster - less humidity and free moisture (exact opposite of current trends for increasing yields) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-control N rates carefully avoid rapid buildup of soft, succulent tissues
-too much N is enemy
-bet to use time release, but it's 3x more expensive
-poop is naturally time release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avoid standing water - root diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longer period
–less frequent opportunities for pathogens to germinate
–irrigate early morning
–dries more quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-defined in terms of susceptibility - cultivar comparison within plant species - not immunity
-very desirable method of disease control- good for environment, cost effective, easy to deploy
-available for a relatively few crops/ pathogens
-regards cultivars, not species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most aimed at creating new forms of resistance to plant diseases in crop/pathogen combinations where natural genes for resistance are not available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
introduced from another plant species
This is how RoundUp resistance works. |
|
|
Term
| marker-assisted selection |
|
Definition
-use molecular methods to speed-up traditional plant breeding
-what we've been doing with soybeans
-not GMO |
|
|
Term
| How many species of fungi are there? |
|
Definition
estimated 1.5-5 million
most are decomposers, primarily saprophytic |
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei per cell of mycelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are facultative parasites intercellular or intracellular? |
|
Definition
| for the most part, intercellular |
|
|
Term
| specialized vegetative structures produced by fungi |
|
Definition
-rhizomorphs
-felts or mats
-sclerotia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large, thick “sheet-like” masses of mycelium
-usually produced by wood rotters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycelial aggregates
-strands that are “shoestring like”
-resistant to adverse environment
-macroscopic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dense compact masses of hyphae
-pellet shaped or somewhat irregular
-excellent survival structures
-can survive for decades in soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produced without the fusion of 2 haploid nucleii (no meiosis)
-genetically the same as the hyphae from which they were formed
-fungi often use this in uniform monocultures |
|
|
Term
| how asexual spores are important |
|
Definition
-important in propagation of the species
-increase in inoculum during the growing season
–secondary inoculum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arthrospore
-conidium (plural conidia)
-chlamydospore
-zoospores
-sporangiospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fragmentation of mycelium into individual cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(plural - conidia) produced on a hyphal branch may be single or in a chain
-formed on a specialized hyphal branch - the conidiophore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hyphal branch on which conidia are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-terminal or intercalary cell of the hypha
-may enlarge and form a thick wall
-excellent survival structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produced by fungi with coenocytic hyphae- Oomycetes
-motile and have 1 or 2 flagella
-very fragile, short-lived spores
-require free water to be effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: sporangium forms
2: sporangium's contents subdivide and burst the sporangium wall, releasing zoospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a saclike structure in which the entire contents are converted into an indefinite number of asexual spores in certain fungi and funguslike organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sporangium remains intact
-germinates directly
–no zoospores, no flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hyphae that result from germination |
|
|
Term
| When do fungi use the sexual stage? |
|
Definition
| when the future's uncertain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| union of 2 protoplasts or gametes to bring the nucleii together resulting in (N+N) dikaryon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of the 2 nucleii to form a zygote - resulting in (2N) diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cellulose in cell walls
-hyphae coenocytic - diploid
-asexual spores are borne in a sporangium- zoospores- motile
-examples: lower fungi and water molds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soilborne oomycete that causes seedling diseases and root rot
-root rot most likely to occur in cool, wet weather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-largest group of fungi
-have most plant disease
-have haploid septate mycelium
-use ascospores and ascocarps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual spores borne within a sac-like cell called an ascus (plural is asci) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plural asci
-sac-like cell within which ascospores are formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized fruiting structure within which asci are borne |
|
|
Term
| asexual stage of ascomycetes |
|
Definition
-where known they produce conidia
-taxonomy based on variability in conidial formation |
|
|
Term
| most common teleomorph in ascomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| taxonomy of ascomycetes based on... |
|
Definition
ascocarps
1: naked asci
2: apothecium
3: perithecium
4: chasmothecium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no true ascocarp
-asci exposed to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-partially exposed ascocarp
-ascospores ejected or oozed out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-completely closed ascocarp
-usually swell w/ water- break open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have dikaryotic mycelia w/ septa
-use basidiospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sexual spores that basidiomycetes use
-form on basidium
-4 sexual spores borne on the outside of a “club-like” cell called a basidium (plural is basidia)
-4 basidiospores per basidium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clublike cell upon which basidiospores form
-plural basidia
-4 basidiospores per basidium |
|
|
Term
| asexual stage in basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
| nonexistent in many basidiomycetes |
|
|
Term
| example of basidiomycete that uses asexual spore stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia produce spores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia are important in... |
|
Definition
-seedling diseases
-root rots
-crown rots
-this group includes Agarics- mushrooms we can eat |
|
|
Term
| Important fungal diseases include... |
|
Definition
-smuts
-rusts
-wood rotting fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have no sexual stage
-defined separately due to their importance in plant pathology
-haploid or dikaryotic septate mycelium
-some sterile mycelium
-most use asexual conidium |
|
|
Term
| Most of the conidial types of deuteromycetes are... |
|
Definition
-asexual stages of ascomycetes
-many foliage and wilt pathogens included in this group |
|
|
Term
| taxonomy of Deuteromycetes |
|
Definition
based on method of production of conidia
1: sterile mycelia
2: moniliales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no conidia - only mycelium
-may produce sclerotia - Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-conidia produced on specialized hyphae called conidiaphores - exposed freely in the air
-may produce sporodochia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hyphae upon which conidia are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-oidium
-monilia
-fusicladium
-alternaria
-helminthosporium
-botrytis
-penicillium |
|
|
Term
| fungal strategy for wind dispersion |
|
Definition
| get above laminar level to disperse spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyphal mats upon which spores may be raised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sporodochium (Fusarium)
-Sporodochium (Tubercularia)
-Synnema (Graphium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-conidia produced within an acervulus
-conidiophores are compacted and rupture the epidermis of the host plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an erumpent, cusionlike fruiting body bearing conidiophores, conidia, and sometimes setae |
|
|
Term
| types of acervulus or melanconiales |
|
Definition
-Calletotrichum
-Gloeasporium
-Coreyneum
-Cylindrosporium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conidia within a flask-like structure called Pycnidium |
|
|
Term
| types of pycnidium or sphaeropsidales |
|
Definition
-Phyllosticta
-Cytospora
-Sphaeropsis
-Diplodia
-Septoria |
|
|
Term
| examples of necrotic symptoms |
|
Definition
-blight
rot (later forms mummy)
-mosaic
-chlorosis
-vein necrosis
-wilt
-spots
-blotches |
|
|
Term
| examples of hypoplastic symptoms |
|
Definition
-rosetting
-dwarfing
-phylloydy |
|
|
Term
| examples of hyperplastic symptoms |
|
Definition
-fasciculation
-gall
-canker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-spores
-mycelium
-sclerotia
-chasmothecium |
|
|
Term
| signs of bacterial pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-father of phytopathology
-studied the potato blight pathogen and elucidated its life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease. 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease with same symptoms when introduced into a healthy organism. 4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent |
|
|
Term
| cons of Koch's Postulates |
|
Definition
-rules out secondary organisms
-not always 100% accurate
-can take a very long time
-need clean plants and a place to grow them
-doesn't work with obligate parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-isolate microorganisms from diseased corn plants
-will be used t identify the causal agent of this disease (labs 2-6) |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of oomycetes |
|
Definition
-similar to fungi
-water dependent
-aseptate hyphae
-wide host range |
|
|
Term
| asexual structures of oomycetes |
|
Definition
-sporangiophore
-sporangium
-zoospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized branching hyphae bearing sporangia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lemon shaped spore that may germinate or bear zoospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have 1 or 2 flagella
-chemotactic and phototrophic
-motile
-burns out quickly
-needs free water to be effective
-used by oomycetes
-asexual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-similar to bacteria, but lack cell wall
-obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insect vectors |
|
|
Term
| How do plants provide fuel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual spores borne within a sac-like cell called an ascus (plural is asci) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plural asci
-sac-like cell within which ascospores are formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized fruiting structure within which asci are borne |
|
|
Term
| asexual stage of ascomycetes |
|
Definition
-where known they produce conidia
-taxonomy based on variability in conidial formation |
|
|
Term
| most common teleomorph in ascomycetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| taxonomy of ascomycetes based on... |
|
Definition
ascocarps
1: naked asci
2: apothecium
3: perithecium
4: chasmothecium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no true ascocarp
-asci exposed to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-partially exposed ascocarp
-ascospores ejected or oozed out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-completely closed ascocarp
-usually swell w/ water- break open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have dikaryotic mycelia w/ septa
-use basidiospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sexual spores that basidiomycetes use
-form on basidium
-4 sexual spores borne on the outside of a “club-like” cell called a basidium (plural is basidia)
-4 basidiospores per basidium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clublike cell upon which basidiospores form
-plural basidia
-4 basidiospores per basidium |
|
|
Term
| asexual stage in basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
| nonexistent in many basidiomycetes |
|
|
Term
| example of basidiomycete that uses asexual spore stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia produce spores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia are important in... |
|
Definition
-seedling diseases
-root rots
-crown rots
-this group includes Agarics- mushrooms we can eat |
|
|
Term
| Important fungal diseases include... |
|
Definition
-smuts
-rusts
-wood rotting fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have no sexual stage
-defined separately due to their importance in plant pathology
-haploid or dikaryotic septate mycelium
-some sterile mycelium
-most use asexual conidium |
|
|
Term
| Most of the conidial types of deuteromycetes are... |
|
Definition
-asexual stages of ascomycetes
-many foliage and wilt pathogens included in this group |
|
|
Term
| taxonomy of Deuteromycetes |
|
Definition
based on method of production of conidia
1: sterile mycelia
2: moniliales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no conidia - only mycelium
-may produce sclerotia - Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-conidia produced on specialized hyphae called conidiaphores - exposed freely in the air
-may produce sporodochia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hyphae upon which conidia are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-oidium
-monilia
-fusicladium
-alternaria
-helminthosporium
-botrytis
-penicillium |
|
|
Term
| fungal strategy for wind dispersion |
|
Definition
