Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Plant Pathology
Plant Pathology
1416
Pathology
Undergraduate 3
03/15/2016

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
causal agent of rose rosette
Definition
rose rosette virus
Term
causal agent of barley yellow dwarf
Definition
virus
Term
causal agent of witch's broom
Definition
many organisms, such as...
-fungi
-oomycetes
-insects
-mites
-nematodes
-phytoplasmas
-viruses
Term
What part of the plant does clothing come from?
Definition
fiber (cotton, linen, artificial fabrics)
Term
Why are some plant derived medicines, antibiotics, and insecticides declining?
Definition
loss of tropical rainforests
Term
ecological role of plants
Definition
-primary biomass -affect CO2/O2 balance -"air scrubbers"
Term
plant pathology (aka phytopathology)
Definition
study of plant diseases
Term
Plant pathology focuses on ______ of disease rather than ______.
Definition
prevention

cure
Term
Plant pathology treats ______, not ______.
Definition
populations

individuals

lets some plants die
Term
plant pathology focuses on...
Definition
what's most economical
Term
relationship between how closely packed and risk of fungus
Definition
directly proportional
Term
monoculture
Definition
high plant population in 1 area
Term
Putting nitrogen on a plant does this.
Definition
makes it softer and more yummy to fungi
Term
The faster a plant grows, the ______ its tissue.
Definition
softer
Term
cultivar
Definition
a plant type within a species, resulting from deliberate genetic manipulation, which has recognizable characteristics (color, shape of flowers, fruits, seeds and height or form) (see also variety)
Term
nematodes attack...
Definition
roots
Term
mollicutes
Definition
bacteria w/o cell walls
Term
viruses use...
Definition
genetic piracy
Term
transpiration
Definition
the loss of water by evaporation from leaf surfaces and thru stomata
Term
Do plant pathologists deal with injury?
Definition
no
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
-no chlorophyll
-energy from organic compounds
-consumers and decomposers
Term
The vast majority of bacteria are...
Definition
the good guys
Term
commensalism
Definition
one benefits and other is unaffected

example: epiphytes on trees
Term
mutualism
Definition
both benefit

example: root nodule bacteria- legumes and mycorrhizae
Term
parasitism
Definition
one benefits and other is harmed; host provides food
Term
How many fungi are parasites?
Definition
about 1% of them
Term
saprophytism
Definition
obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter; not symbiosis
Term
How many fungi are saprophytes?
Definition
almost all of them
Term
obligate parasite
Definition
-parasite that grows only on living host
-lives in balance with cells and doesn't kill them immediately
-very selective, attacking limited host range
Term
how to starve a pathogen
Definition
rotation
Term
facultative
Definition
can do something it prefers not to if it has to
Term
Can you do crop rotation when there's a facultative saprophyte?
Definition
no, not an option
Term
facultative parasite
Definition
-primarily a saprophyte, but can live as a parasite
-"opportunist" (makes dead material)
-kills cells and disorganizes tissue to obtain food (enzymes and toxins)
-rots tissue
-uses enzymatic attack
Term
saprophyte
Definition
lives only on dead matter
Term
parasite
Definition
obtains nourishment from a living host
Term
Do all parasites produce symptoms?
Definition
no, some don't
Term
pathogen
Definition
the biotic agent that causes a disease
Term
What happens to treated seeds?
Definition
the treatment wears off after 3 weeks
Term
Many plant diseases have ______ hosts.
Definition
weed
Term
______ make their own hard to kill survival structures.
Definition
fungi
Term
infection
Definition
-the point where it's in the plant and maybe even extracting food from it
-pathogen inside plant
-removes nutrients from plant
Term
Many pathogens go into survival mode when...
Definition
plant dies or senessces
Term
Pathogens are often ______ of you.
Definition
a step ahead
Term
For fungi, the inoculum is...
Definition
a specific type of spore
Term
the only inoculum a virus has
Definition
a virus
Term
When is a good time to have pesticides out?