| get above laminar level to disperse spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyphal mats upon which spores may be raised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sporodochium (Fusarium)
-Sporodochium (Tubercularia)
-Synnema (Graphium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-conidia produced within an acervulus
-conidiophores are compacted and rupture the epidermis of the host plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an erumpent, cusionlike fruiting body bearing conidiophores, conidia, and sometimes setae |
|
|
Term
| types of acervulus or melanconiales |
|
Definition
-Calletotrichum
-Gloeasporium
-Coreyneum
-Cylindrosporium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conidia within a flask-like structure called Pycnidium |
|
|
Term
| types of pycnidium or sphaeropsidales |
|
Definition
-Phyllosticta
-Cytospora
-Sphaeropsis
-Diplodia
-Septoria |
|
|
Term
| examples of necrotic symptoms |
|
Definition
-blight
rot (later forms mummy)
-mosaic
-chlorosis
-vein necrosis
-wilt
-spots
-blotches |
|
|
Term
| examples of hypoplastic symptoms |
|
Definition
-rosetting
-dwarfing
-phylloydy |
|
|
Term
| examples of hyperplastic symptoms |
|
Definition
-fasciculation
-gall
-canker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-spores
-mycelium
-sclerotia
-chasmothecium |
|
|
Term
| signs of bacterial pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-father of phytopathology
-studied the potato blight pathogen and elucidated its life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease. 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease with same symptoms when introduced into a healthy organism. 4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent |
|
|
Term
| cons of Koch's Postulates |
|
Definition
-rules out secondary organisms
-not always 100% accurate
-can take a very long time
-need clean plants and a place to grow them
-doesn't work with obligate parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-isolate microorganisms from diseased corn plants
-will be used t identify the causal agent of this disease (labs 2-6) |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of oomycetes |
|
Definition
-similar to fungi
-water dependent
-aseptate hyphae
-wide host range |
|
|
Term
| asexual structures of oomycetes |
|
Definition
-sporangiophore
-sporangium
-zoospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized branching hyphae bearing sporangia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lemon shaped spore that may germinate or bear zoospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have 1 or 2 flagella
-chemotactic and phototrophic
-motile
-burns out quickly
-needs free water to be effective
-used by oomycetes
-asexual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-similar to bacteria, but lack cell wall
-obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insect vectors |
|
|
Term
| How do plants provide fuel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some products of genetically engineered plants |
|
Definition
-pharmaceuticals
-enzymes
-hormones
-etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal factors of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means of disease expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of direct losses |
|
Definition
-yield reduction
-quality reduction
-reduce aesthetic values |
|
|
Term
| examples of indirect losses |
|
Definition
-cost of control measures
-use other varieties or crops (change in production, marketing, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Loss estimates are generally... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In less developed countrie, losses can be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does mechanical harvesting lower seed quality? |
|
Definition
-cracking and weathering at harvesting
-left in field for extended periods
–cotton, soybeans, turf/ forage grasses |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical diseases ______ seeds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may put plant under stress and cause seedling diseases to be more severe |
|
|
Term
| Any time you do this to a plant, it's more likely to get sick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results of Green Revolution |
|
Definition
-Mexico and other countries - increased yield 6.5 times since 1945
-No free lunch - management practices had to be drastically altered |
|
|
Term
| These factors led to more plant disease. |
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Definition
(1) increased plant population
(2) increased fertility more disease
(3) increased irrigation |
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Term
| The MidEast went from ______ acres of wheat i 1966 to ______ acres of wheat in 1971. |
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Definition
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Term
| These diseases decreased yield by 55%. |
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Definition
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Term
| This disease decreased yield by 80% (5% in USA) |
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Definition
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Definition
| a disease caused by a specialized group of the Basidiomycota (the basidiomycetes) that often produces spores of a rusty color |
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Definition
1: protozoan
2: head of nematode
3: fungal mycelium
4: viroids
5: mollicutes
6: bacteria |
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| 1: proteins synthesized
2: vitamins and hormones formed
3: reproduction and storage of starch, proteins, and fsts
4: transpiration
5: CO2
6: light
7: translocation of water and minerals
8: food translocation
9: photosynthesis
10: sugars and nitrogen form amino acids
11: uptake of H2O and minerals
12: protein synthesized |
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1: pathogen
2: environment
3: host |
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Definition
1: germ tube
2: appresorium
3: infection peg
4: haustorium |
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Definition
| formation of arthrospores |
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| conidia on distinct conidiophores |
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| Sporodochium (Tubercularia) |
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Definition
| Basidiospores on basidium |
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Definition
| Spermatia in spermagonium |
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1: zoospore
2: zoosporangium |
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Definition
| Ascus containing ascospores |
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Definition
soybean rust
takes food from it, spreads rapidly |
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Term
|
Definition
sudden oak death
-came out of nowhere
-is oomycete
-unsure whether it'll be a problem here |
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Term
|
Definition
1: shoot blight
2: leaf blight
3: fruit spot
4: fruit rot
5: leaf spot
6: canker
7: wilt
8: vascular wilt
9: crown gall
10: root rot |
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Term
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Definition
Dutch elm disease
-spreads to other trees
-strangles vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
plant wilt
rots vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans |
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Term
|
Definition
| necrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans |
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Term
|
Definition
| sporangia caused by Phytophthora infestans |
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Term
|
Definition
| blighted plant caused by Phytophthora infestans |
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Term
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Definition
| entire field blighted by Phytophthora infestans |
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Term
| pathogen that causes late blight of potato and tomato |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sexual stage of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
oospores
thus, it's an oomycete |
|
|
Term
| asexual structures of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of hyphae in Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans in 1700's |
|
Definition
potato brought from S. America
propagated as vegetative clone |
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans in 1800's |
|
Definition
| potato was main food crop in many parts of Europe, especially Ireland |
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans in 1845-1847 |
|
Definition
| disease occurred in epidemic proportions |
|
|
Term
| effect of Phytophthora infestans in Europe |
|
Definition
infected potato introduced and propagated
devastated potato crop throughout Europe and UK
kicked off study of plant pathology in Europe; got plant pathology going |
|
|
Term
| how potato was propagated in Europe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things caused by Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
caused widespread starvation and migration of Irish to USA
1.5 million people died and 16 million immigrated to USA
one of history's major catastrophies due to plant pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans infects the ___________ of potatoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infected potato tubers first showed up in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of Phytophthora infestans, _______ mating type(s) showed up in Europe and USA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans has ______ mating type(s). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
both __________ and _______________ were genetically uniform in Europe. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Will potato grow in hot weather? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans can survive outside of typical host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
| throughout the world where susceptible crops are grown |
|
|
Term
| where Phytophthora infestans occurs in USA |
|
Definition
| most frequent in New England, NY, and Penn |
|
|
Term
| When does Phytophthora infestans occur in the Southeast? |
|
Definition
occasionally
when crops are grown during winter |
|
|
Term
| hosts of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
potato and tomato
other members of the Solanaceae
eggplant and common in weeds |
|
|
Term
| Losses due to Phytophthora infestans vary considerably depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of environment Phytophthora infestans needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
| can destroy entire field of potatoes within 2 weeks after initial symptoms are evident |
|
|
Term
| frequency of Phytophthora infestans epidemics |
|
Definition
| usually 1 of 4 years in major potato producing regions |
|
|
Term
| foliar symptoms of potato and tomato regarding Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
1: hydrosis- on tips of leaflets- become necrotic- turn black to brown- die
2: wet and cool for extended periods- lesions enlarge- entire shoot system killed (i.e.- a blight)
3: plants that are killed give off pungent odor (diagnostic feature) |
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|
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
hydrosis does this before collapsing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding Phytophthora infestans: what happens 1st: death of oiriginal plants or spreading to other plants? |
|
Definition
| spreading to other plants |
|
|
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
How long does it take for hydrosis to turn into necrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Phytophthora infestans progress? |
|
Definition
| only when it's cool and wet |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Phytophthora infestans on potato tubers |
|
Definition
black-brown-dry rot inside potato
irregular sunken lesions
in transit and storage tubers decay (still alive)
pathogen can spread to healthy tubers |
|
|
Term
| In years where Phytophthora infestans isn't severe in the field, where can tubers be infected and rot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Phytophthora infestans poisonous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much Phytophthora infestans does it take for the entire lot to be rejected? |
|
Definition
| just 1 in a huge lot means entire lot is rejected |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Phytophthora infestans in tomato |
|
Definition
attacked at any stage of development, frequently at stem end (not blossom-end rot)
lesions-green-gray-water soaked-continue to develop after harvest
fruit becomes soft and watery
attacked in similar fasion to potato, but not as messy |
|
|
Term
| signs of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
| sporangia and sporangiophores appear as downy growth on underside of leaflets- moist conditions |
|
|
Term
| disease cycle of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
1: overwintering
2: dissemination
3: penetration
4: invasion
5: reproduction and secondary cycle
6: end of season, when tubers begin to form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside of potato with Phytophthora infestans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside of potato with Phytophthora infestans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tomato with Phytophthora infestans |
|
|
Term
| overwintering phase of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-primarily as dormant mycelium in infected tubers- in field or in cull piles
-can overwinter as oospores, which are sexual, which causes genetic diversity
-oospores occur in Mexico, S. America- survival structures
-oospores increasingly common in US- require 2 mating types (heterothallic) and both are present now |
|
|
Term
| dissemination phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato |
|
Definition
-potato shoot sprouts from infected tubers
-pathogen grows into aerial portion of plant thru cortex
-sporangiophores and sporangia emerge from lenticels on stem and stomates on emerging leaflets
-sporangia- detatched- blown in wet, windy weather to nearby susceptible plants
-below 15°C- indirect germination- 8 zoospores
-above 15°C- direct germination- germ tube
-oospores directly germinate |
|
|
Term
| penetration phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato |
|
Definition
-thru the epidermis directly by formation of appresoria-
-also thru stomates |
|
|
Term
| invasion phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato |
|
Definition
-starts as intercellular hyphae and haustoria (causes hydrosis)
-rapidly becomes intracellular hyphae
-enzymatic dissolution of plant cellular structure
-progresses to necrotic blight
-unchecked- consumes entire plant unless weather becomes warm, dry |
|
|
Term
| reproduction and secondary life cycle phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato |
|
Definition
-sporangia and sporangiophores produced thru stomates on this season's foliage
-disseminated to nearby plants by wind and rain (same as dissemination of primary inocculum)
-if it goes from infected to healthy during same growing season, it's secondary, where it uses sporulation and lenticels |
|
|
Term
in potato:
what Phytophthora infestans does at end of season when tubers begin to form |
|
Definition
-some sporangia fall to the soil
-washed down by rains, irrigation water
-sporangia germinate
-zoospores swim to the infect tubers while still buried in soil (chemotactic response)
-infection occurs thru wounds or lenticels
-tubers may become infected during digging operation
-decay develops in storage- spread from tuber to tuber
-entire lot is rejected by packer if any infected tubers are found
-may result in a complete economic loss of the crop |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans overwinters in potato |
|
Definition
-primarily as dormant mycelium in infected tubers- in field or cull piles
-can overwinter as oospores, which are sexual, creating genetic diversity
part of overwintering phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires 2 mating types; this describes oospores |
|
|
Term
in potato:
Where do oospores of Phytophthora infestans occur? |
|
Definition
primarily Mexico and S. America, but increasingly common in US
part of overwintering phase |
|
|
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
potato shoots sprout from... |
|
Definition
infected tubers
part of dissemination phase |
|
|
Term
in potato:
Phytophthora infestans grows into ______ portion of plant thru ______. |
|
Definition
aerial
cortex
part of dissemination phase |
|
|
Term
Phytophthora infestans in potato:
______ and ______ emerge from lenticels on stem and stomates on emerging leaflets |
|
Definition
sporangiophores
sporangia
part of dissemination phase |
|
|
Term
Phytophthora infestans in potato:
sporangiophores and sporangia emerge from... |
|
Definition
lenticels on stem and stomates on emerging leaflets
part of dissemination phase |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans in potato is disseminated |
|
Definition
sporangia-detatched-blown in wet, windy weather to nearby susceptible plants
part of dissemination phase |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans in potato germinates |
|
Definition
-below 15°C: indirect germination- 8 zoospores
-above 15°C: direct germination- germ tube
-germinate directly if using oospores
part of dissemination phase |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans penetrates in potato |
|
Definition
-thru the epidermis directly by formation of appresoria
-also thru stomates
part of invasion phase |
|
|
Term
| When Phytophthora infestans invades potato, it starts as ______ and rapidly becomes ______. |
|
Definition
intercellular hyphae and haustoria, causing hydrosis
intracellular hyphae
part of invasion phase |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans destroys cells in potato |
|
Definition
-enzymatic dissolution of plant cellular structure
-progresses to necrotic blight
part of invasion phase |
|
|
Term
| what Phytophthora infestans does to potato left unchecked |
|
Definition
consumes entire plant unless weather becomes warm, dry
part of invasion phase |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans in potato reproduces (not secondary cycle) |
|
Definition
| sporangia and sporangiophores produced thru stomates on this season's foliage gets disseminated to nearby plants by wind and rain; same as primary inocculum |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans in potato reproduces if in secondary cycle |
|
Definition
-goes from infected to healthy during same growing season
-sporulation and lenticels |
|
|
Term
| what sporangia of Phytophthora infestans do at the end of the season |
|
Definition
-some sporangia fall to the soil
-washed down by rains, irrigation water
-sporangia germinate |
|
|
Term
| how Phytophthora infestans can infect potato when tubers begin to form |
|
Definition
-zoospores swim to infect the tubers while still buried in soil (chemotactic response)
-infection occurs thru wounds or lenticels
-tubers may become infected during digging
-decay develops in storage- spreads from tuber to tuber |
|
|
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
entire potato lot of potatoes is rejected if... |
|
Definition
| 1 infected tuber is found |
|
|
Term
| effect of of environment on Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-both temperature and moisture play important roles in growth of the pathogen and spread
-ample inocculum nearly always present to create an epidemic
-weather is limiting factor |
|
|
Term
| ideal conditions for Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
| cool, moist nights- 10-18°C and relative humidity 91-100%- best for disease development |
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans sporulates best at these conditions |
|
Definition
| 100% relative humidity at 16-22°C |
|
|
Term
| sporangia of Phytophthora infestans require this to germinate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans can't survive for more than ______ hours below 80% relative humidity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans can't survive for more than 3-6 hours below ______ relative humidity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature above ______ stops growth of Phytophthora infestans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gotta get plant out of ______ before disease starts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first disease for which a predictive model was developed |
|
Definition
| Phytophthora infestans (late blight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease model for late blight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
time control applications in individual fields
-10-15°C
-r.h. above 75% > 48 hours
-=epidemic outbreak 2-3 weeks later |
|
|
Term
| conservative model of BLITECAST |
|
Definition
| more sprays/less lawsuits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you have no primary inocculum |
|
|
Term
| BLITECAST model is extremely (liberal or conservative) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLITECAST may cause more ______ than needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of control against Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-an ounce of prevention... cultural practices
-protection- chemical applications
-eradication
-resistance |
|
|
Term
regarding control of Phytophthora infestans:
types of an ounce of prevention... cultural practices control methods |
|
Definition
-crop rotation
-destroy cull potatoes after harvest (enforced by ordinances)
-don't plant tomatoes near potatoes
-use tomato/potato transplants certified as disease free |
|
|
Term
| how to do crop rotation to control Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
| don't rotate potatoes and tomatoes (disaster waiting to happen) |
|
|
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
why it's important to destroy cull potatoes after harvest |
|
Definition
| 1 cull pile could destroy 3 counties |
|
|
Term
| when to use chemical applications to control Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
| if cultural practices don't work |
|
|
Term
regarding control of Phytophthora infestans:
use this to protect foliage during growing season |
|
Definition
| foliar fungicides- older protectants + newer systemics |
|
|
Term
| Why is Phytophthora infestans becoming more prevalent in US? |
|
Definition
| recently introduced strains of pathogen have fungicide resistance and are more aggresive |
|
|
Term
| ideal spray timing for foliar fungicides to control Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-7-10 days for normal weather
-3-4 days for cool and wet weather |
|
|
Term
| eradication method of controlling Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-use of herbicides to kill vines prior to harvest
-reduces chance of infection of tubers
-do this so pathogen has nothing to sporulate on |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of resistance to Phytophthora infestans known in potato |
|
Definition
| -quantitative resistance -dominant single gene resistance |
|
|
Term
| quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-variable levels of resistance
-multigenic
-from Solanum tuberosum
-still need fungicides, but lots less |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only means of sustainable control against Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of quantitative resistance |
|
Definition
1: varieties are only moderately resistant, but resistant to all races of a pathogen
2: resistance is controlled by numerous recessive genes and is quantitative
3: doesn't prevent infection, but rather slows down disease development after infection
4: must also use a reduced spray program for good disease control |
|
|
Term
| dominant single gene resistance to Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-from Solanum demissum
1: varieties are either completely resistant or susceptible
2: controlled by single dominant genes
3: hypersensitivity- cells in area are rapidly killed by host- pathogen also dies- with obligate pathogens, no food available in dead cells
-use almost exclusively for obligate parasite
5: necessary to know pathogenic races present in an area
6: this type of resistance is eventually overcome by pathogen- contest for survival
-that microbe will mutate |
|
|
Term
| the only potato species from which someone found a resistance gene to Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death of host cell tissue, in this case, to kill pathogen |
|
|
Term
| how to keep potatoes resistant to Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Phytophthora infestans start mutating? |
|
Definition
| when you deploy the resistance |
|
|
Term
| hydrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| necrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sporangia caused by Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blighted plant caused by Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| entire field blighted by Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inside of potato with Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outside of potato with Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tomato with Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agent of downy mildew of grape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of downy mildew of grape |
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola is similar to Phytophthora infestans except... |
|
Definition
| that oospores are commonly produced |
|
|
Term
| sexual stage of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
oospores
thus, it's an oomycete |
|
|
Term
| asexual stages of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola has this type of hyphae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most diseases spread to... |
|
Definition
| only certain parts of the plant |
|
|
Term
| where Plasmopora viticola is found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Plasmopora viticola hard or easy to manage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola is a(n) ______ parasite. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Plasmopora viticola host specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hosts of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-European grape (Vitis vinifera)
-American grape (Vitis rotundifolia) |
|
|
Term
| susceptibility of European grape to Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| susceptibility of American grape to Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola was introduced from US to Europe in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola was introduced from ______ to ______ in 1870's. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pathogen led to the development of the first fungicide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the first fungicide
-mix of copper sulfate and lime
-invented in 1885
-still used today |
|
|
Term
| Copper is this type of antibiotic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you go over ______% with Bordeaux Mixture, it'll kill plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bordeaux mixture has to be used in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Copper winds up in soil. What does it do to it? |
|
Definition
| acidifies it, making it worse for plants |
|
|
Term
| most serious disease of grape in humid environments (Europe, eastern USA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Plasmopora viticola can be a problem in areas where it usually isn't a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola can result in ______% crop loss if not controlled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Plasmopora viticola occur in Georgia? |
|
Definition
| yes, severe outbreaks in some years |
|
|
Term
| the only way Plasmopora viticola can happen in California |
|
Definition
| if someone uses overhead irrigation |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-different from late blight. Lesions start as chlorotic spots- enlarge and turn necrotic.
-lesions don't spread as in late blight
-many lesions- necrotic, defoliation
-early season infections- kills berries
-growth distortions of young tissues
-make young shoots go curly |
|
|
Term
| signs of Phytophthora infestans |
|
Definition
-sporangiophores and sporangia
-underside of leaves
-"downy" white growth
-only in wet conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaf with all new spots caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| leaf with all new spots caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spots caused by second generation of Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| spots caused by second generation of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underside of leaf with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| underside of leaf with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaf rotted by Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| leaf rotted by Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grapes rotted by Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| grapes rotted by Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grapes with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| grapes with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close up of downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
|
Term
| close up of downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola can overwinter as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola can overwinter as mycelium in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola can overwinter as oospores only if... |
|
Definition
| both mating types are present |
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
1: mycelium as overwintering stage
2: oospores as overwintering stage |
|
|
Term
| mycelium of Plasmopora viticola produces ______ on plant surfaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oospores of Plasmopora viticola are found in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oospores of Plasmopora viticola germinate to produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| invasion phase of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-Limited to discrete lesions
-Intercellular – forms haustoria in plant cells
-Hyphae adapt shape to intercellular spaces
-Lesions light green at first – then necrotic |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of lesions in Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-limited to discrete lesions
-Lesions light green at first – then necrotic |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of hyphae in Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-Intercellular – forms haustoria in plant cells
-Hyphae adapt shape to intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| Intercellular hyphae of Plasmopora viticola form ______ in plant cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only fungus whose intercellular hyphae fill in the spaces between cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reproduction phase of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
Sporangiaphores emerge through stomates,
lenticels |
|
|
Term
| Sporangiaphores of Plasmopora viticola emerge through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary cycles of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-Similar to late blight
-Sporangia/ zoospores are inoculum
-Penetration is always through stomates (indirect) |
|
|
Term
| In the secondary cycle of Plasmopora viticola, these are the inoculum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during secondary cycle, Plasmopora viticola always enters through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is entering through stomates direct or indirect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ideal environmental conditions for Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-Moisture is just as critical as for late blight
-Cool temperatures are not necessary
-Downy mildew does well at warm temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Are cool temperatures necessary for Plasmopora viticola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola does well at these temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to control Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
1: sanitation
2: applying fungicides if sanitation doesn't work |
|
|
Term
| sanitation to get rid of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-mycelia - prune infected twigs, late season
-oospores - remove leaf debris from under
plants
-destroy pruning/ debris - burn or haul off
-traditional spring ritual – “Burning of vines” |
|
|
Term
| how to get rid of mycelia of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
| prune infected twigs, late season |
|
|
Term
| how to get rid of oospores of Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
remove leaf debris from under
plants |
|
|
Term
| how to destroy pruning/ debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| traditional spring ritual for controlling Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you get rid of all the Plasmopora viticola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding Plasmopora viticola, if you don't burn this, things will get worse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Romans started this practice regarding Plasmopora viticola. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who started the burning of vines regarding Plasmopora viticola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When trying to control Plasmopora viticola, apply fungicides if... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of fungicides you can use to control Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
-protective
-systemic
-combination |
|
|
Term
| protective fungicide you can use to control Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| systemic fungicide you can use to control Plasmopora viticola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metalaxyl was developed specifically for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of fungicide works best for controlling Plasmopora viticola. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Timing of fungicide application to control Plasmopora viticola is critical. Timing can be difficult in these seasons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can disease forecasting be used in applying fungicide to control Plasmopora viticola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phytophthora infestans life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmopora viticola disease cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general characteristics of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
-Ascomycetes
-All are obligate parasites
-asexual stage - conidia
-sexual stage - chasmothecia, asci
w/ascospores |
|
|
Term
| Powdery mildews are in this group of fungi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| powdery mildews are ______ parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asexual stage of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sexual stages of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
| chasmothecia, asci w/ ascospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conidia of powdery mildew |
|
|
Term
| conidia of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conidiaphore of powdery mildew |
|
|
Term
| conidiaphore of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spores of powdery mildew ejecting asci |
|
|
Term
| spores of powdery mildew ejecting asci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conidia of powdery mildew contain ______ that yield diploid mycelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conidia of powdery mildew contain haploid spores that yield ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In powdery mildew, diploid mycelium develops when... |
|
Definition
| antheridium and oogonium fuse |
|
|
Term
| ascospores of powdery mildew eject... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When it comes to powdery mildew, this is diagnostic for the genus. |
|
Definition
| the behavior of the hyphae after the ascospore releases asci |
|
|
Term
| When does powdery mildew go into sexual stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of powdery mildew comes from... |
|
Definition
signs - mycelium, conidia,
conidiophores and chasmothecia on surface of
shoot tissue |
|
|
Term
| The mycelium of powdery mildew is superficial, which means... |
|
Definition
it only penetrates the
epidermal cells – feeds with haustoria |
|
|
Term
| powdery mildew feeds with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding powdery mildew:
Genera of fungi distinguished on the basis of... |
|
Definition
| number of asci in chasmothecia and type of appendages |
|
|
Term
| Powdery mildew occurs in these forms, based on... |
|
Definition
specialized forms
ability to attack different plant species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powdery mildew on some plants |
|
|
Term
| powdery mildew on some plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does powdery mildew always cause necrotic lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaf curling caused by powdery mildew |
|
|
Term
| leaf curling caused by powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pale spots caused by powdery mildew |
|
|
Term
| pale spots caused by powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early sign of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 levels of host specificity for powdery mildew |
|
Definition
1: Species name of the pathogen (specific for a related group of plants)
2: Special form (formis specialis = f.sp.) (specific for a plant genus)
3: Race (specific for a cultivar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obligates are very specific. |
|
|
Term
| Specific races of powdery mildew can attack ______ cultivars. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host range of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
-wide range of plants
-temperate zones |
|
|
Term
| economic importance of powdery mildew |
|
Definition
-Cereals
-apples
-ornamentals
-floral crops
-forest trees
-vegetables |
|
|
Term
| Does powdery mildew occur in the tropics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does rainfall do to powdery mildew? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conidia of powdery mildew germinate when ______ is high. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does powdery mildew need free moisture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high humidity in this canopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of powdery mildew on host |
|
Definition
-Obligate parasites
-Usually do not kill hosts
-Reduce photosynthesis when infection is heavy |
|
|
Term
| Powdery mildew does this to grapes. |
|
Definition
| reduces their sugar content |
|
|
Term
| ways to control powdery mildew |
|
Definition
1. Protective chemical sprays
-Spores of powdery mildews do not germinate in free water
-Fungicides that require solubilization are relatively ineffective
-Sulfur sprays and dusts that are volatile
-Systemics - work very well
2. Also use sanitation - burn or dispose of primary inoculum sources - overwintering chasmothecia |
|
|
Term
| Do spores of powdery mildew germinate in free water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungicides that require this are relatively ineffective at controlling powdery mildew. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These types of fungicides work very well in controlling powdery mildew. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methods of sanitation in controlling powdery mildew |
|
Definition
| burn or dispose of primary inoculum sources and overwintering chasmothecia |
|
|
Term
| causal agent of powdery mildew of rose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of powdery mildew of rose |
|
|
Term
| chasmothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-one ascus
-simple appendages |
|
|
Term
| host range of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-widely distributed
-temperate region |
|
|
Term
| importance of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
| reduces flower production, flower quality, and plant vigor |
|
|
Term
| Does Sphaerotheca pannosa need humidity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Sphaerotheca pannosa:
How many blemishes puts rose in trash can? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| appendages of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
| straight appendages w/o hooks |
|
|
Term
| disease cycle of Sphaerotheca pannosa and most other powdery mildews |
|
Definition
1: overwinter
2: primary inocumum
3: penetration, infection
4: secondary inoculum
5: initiates production of cleistithecia late in growing season
6: cleistothecia mature during the dormant season |
|
|
Term
| overwintering phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
1: mycelium in buds
2: cleistothecia in infected shoots; can also be in leaves |
|
|
Term
| mycelium of Sphaerotheca pannosa occurs in this part of the rose |
|
Definition
the buds
part of overwintering phase |
|
|
Term
| cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa occurs in these parts of the rose |
|
Definition
-shoots
-can be in leaves
part of overwintering phase |
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
1. Bud break – shoot growth – mycelia cover
new shoots – produce conidia
2. Spring - mature chasmothecia swell, break
open and liberate ascospores |
|
|
Term
| how Sphaerotheca pannosa makes conidia in the primary inoculum phase |
|
Definition
| Bud break – shoot growth – mycelia cover new shoots – produce conidia |
|
|
Term
| how Sphaerotheca pannosa creates ascospores in the primary inocculum phase |
|
Definition
mature chasmothecia swell, break
open and liberate ascospores |
|
|
Term
| penetration, infection phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
1. Ascospore - germinates - forms a germ tube
and appressorium
-penetrates directly through epidermal cell
wall
-produces haustoria - mycelium on tissue
surface
2. Conidia – same process as for ascospores |
|
|
Term
| what ascospore does in penetration, infection phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-Ascospore - germinates - forms a germ tube
and appressorium
-penetrates directly through epidermal cell
wall
-produces haustoria - mycelium on tissue
surface |
|
|
Term
| how ascospore germinates in Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
| penetrates directly thru epidermal cell wall (direct penetration) |
|
|
Term
| what Sphaerotheca pannosa produces to feed on host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______% of the mass of Sphaerotheca pannosa is on the surface of the host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conidia do in penetration, infection phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-Conidia - germinates - forms a germ tube and appressorium
-penetrates directly through epidermal cell wall
-produces haustoria - mycelium on tissue surface |
|
|
Term
| how conidia germinate in Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
| penetrates directly thru epidermal cell wall (direct penetration) |
|
|
Term
| secondary inoculum phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-conidia on surface of lesions - wind dispersed
-conidia penetrate and invade host tissue same
as ascospores |
|
|
Term
| where conidia of Sphaerotheca pannosa are found during the secondary inoculum phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how conidia are dispersed in secondary inoculum phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conidia of Sphaerotheca pannosa do this the same way as ascospores |
|
Definition
| penetrate and invade host tissue |
|
|
Term
| what Sphaerotheca pannosa does late during the growing season |
|
Definition
| initiate the production of cliestothecia |
|
|
Term
| where the cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa are produced late in the growing season |
|
Definition
| in same lesions that were producing conidia |
|
|
Term
| What determines when Sphaerotheca pannosa produces cleistothecia? |
|
Definition
| timed with senesscence of leaves in fall |
|
|
Term
| Cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa do this during dormant season. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sphaerotheca pannosa in early season |
|
|
Term
| Sphaerotheca pannosa in early season |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sphaerotheca pannosa when stem shows signs of senesscence |
|
|
Term
| Sphaerotheca pannosa when stem shows signs of senesscence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
|
Term
| mature cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to control Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-Same as for powdery mildews in general
1. Spray protectant fungicide on regular schedule –
rain not needed to infect
2. Sanitation is extremely important
a. Remove and destroy leaf litter
b. Prune diseased shoots – remove and
destroy |
|
|
Term
| ways to sanitize against Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
-remove and destroy leaf litter
-prune diseased shoots- remove and destroy |
|
|
Term
| one thing that seems to come with resistance to Sphaerotheca pannosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which branches should you destroy when trying to control Sphaerotheca pannosa? |
|
Definition
| destroy the branches with the mycelia on it |
|
|
Term
| life cycle of Sphaerotheca pannosa, similar to that of other powdery mildews |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum on powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary inoculum on powdery mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agent of apple scab |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of apple scab |
|
|
Term
| Venturia inaequalis is in this group of fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sexual spores of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| ascospores in pseudothecium |
|
|
Term
| asexual spores of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pseudothecium vs. perithecium |
|
Definition
| pretty much the same, except for how they're formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pseudothecium of Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| pseudothecium of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ascospores of Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| ascospores of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrow points to epidermis of plant infected by Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| epidermis of plant infected by Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| 2 cells per ascospore, one bigger than the other |
|
|
Term
| Are basidiomycetes haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| Found wherever apples are grown |
|
|
Term
| Venturia inaequalis is worse in these climates. |
|
Definition
-cool, wet climates, such as...
--N. Central and N. Eastern USA
--Mountainous growing areas in S. E. USA |
|
|
Term
| Most important pathogen of apples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venturia inaequalis can result in ______% loss if not controlled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Venturia inaequalis a problem in dry climates? |
|
Definition
| no, don't have to deal with it |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-Lesions on leaves, fruit:
--Olive - gray - black, slightly raised (scablike)
-May defoliate tree
-Fruit has similar lesions - becomes cracked, distorted, unmarketable |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of lesions caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| Olive - gray - black, slightly raised (scablike) |
|
|
Term
| Other than causing lesions, Venturia inaequalis may do this to a tree. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Venturia inaequalis does to fruit |
|
Definition
-causes lesions
-makes fruit become cracked, distorted, unmarketable |
|
|
Term
| signs of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-Dark, raised, scab-like structures are mats of
subcuticular mycelium
-necrotic underneath |
|
|
Term
| Does Venturia inaequalis act on twigs and sticks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often do you have to spray for Venturia inaequalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the dark, raised, scab-like structures on plants infected by Venturia inaequalis? |
|
Definition
| mats of subcuticular mycelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| top side of leaf showing signs of Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| top side of leaf showing signs of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underside of leaf showing necrosis caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| underside of leaf showing necrosis caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distortion caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| distortion caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scab caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| scab caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cracking caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| cracking caused by Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How deep does Venturia inaequalis go on fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease cycle of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
1: survival
2: primary inoculum
3: penetration
4: invasion
5: reproduction
6: secondary cycles |
|
|
Term
| survival stage of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| As immature pseudothecia and mycelium in dead leaves on the ground. |
|
|
Term
| how Venturia inaequalis overwinters in warmer regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum phase of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-pseudothecia mature in spring - ascospores are inoculum
-Germination requires 12-28 hours of continuous
moisture at cool temperatures |
|
|
Term
| When do pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis require these conditions to germinate. |
|
Definition
| 12-28 hours of continuous moisture at cool temperatures |
|
|
Term
| When do ascomycetes make conidia and ascospores? |
|
Definition
| seem to not make them until they need them |
|
|
Term
| Are ascospores of Venturia inaequalis survival structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Venturia inaequalis penetrates |
|
Definition
| direct, only thru cuticle |
|
|
Term
| Venturia inaequalis penetrates directly, only thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direct penetration is fairly common for these type pathogens. |
|
Definition
| foliar and shoot type pathogens |
|
|
Term
| invasion phase of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-Hyphae grow between the cuticle and the outer cell wall of the epidermis
-Cells are killed by toxins, enzymes
-No haustoria – causes cells to leak, degrade –
then absorbs nutrients |
|
|
Term
| where hyphae of Venturia inaequalis grow |
|
Definition
| between the cuticle and the outer cell wall of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| how Venturia inaequalis kills cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Venturia inaequalis use haustoria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Venturia inaequalis feeds on host |
|
Definition
-No haustoria
–causes cells to leak, degrade
–then absorbs nutrients |
|
|
Term
| reproduction phase of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-Conidia are produced on surface of lesions
-Rain is necessary for spread of conidia |
|
|
Term
| where conidia of Venturia inaequalis are produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is necessary for the spread of conidia of Venturia inaequalis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venturia inaequalis does this to the cell membranes of its host |
|
Definition
| affects cell membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
| Can Venturia inaequalis be grown in culture? |
|
Definition
| difficult to grow in culture |
|
|
Term
| secondary cycles phase of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| Similar to primary cycle except conidia are inoculum |
|
|
Term
| secondary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sexual stage of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| Pseudothecia are produced in leaves on ground in fall - overwinter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overwintering pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis |
|
|
Term
| overwintering pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| weather vs. severity of outbreak of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of outbreak keeps Venturia inaequalis going. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to control Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
1: protective fungicides
2: sanitation |
|
|
Term
| how to use protective fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| -important to have complete spray program -Start before bloom and continue until few weeks before harvest |
|
|
Term
| when to start spraying fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
| before bloom (at "pinktip") |
|
|
Term
| Continue spraying protective fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis until... |
|
Definition
| a few weeks before harvest |
|
|
Term
| Why do you have to rotate fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis? |
|
Definition
| due to adaptability of fungus |
|
|
Term
| types of spray programs that can be used to control Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
1. Calendar spray program:
-Green tip through bloom - apply weekly
-Petal fall until harvest – apply every two weeks
2. Disease forecaster:
-Apply at variable intervals
-Depends on weather
3. Resistant cultivars |
|
|
Term
| how often to apply fungicide to control Venturia inaequalis on calendar spray program |
|
Definition
-Green tip through bloom - apply weekly
-Petal fall until harvest – apply every two weeks |
|
|
Term
| how often to apply fungicide to control Venturia inaequalis on disease forecaster program |
|
Definition
-Apply at variable intervals
-Depends on weather |
|
|
Term
| how to do sanitation when trying to control Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-mow/ shred leaf litter
-removes overwintering stage
-may reduce disease by 65 % |
|
|
Term
| Do this to leaf litter to control Venturia inaequalis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mowing/ shredding leaf litter does this in terms of controlling Venturia inaequalis, which may reduce disease by ______%. |
|
Definition
removes overwintering stage
65% |
|
|
Term
| Can Venturia inaequalis operate on surface w/o penetrating surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In S. Georgia, there's pecan scab, which does this. |
|
Definition
| develops resistance to fungicides rapidly |
|
|
Term
| Is sanitation to control Venturia inaequalis worth doing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cultivars of apple that seem to be resistant to Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
-Jonafree
-Liberty
-Goldrush
-Enterprise
-Redfree |
|
|
Term
| Why aren't cultivars of apple resistant to Venturia inaequalis very commonplace? |
|
Definition
| seem to not be accepted by general public |
|
|
Term
| This can knock the whole disease cycle of Venturia inaequalis back. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life cycle of Venturia inaequalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits |
|
Definition
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fricticola |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is in this group of fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola where it's asci in apothecia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-conidial stage of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
-Monilinia is imperfect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the asexual stage of members of the Ascomycota (the ascomycetes) and the Basidiomycota (the basidiomycetes) |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| Throughout the world - wherever rainfall occurs during period of fruit ripening |
|
|
Term
| ideal conditions for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| wherever rainfall occurs during period of fruit ripening |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the US is Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola most severe? |
|
Definition
| Atlantic coast, including Southeast |
|
|
Term
| host range of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-peach
-plum
-cherries
equally severe |
|
|
Term
| losses due to Monilinia (sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
1. In the orchard
2. After harvest
3. In transit
4. Marketing |
|
|
Term
| loss to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola in wet seasons (% loss) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| losses in transit caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola (% loss) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stone fruits does Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola attack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola occur in dry climate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola crop up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Flowers – light brown spots, rapidly spread to full blossom rot
-Twigs – sunken canker at fruit spur, may girdle stem
-Fruit – tan-to-brown soft lesions, rapidly spread to rot entire fruit |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on flowers |
|
Definition
| light brown spots that rapidly spread to full blossom rot |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on twigs |
|
Definition
-sunken canker at fruit spur
-may girdle stem |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on fruit |
|
Definition
| tan-to-brown soft lesions that rapidly spread to rot entire fruit |
|
|
Term
| signs of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| Tufts of gray conidia covering surfaces on any infected tissue |
|
|
Term
regarding Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola:
When does 100% fruit loss not happen? |
|
Definition
| with intensive management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning to collapse and cankers forming caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
|
Term
| beginning to collapse and cankers forming caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on peach |
|
|
Term
| conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on peach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peach infected by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola rotting |
|
|
Term
| peach infected by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola rotting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mummy on peach caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
|
Term
| mummy on peach caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on other fruits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
|
Term
| conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apothecia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
|
Term
| apothecia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does this, it may help the inoculum stay in the tree. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola forms a mummy, it may help the inocculum do this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola to form conidia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola to form a mummy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can be dispersed thru canopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola form Apothecia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease cycle of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
1: overwintering
2: dissemination and inoculation
3: penetration and infection
4: reproduction
5: disease dormant until fruit ripening |
|
|
Term
| various methods by which Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can overwinter |
|
Definition
-mummies on the tree
-mummies on ground
-cankers on infected twigs |
|
|
Term
| All methods of overwintering help Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola do this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola produces primary inoculum |
|
Definition
-Mummies on tree - conidia
-Cankers - conidia
-Mummies on soil - apothecia - ascospores (+conidia) |
|
|
Term
| how conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are dispersed |
|
Definition
-rain/wind
-rain splash or insects |
|
|
Term
| how ascospores of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are dispersed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates host |
|
Definition
| directly thru floral parts |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates host thru these parts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After landing on the host, conidia and ascospores of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola produce this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal(s) can carry the ascospores of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola from flowers to other plants? |
|
Definition
| bees and other pollinating animals |
|
|
Term
| The goal when trying to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is to reduce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is (intracellular or intercellular?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the host |
|
Definition
-grows through floral parts - into the
fruit spur and twig
-canker is formed |
|
|
Term
| what the intracellular mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the cells of the host |
|
Definition
| liquefies the cell contents |
|
|
Term
| Conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are formed on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tufts (sporodochia) of ______ produced in chains |
|
Definition
| conidiophores and conidia |
|
|
Term
| Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tree supplies this, letting conidia form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| source of inoculum of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola while disease is dormant until fruit ripening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these parts of the host are resistant to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does fruit become susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can't penetrate thru this. |
|
Definition
| leaves and lignified tissue |
|
|
Term
| overwintering phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
various methods
-mummies on the tree
-mummies on ground
-cankers on infected twigs
-production of primary inoculum |
|
|
Term
| dissemination and inoculation phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Conidia - rain/ wind, rain splash or insects
-Ascospores - ejected - windblown |
|
|
Term
| penetration and infection phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Penetration occurs thru floral parts
-Conidia and ascospores produce germ tube
-Penetrate directly
-Mycelium is intracellular
-Mycelium grows through floral parts - into the fruit spur and twig
-Canker is formed |
|
|
Term
| reproduction phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Conidia on the canker surface
-Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains |
|
|
Term
| disease dormant until fruit ripening phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Source of inoculum - conidia on cankers
***Requires rainfall - wet weather
***Leaves are resistant
***Young fruit are resistant
--->Become susceptible with ripening |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Scletotinia) fructicola penetrates fruit thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola creates this in infected fruit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to fruit after Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates the fruit? |
|
Definition
-Pathogen creates rapidly spreading rot
-More conidia produced - epidemic cycle
-Entire fruit rots in a few days
-Either clings to the tree or fall to the ground
-Dries rapidly - becomes mummy
-Fruit infection may occur after harvest – in packing boxes, market, shelf, etc. |
|
|
Term
| If there's no rainfall, how can Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola be transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Insects that can penetrate fruit can transmit Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola. |
|
|
Term
| how rotten fruit becomes mummy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fruit infection may occur after harvest |
|
Definition
in...
-packing
-boxes
-market
-shelf
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| the only parts of a plant susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-blossoms
-ripening fruit
(nothing green) |
|
|
Term
| effect of environment on Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Moisture is the limiting factor
-Wet weather at harvest is most critical |
|
|
Term
| the limiting factor for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
1: chemical-protection-fungicides
2: eradication
3: prevention |
|
|
Term
| chemical-protection-fungicides methods to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-4 sprays from pink-tip stage to petal fall
-resumed as fruit maturity approaches
-every 3 days in wet weather |
|
|
Term
| best control of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| control the blossom blight phase |
|
|
Term
this is essential to reduce
wounding of fruit |
|
Definition
| Good insect control program |
|
|
Term
| Can insects make wounds in fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eradication methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
a. Sanitation- removal of mummies
trees and ground
b. Pruning cankers |
|
|
Term
| prevention methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Pruning "open-vase" - better spray coverage -
air flow
-Avoid wounding fruit
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-Fungicide with wax base is added to the hydrocooling water |
|
|
Term
| why pruning a tree to have an "open vase" structure is a good way to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| better spray coverage and air flow |
|
|
Term
| how hydrocooling is used to prevent Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-used to stop brown rot germination and penetration |
|
|
Term
| This is often added to hydrocooling water to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
fungicide wax base
-this wax won't wash off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungicide test regarding Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a facultative ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a(n) ______ saprophyte. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is (intracellular or intercellular?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the host |
|
Definition
-grows through floral parts - into the
fruit spur and twig
-canker is formed |
|
|
Term
| what the intracellular mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the cells of the host |
|
Definition
| liquefies the cell contents |
|
|
Term
| Conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are formed on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tufts (sporodochia) of ______ produced in chains |
|
Definition
| conidiophores and conidia |
|
|
Term
| Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tree supplies this, letting conidia form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| source of inoculum of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola while disease is dormant until fruit ripening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these parts of the host are resistant to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does fruit become susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can't penetrate thru this. |
|
Definition
| leaves and lignified tissue |
|
|
Term
| overwintering phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
various methods
-mummies on the tree
-mummies on ground
-cankers on infected twigs
-production of primary inoculum |
|
|
Term
| dissemination and inoculation phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Conidia - rain/ wind, rain splash or insects
-Ascospores - ejected - windblown |
|
|
Term
| penetration and infection phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Penetration occurs thru floral parts
-Conidia and ascospores produce germ tube
-Penetrate directly
-Mycelium is intracellular
-Mycelium grows through floral parts - into the fruit spur and twig
-Canker is formed |
|
|
Term
| reproduction phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Conidia on the canker surface
-Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains |
|
|
Term
| disease dormant until fruit ripening phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Source of inoculum - conidia on cankers
***Requires rainfall - wet weather
***Leaves are resistant
***Young fruit are resistant
--->Become susceptible with ripening |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates fruit thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola creates this in infected fruit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to fruit after Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates the fruit? |
|
Definition
-Pathogen creates rapidly spreading rot
-More conidia produced - epidemic cycle
-Entire fruit rots in a few days
-Either clings to the tree or fall to the ground
-Dries rapidly - becomes mummy
-Fruit infection may occur after harvest – in packing boxes, market, shelf, etc. |
|
|
Term
| If there's no rainfall, how can Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola be transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Insects that can penetrate fruit can transmit Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola. |
|
|
Term
| how rotten fruit becomes mummy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fruit infection may occur after harvest |
|
Definition
in...
-packing
-boxes
-market
-shelf
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| the only parts of a plant susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-blossoms
-ripening fruit
(nothing green) |
|
|
Term
| effect of environment on Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Moisture is the limiting factor
-Wet weather at harvest is most critical |
|
|
Term
| the limiting factor for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
1: chemical-protection-fungicides
2: eradication
3: prevention |
|
|
Term
| chemical-protection-fungicides methods to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-4 sprays from pink-tip stage to petal fall
-resumed as fruit maturity approaches
-every 3 days in wet weather |
|
|
Term
| best control of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| control the blossom blight phase |
|
|
Term
this is essential to reduce
wounding of fruit |
|
Definition
| Good insect control program |
|
|
Term
| Can insects make wounds in fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eradication methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
a. Sanitation- removal of mummies
trees and ground
b. Pruning cankers |
|
|
Term
| prevention methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Pruning "open-vase" - better spray coverage -
air flow
-Avoid wounding fruit
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-Fungicide with wax base is added to the hydrocooling water |
|
|
Term
| why pruning a tree to have an "open vase" structure is a good way to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
| better spray coverage and air flow |
|
|
Term
| how hydrocooling is used to prevent Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-used to stop brown rot germination and penetration |
|
|
Term
| This is often added to hydrocooling water to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
Definition
fungicide wax base
-this wax won't wash off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungicide test regarding Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola |
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a facultative ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a(n) ______ saprophyte. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general characteristics of basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
-dikaryotic mycelia
-fruiting bodies - none to large - mushrooms
-obligate parasites
-host-specificity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basidiospores on basidium |
|
|
Term
| basidiospores on basidium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The myceliea of basidiomycetes are (haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basidiomycetes that are microcyclic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basidiomycetes that are macrocyclic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spore stages of the microcyclic life cycle in basidiomycetes |
|
Definition
1: basidiospore
2: teliospore |
|
|
Term
| stages of macrocyclic life cycle of basidiomycetes such as rusts |
|
Definition
1. basidiospore
2. teliospore - overwinter ("smut spores")
3. spermatia - gamete
4. aeciospores
5. uredospores |
|
|
Term
| stages of the macrocyclic rust life cycle that affect plant A |
|
Definition
1. basidiospore
2. teliospore - overwinter ("smut spores")
3. spermatia - gamete |
|
|
Term
| stages of the macrocyclic rust life cycle that affect plant B |
|
Definition
4. aeciospores
5. uredospores |
|
|
Term
| stages of the macrocyclic life cycle of rust that usually do the plant infecting |
|
Definition
4. aeciospores
5. uredospores |
|
|
Term
| Smut gets name from black, oily spots, which are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smut gets name from ______, which are teliospores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually have both mating types in cells |
|
|
Term
| basidiomycetes that aren't obligate parasites |
|
Definition
| a few, such as those that are soil borne |
|
|
Term
| Basidiospore germinates from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ germinates from teliospore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to a rust fungus that typically exhibits all five stages of the rust life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to a rust fungus that produces only teliospores and basidiospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires two different hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not of economic importance
-not important to plant pathology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has sexual stage of fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has uredospores, repeating stage |
|
|
Term
| the types of hosts important to mycology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agents of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) |
|
Definition
-Tilletia foetida
-Tilletia caries
-Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt) |
|
|
Term
-Tilletia foetida
-Tilletia caries
-Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt) |
|
Definition
| causal agents of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) |
|
|
Term
| causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) in the North Central and East |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) |
|
|
Term
| causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) in the West |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) in the West |
|
|
Term
| causal agent of dwarf bunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of dwarf bunt |
|
|
Term
| some facts about Tilletia controversa |
|
Definition
-introduced out West
-very aggressive, stunts the plant
-hard to manage |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Tilletia genus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the US, the greatest losses due to Tilletia are in this region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Tilletia does to wheat |
|
Definition
1. Destroys contents of the kernels – replaces with teliospores
2. Yield reduction due to stunting (only Tilletia controversa does this)
3. Predisposes plant to cold injury
4. Quality reduction of grain -
discolored and has a fishy odor (caused by triethylamine produced by fungus)
5. Explosions in combines and grain elevators
(oily substance on smut spores) |
|
|
Term
| only this type of Tilletia stunts growth of wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Tilletia does to wheat kernels |
|
Definition
| destroys the contents and replaces them with teliospores |
|
|
Term
| Tilletia predisposes host plant to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Tilletia reduces the quality of grain |
|
Definition
-discolored
-fishy odor caused by triethlamine produced by fungus
-even affects grain that wasn't infected |
|
|
Term
regarding Tilletia:
What causes explosions in combines and grain elevators? |
|
Definition
| oily substance on smut spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No symptoms until heading stage (except for Tilletia controversa)
1. Stunting and dwarfing - variable (depends on species and environment)
2. Heads of plant bluish green (symptom, not sign)
3. Kernels are shorter and thicker (symptom) -grayish brown rather than yellow (sign) |
|
|
Term
| the only Tilletia that shows symptoms before the heading stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Tilletia:
stunting and dwarfing depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Tilletia does to the color of wheat kernels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Tilletia does to the heads of wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Tilletia does to shape of wheat kernels |
|
Definition
| makes them shorter and thicker |
|
|
Term
| signs of Tilletia in wheat |
|
Definition
-Black smut spores when kernels are broken open -Fishy odor
-During harvest - large clouds of black spores dispersed in air |
|
|
Term
| why Tilletia is called "covered" smut |
|
Definition
| Black smut spores when kernels are broken open |
|
|
Term
| open smut causes grain to do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| healthy wheat vs. wheat infected by Tilletia controversa |
|
|
Term
| healthy wheat vs. wheat infected by Tilletia controversa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| healthy wheat head vs. wheat head infected by Tilletia |
|
|
Term
| healthy wheat head vs. wheat head infected by Tilletia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wheat kernels infected by Tilletia |
|
|
Term
| wheat kernels infected by Tilletia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease cycle of Tilletia |
|
Definition
1: survival
2: primary inoculum
3: dissemination, penetration
4: infection, invasion
5: reproduction |
|
|
Term
| survival phase of Tilletia |
|
Definition
1. As teliospores on contaminated wheat
kernels
--just clean seeds
2. In some areas, teliospores may survive in
soil:
Common bunt < 2 years
Dwarf bunt (Pac NW) 5 - 10 years (the problem w/ Tilletia controversa) |
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum phase of Tiletia |
|
Definition
1. Teliospore germinates – produces basidium
2. Basidium produces primary basidiospores (haploid)
3. Primary basidiospores fuse, form secondary sporidia (purpose is to recover dikaryon) |
|
|
Term
| dissemination, penetration phase of Tilletia |
|
Definition
| -spores already on seedling -secondary sporidia penetrate the coleoptile -direct penetration -dissemination for wheat smut: it's already there |
|
|
Term
| infection, invasion phase of Tilletia |
|
Definition
1. Mycelium - intercellular
2. Invades growing meristem and developing leaves
3. Grows upward with shoot tissues
4. When floral production initiated, mycelium invades developing kernels
5. Mature kernel - mycelium grows throughout the seed – still intercellular
6. Just before harvest – fungus consumes all except the pericarp, converts into teliospores
7. Seed covering remains intact until thrashing |
|
|
Term
| reproduction phase of Tilletia |
|
Definition
1. Dikaryotic hyphal cells round up to form teliospores
2. Released during thrashing
3. Contaminate (not infect!) the healthy kernels
4. Survive on kernel surface or in the soil |
|
|
Term
| how long Tilletia foetida and Tilletia caries may survive in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long Tilletia controversa may survive in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the problem with Tilletia controversa |
|
Definition
| can survive in soil for 5-10 years |
|
|
Term
regarding Tilletia:
Infected seeds have just ______ left. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| teliospore of Tilletia germinated to produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basidium of Tilletia produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are primary basidiospores haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When primary basidiospores fuse, they form ______, to recover dikaryon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When primary basidiospores fuse, they form secondary sporidia, for this purpose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teliospore of Tilletia germinating |
|
|
Term
| teliospore of Tilletia germinating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| germinating teliospores of Tilletia can only fuse with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where in this picture are the opposite mating types of Tilletia mating?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phase of Tilletia where the spore is already on the seedling |
|
Definition
| dissemination, penetration |
|
|
Term
| how Tilletia penetrates wheat |
|
Definition
| secondary sporidia penetrate the coleoptile -direct penetration |
|
|
Term
| lowest margin in farming is on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pathogen has made wheat more expensive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the mycelium in Tilletia intercellular or intracellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tellia first invades these parts of wheat |
|
Definition
| growing meristem and developing leaves |
|
|
Term
| When does the mycelium of Tilletia invade the developing wheat kernels? |
|
Definition
| when floral production is initiated |
|
|
Term
| what Tilletia does to the developing wheat seed |
|
Definition
| kills developing seed and keeps cells from differentiating |
|
|
Term
| Mycelium of Tilletia does this in mature wheat kernel. |
|
Definition
| grows throughout the seed – still intercellular |
|
|
Term
| Just before harvest – Tilletia consumes all except ______, converts into teliospores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Just before harvest – Tilletia consumes all except the pericarp, converts into ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Covering of seed infected by Tilletia remains intact until... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Tilletia forms teliospores |
|
Definition
| Dikaryotic hyphal cells round up to form teliospores |
|
|
Term
| teliospores of Tilletia are released during... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teliospores of Tilletia do this to healthy wheat kernels. |
|
Definition
| contaminate (not infect!) |
|
|
Term
| Teliospores of Tilletia survive here. |
|
Definition
| on kernel surface or in the soil |
|
|
Term
| ideal conditions for Tilletia |
|
Definition
| Moisture in soil and low temp. important |
|
|
Term
| ideal conditions for teliospore development in Tilletia |
|
Definition
61-68°F with adequate moisture favors teliospore development
-teliospores develop as wheat matures |
|
|
Term
regarding Tilletia:
optimum conditions for seed germination |
|
Definition
| 78°F with adequate moisture |
|
|
Term
| favorable conditions for teliospore germination in Tilletia |
|
Definition
| 78°F with adequate moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: exclusion
2: protection
3: eradication
4: resistance |
|
|
Term
| exclusion method of controlling Tilletia |
|
Definition
| use certified smut-free seed |
|
|
Term
| protection method of controlling Tilletia |
|
Definition
-chemical seed treatment
-apply slurry of protectant fungicides |
|
|
Term
| First disease controlled by seed treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eradication method of controlling Tilletia |
|
Definition
| seed treatment to kill spores |
|
|
Term
| how the eradication method of controlling Tilletia was discovered |
|
Definition
-1670 – smut was prevalent in England
-ship carrying seed sank at sea
-seed was recovered, but was soaked in salt water
-healthy crop was observed
-salt killed teliospores |
|
|
Term
| resistance method of controlling Tilletia |
|
Definition
-Durum wheat - most resistant
-Compactum types - most susceptible
***Major developing area for resistance breeding |
|
|
Term
| type of wheat most resistant to Tilletia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of wheat most susceptible to Tilletia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only legal pasta wheat in Italy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does resistance gene work for all species of Tilletia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fusion of 2 haploids occurs in ______, becomes ______, then becomes ______. |
|
Definition
teliospore
diploid
dikaryotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causal agent of wheat stem rust |
|
Definition
| Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
|
Term
| Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
| causal agent of wheat stem rust |
|
|
Term
| general characteristics of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
-Basidiomycete
-Macrocyclic
-Heteroecious |
|
|
Term
| Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici is in this group of fungi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici microcyclic or macrocyclic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 hosts needed to complete life cycle |
|
|
Term
| hosts of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host specificity of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
-Hundreds of races of the pathogen
-Result of the most extensive breeding program for any crop/ pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Why are there hundreds of races of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici? |
|
Definition
| because there's thousands of different cultivars of wheat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on specific resistance |
|
|
Term
| distribution of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici common in SE US? |
|
Definition
| no- winter wheat, no uredospores |
|
|
Term
| importance of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
| Losses can be devastating in U.S |
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
this much crop loss in the Wheat Belt areas w/o resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the war against Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici happens |
|
Definition
1. Resistant cultivars deployed
2. New race of pathogen develops
3. Cultivar that has been resistant becomes
susceptible
4. Losses are high
5. Release new cultivar with resistance to
new race |
|
|
Term
| how to combat Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
| use either GMO wheat or fungicides |
|
|
Term
| pros and cons of using fungicides to control Puccina graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
| easy to control using fungicides, but may double the cost |
|
|
Term
Nobel Peace Prize winner and father of the “Green
Revolution” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nobel Peace Prize winner and father of the “Green
Revolution” |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat |
|
Definition
-elongated chlorotic flecks
-then blisters on leaves, stems, and sheaths |
|
|
Term
| signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat |
|
Definition
-uredia (rust-colored)
-telia (black)
-formed in same lesions –
-telia formed late in season |
|
|
Term
| when Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici forms telia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to wheat stems after uredia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici develop uredia and telia? |
|
Definition
| when plant begins to senesse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uredia on wheat stems caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
|
Term
| uredia on wheat stems caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorotic lesions on leaf in response to Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
|
Term
| chlorotic lesions on leaf in response to Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the chlorotic lesions on a leaf in response to Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici? |
|
Definition
| programmed cell death to counterach Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
|
Term
| inoculum of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting barberry |
|
Definition
Basidiospores (1N)
from germinating teliospores –
windblown |
|
|
Term
| symptom of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting barberry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting barberry |
|
Definition
Two different structures:
-Stage 0: Spermagonia producing spermatia (1N) - upper surface of leaves
-Stage I: Aecia producing aeciospores (N + N) - lower surface of leaves |
|
|
Term
| function of Spermagonia producing spermatia |
|
Definition
| producing Gametes for fertilization to form N + N hyphae |
|
|
Term
| function of Aecia producing aeciospores |
|
Definition
producing Spores to infect wheat
-does this in spring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spermagonia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing spermatia (1N) - upper surface of leaves |
|
|
Term
| Spermagonia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing spermatia (1N) - upper surface of leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aecia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing aeciospores (N + N) - lower surface of leaves
columns of aeciospores |
|
|
Term
Aecia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing aeciospores (N + N) - lower surface of leaves
columns of aeciospores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum when Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infects wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary inoculum when Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infects wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when it infects wheat |
|
Definition
| Chlorotic lesions followed by necrosis |
|
|
Term
| signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when it infects wheat |
|
Definition
Stage II:
-Uredia producing uredospores (N + N) - rust colored
-Function: Spores to re-infect wheat and produce secondary cycles
-Season: All growing season (the only repeating stage)
Stage III:
-Telia producing teliospores (N + N) - black
-Function: Survival stage
-Season: Fall - near harvest |
|
|
Term
| Uredia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce ______ when infecting wheat. |
|
Definition
| uredospores (N + N) - rust colored |
|
|
Term
| ______ of Puccinia graminis f. tritici produce(s) uredospores (N + N) - rust colored when infecting wheat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of uredia producing uredospores in Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
| to re-infect wheat and produce secondary cycles |
|
|
Term
| When does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce uredospores when infecting wheat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only repeating stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting wheat |
|
Definition
| making Uredia that produce uredospores (N + N) - rust colored |
|
|
Term
| How often does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici make new batches of uredospores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat |
|
|
Term
| uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope |
|
|
Term
| uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici do this on surface of wheat |
|
Definition
| start forming under surface, then break open |
|
|
Term
| signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici that correspond with the third stage of this disease (does this on wheat) |
|
Definition
-Telia producing teliospores (N + N) - black
-Function: Survival stage
-Season: Fall - near harvest |
|
|
Term
| Telia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce teliospores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you get rid of this, you can slow down or stop Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici. |
|
Definition
barberry
Midwest decreed that you had to get rid of all of it. |
|
|
Term
| basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
-Teliospores mature on wheat debris during winter
-During this period, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
|
Term
| teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color and structure of teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on ______ during winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during
winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
Definition
| the basidial (sexual) stage |
|
|
Term
| During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, ______ is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the ______ is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
Definition
| zygote (mature teliospore) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stage 4 of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
Basidia from teliospores producing
basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Function: Infect barberry
Season: Late winter and early spring |
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
______ from teliospores produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from ______ produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from teliospores produce ______ (1N – after meiosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infect barberry? |
|
Definition
| late winter and early spring |
|
|
Term
| how basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate barberry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate this plant directly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici uses these to penetrate wheat. |
|
Definition
| Aeciospores and uredospores, which form appressoria |
|
|
Term
| how Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrates wheat |
|
Definition
| deploys Aeciospores and uredospores that form appressoria and penetrate indirectly through stomates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope |
|
|
Term
| uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici do this on surface of wheat |
|
Definition
| start forming under surface, then break open |
|
|
Term
| signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici that correspond with the third stage of this disease (does this on wheat) |
|
Definition
-Telia producing teliospores (N + N) - black
-Function: Survival stage
-Season: Fall - near harvest |
|
|
Term
| Telia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce teliospores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you get rid of this, you can slow down or stop Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici. |
|
Definition
barberry
Midwest decreed that you had to get rid of all of it. |
|
|
Term
| basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
-Teliospores mature on wheat debris during winter
-During this period, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
|
Term
| teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color and structure of teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on ______ during winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during
winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
Definition
| the basidial (sexual) stage |
|
|
Term
| During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, ______ is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the ______ is formed (N + N -> 2N). |
|
Definition
| zygote (mature teliospore) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stage 4 of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
Basidia from teliospores producing
basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Function: Infect barberry
Season: Late winter and early spring |
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
______ from teliospores produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from ______ produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from teliospores produce ______ (1N – after meiosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infect barberry? |
|
Definition
| late winter and early spring |
|
|
Term
| how basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate barberry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate this plant directly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici uses these to penetrate wheat. |
|
Definition
| Aeciospores and uredospores, which form appressoria |
|
|
Term
| how Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrates wheat |
|
Definition
| deploys Aeciospores and uredospores that form appressoria and penetrate indirectly through stomates |
|
|
Term
| survival stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gametes of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do spermatia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infects plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the letters stand for?
[image] |
|
Definition
s: spore
gt: germ tube
a: appresoria
i: infection peg
sv: ?
ih: infection hyphae
h: haustoria |
|
|
Term
| When does a plant infected with Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici go into apatosis? |
|
Definition
| only when it recognizes haustoria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programmed cell death in response to a pathogen |
|
|
Term
| primary inocculum of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritica in Southern US |
|
Definition
| windblown uredospores from wheat grown further south in Mexico |
|
|
Term
| Can severe infections of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici occur without teliospores and without the alternate host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici have a continuous uredospore stage in US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the perpetuality of the uredospore stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici works |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did barberry eradication program control wheat stem rust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
When do the haustoria succeed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optimal temperature for Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All spores require ______ for germination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The uredospore repeating cycle takes ______ in optimum conditions |
|
Definition
8-12 days
life cycle takes 8-12 days |
|
|
Term
| the only way to control Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can chemical control be used to control Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici? |
|
Definition
| works well, but not economical; too expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Wheat leaf rust - South - warm regions of world
-Oat crown rust - Widespread
++usually cooler climates, causing lodging
-Corn rust - Widespread, but most corn is resistant
-Bean rust – Macrocycle, all spore stages on bean - tropics
-Fusiform rust of southern pine - Most damaging rust in the south
++most important in South
++causes galls on stem on pine trees
-Cedar-apple rust – NE US, Europe, but most cultivars resistant
++often ornamental discoloration
-Coffee rust - Serious in South America (since 1970) Uredial stage defoliates coffee trees - winter kill |
|
|
Term
| most important rust disease in South |
|
Definition
| fusiform rust of southern pine |
|
|
Term
| what coffee rust does to coffee |
|
Definition
| causes very low caffeine content |
|
|
Term
| What made India switch from coffee to tea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general characteristics of bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
Prokaryotes:
-no membrane-bound nucleus
-circular DNA chromosome + smaller rings (plasmids)
-single celled
-cell membrane + cell wall (except - mycoplasmas, spiroplasmas)
-usually have flagella
-reproduce by binary fission - asexual |
|
|
Term
| how DNA is organized in bacterial plant pathhogens |
|
Definition
| circular DNA chromosome + smaller rings (plasmids) |
|
|
Term
| bacterial plant pathogens that don't have a cell wall |
|
Definition
-mycoplasmas
-spiroplasmas |
|
|
Term
| how bacterial plant pathogens reproduce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasmids do this to bacteria |
|
Definition
| confer special things to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| primary inoculum of bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary inoculum of bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For bacteria, no cell wall means this. |
|
Definition
| no flagella and no definite shape |
|
|
Term
| Only these pathogens can move thru the plasmodesmata between plant cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the energy cycle the same for all living organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a bacterial cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial plant pathogens are in this kingdom. |
|
Definition
Prokaryotae
"True Bacteria" |
|
|
Term
| Abot 25 Genera with plant pathogens, including: |
|
Definition
1. Pseudomonas, Ralstonia
2. Xanthomonas
3. Agrobacterium
4. Erwinia
5. Clavibacter
6. Xylella
7. Streptomyces |
|
|
Term
regarding diagnosing a plant disease:
how to distinguish between fungi and bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group of bacteria has produced the most antibiotics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotes w/o cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteriologists use this term to mean "form species" (f.sp) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| morphology of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae |
|
Definition
1. Rod-shaped cells
2. Cell wall covered by slime layer
- heavy layer is called capsule
3. Flagella:
polar (at the ends, one or many)
peritrichous (around entire cell) |
|
|
Term
regarding kingdom Prokaryotae:
capsule |
|
Definition
| heavy slime layer covering cell wall |
|
|
Term
| types of flagella in kingdom Prokaryotae |
|
Definition
-polar (at the ends, one or many)
-peritrichous (around entire cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than for locomotion, flagella on bacteria are often used for this. |
|
Definition
| aggregation to exchange genetic info |
|
|
Term
| Where do Mollicutes live? |
|
Definition
| almost exclusively in host, not soil |
|
|
Term
| Pathovars are (more or less?) host specific. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can't define pathovar unless... |
|
Definition
| there's host it won't go to |
|
|
Term
| general characteristics of Mollicutes |
|
Definition
-no rigid cell wall
-no definite morphology, or shape
-amorphous
-Spiroplasma may have spiral shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mollicutes moving thru phloem |
|
|
Term
| Mollicutes moving thru phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are phloem cells dead or alive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are xylem cells dead or alive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Mollicutes be cultured? |
|
Definition
| extremely hard to culture them |
|
|
Term
| colony characteristics of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae |
|
Definition
-color, shape, margins of colonies grown on nutrient media
-growth (+/-) on diagnostic media
-some have specific sugar and/or specific protein |
|
|
Term
| colony characteristics of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae grown on nutrient media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae on diagnostic media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reproduction of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae |
|
Definition
Binary fission:
1. cell wall grows into middle
2. chromosomes double, split, also plasmids
3. new cell wall formed
4. slime layer forms at division - separates very rapid - once every 20 minutes
***1 cell to 1,000,000 cells in 10 hours |
|
|
Term
| how quickly bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae multiply |
|
Definition
| very rapid - once every 20 minutes |
|
|
Term
| ecology of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae |
|
Definition
-mostly on host plants
-most survive in debris or in soil as saprophytes (some excellent sapros, some totally obligate)
-soil inhabitants
-also survive on or in seed, on insects, or weed hosts |
|
|
Term
| About ______% of bacteria in kingdon Prokaryotae are excellent facultative saprophytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only ______ antibiotics are licensed for use in ag to control bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is chemical control an option for controlling bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Copper can help control bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae, but what's the downside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dissemination of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae |
|
Definition
-rain splash (most common)
-insect vectors (second most common)
-human activities: cultivation, pruning, moving of plants and soil (third most common, but can be first)
-flagella not important for dissemination |
|
|
Term
| how bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae get from soil to plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regarding bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae:
What do pruning and cultivation do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae penetrate plant |
|
Definition
-need wounds, or natural openings
-not direct penetration |
|
|
Term
| controlling bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae comes down to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria passively penetrating thru stomates |
|
|
Term
| bacteria passively penetrating thru stomates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of infection by bacteria |
|
Definition
-leaf spots with halo
-angular leaf spots
-soft, spreading rots
-other symptoms, similar to those caused by fungi – cannot be distinguished visually |
|
|
Term
| these symptoms somewhat diagnostic of bacteria |
|
Definition
-leaf spots with halo
-angular leaf spots
-soft, spreading rots |
|
|
Term
| these symptoms not diagnostic of bacteria |
|
Definition
| -other symptoms, similar to those caused by fungi – cannot be distinguished visually |
|
|
Term
| signs of bacterial infection |
|
Definition
| ooze of bacterial cells, slime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sunken lesions caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| sunken lesions caused by bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angular leaf spot caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| angular leaf spot caused by bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft rot caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| soft rot caused by bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potato soft rot caused by bacteria working outward from vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| potato soft rot caused by bacteria working outward from vascular tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crown rot of lettuce caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| crown rot of lettuce caused by bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leak and ooze caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| leak and ooze caused by bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial ooze caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| bacterial ooze caused by bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why lesions caused by bacteria become sunken |
|
Definition
| because bacteria disintegrate tissue |
|
|
Term
| what angular leaf spot caused by bacteria demonstrates about bacteria |
|
Definition
| bacteria can't penetrate tough tissue |
|
|
Term
| angular leaf spot happens only in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how crown rot of lettuce is dispersed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways to control bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
1: sanitation
2: cultural practices
3: Use of certified bacteria-free seed and propagating plant parts
4: soil sterilization
5: chemical sprays |
|
|
Term
| methods of sanitation to control bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
a. Eradication of infected plants or plant parts (roguing)
b. Sterilization of tools, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eradication of infected plants or plant parts (pertains to bacterial plant pathogens) |
|
|
Term
| cultural practices for controlling bacterial pathogens |
|
Definition
a. Prevention of rapid, succulent growth
b. Crop rotation (if the bacteria are host specific) |
|
|
Term
| the type of plant tissue that bacteria go for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there anything you can spray to control viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there anything you can spray to control bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methods of soil sterilization to control bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
a. heat, steam
b. chemical, fumigants |
|
|
Term
| chemical sprays that can be used to control bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
a. copper compounds
b. antibiotics (streptomycin, tetracycline) |
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of chemical sprays for controlling bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
| not nearly as effective as against fungi |
|
|
Term
| Will antibiotics work against bacterial plant pathogens? |
|
Definition
| will work the first few times if you're lucky |
|
|
Term
| the only 2 antibiotics approved by the FDA for controlling bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
| streptomycin, tetracycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
xylem and insect vector
may reproduce in insect vector |
|
|
Term
| identification methods used to identify bacterial plant pathogens |
|
Definition
1. Serology, ELISA, monoclonal antibodies (basis of diagnostic kits)
2. DNA analysis, comparison of DNA fragment profiles
3. Use of specific DNA probes
4. Combination of specific DNA probes with amplification of DNA using PCR –
***extremely sensitive detection of bacteria at very low levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease with same symptoms when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fungal-like organisms: water dependent,
aseptate hyphae, wide host range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal agent of white rust |
|
|
Term
| causal agent of white rust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blue mold of tobacco, downy mildew |
|
|
Term
| blue mold of tobacco, downy mildew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turfgrass disease, damping off of seedlings |
|
|
Term
| turfgrass disease, damping off of seedlings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Late blight, Sudden Oak Death |
|
|
Term
| Late blight, Sudden Oak Death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asexual structures of oomycetes |
|
Definition
-Sporagiophore
-Sporangium
-Zoospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A specialized branching hyphae
bearing sporangia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lemon-shaped spore that may
germinate directly or bear zoospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bi-flagellate spore that is chemotactic
and phototropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zoospores on top and sporangium on bottom |
|
|
Term
| Sexual structures of oomycetes |
|
Definition
-Oogonium
-Antheridium
-Oospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female gametangium of oomycetes containing one or more nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diploid spore produced by the union of oogonium and antheridium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white arrows pointing to antheridium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oospore with oogonium inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in white rust postule
1: host epidermis
2: sporangiophore
3: sporangium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phytophthora blight/fruit rot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phytophthora capsici (Phytophthora blight/fruit rot) |
|
|
Term
| Koch’s Postulates Step #3 |
|
Definition
| Inoculation of a susceptible plant with a pure culture of the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sac-like structures that contain usually 8 ascospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruiting structure that contains the asci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| naked asci, cleistothecia, perithecia, apothecia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asci/ascospores not found within a fruiting structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asci/ascospores contained within a closed structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asci/ascospores contained within a semi-closed structure and along a basal membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asci/ascospores borne on a cup-like structure with a hymenium layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Sporodochium (pl. sporodochia) |
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Definition
| Cushion-shaped, superficial, cluster of conidiophores |
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Term
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Definition
| Upright, fused conidiophores, head-like structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Sporodochium (pl. sporodochia) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Sub-epidermal, cushionlike, open fruiting body. Covering is host material, splits open when conidiophore is mature |
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Term
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Definition
| Flask-shaped or globular fruiting body. Conidia line the inside. Opening = ostiole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what Fusarium spp. (vascular wilt) does to host plant |
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Definition
-Physical blockage
-Production of toxin and enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what Alternaria spp. (leaf spot) does to host plant |
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Definition
| makes concentric rings on plant leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| early blight on tomato and potato |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what Colletotrichum – (anthracnose diseases) does to host plant |
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Definition
| causes anthracnose lesions on fruit, such as on peach and walnut |
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Term
| symptoms of damping off diseases before germination |
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Definition
| seedling darkens and swells |
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Term
| symptoms of damping off diseases after germination |
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Definition
| thinning of stem, stem dies |
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Term
| ways to prevent damping off diseases |
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Definition
| sterilized soil, dry growing conditions, spray with antifungal agent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| causal agent of Loose smut on barely |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
“higher fungi”
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes |
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Term
| examples of Basidiomycetes |
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Definition
| Mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi, RUSTS, and SMUTS |
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Term
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Definition
produces only basidiospores and
teliospores (all rusts produce these 2 spore types) |
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Term
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Definition
| produces up to 5 types of spores |
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Term
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Definition
| where Heteroaecious basidiomycetes produce telia |
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Term
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Definition
| where basidiospores germinate |
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Term
| Ustilago nuda and U. tritici |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| First criteria that divide bacteria into two big groups |
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Definition
| Gram positive vs. Gram negative |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| ______ invented the Gram test in 1884. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram + turns this color on Gram test |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram - turns this color on Gram test |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lyses quicker: Gram + or Gram -? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crown gall caused by bacteria |
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Term
| some diseases caused by bacterial plant pathogens |
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Definition
-Fire Blight on Pear and Apple
-Bacterial spot on soybean
-Bacterial streak on sorghum
-Crown Gall - Agrobacterium
-Bacterial Wilt – Ralstonia solanacearum |
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Definition
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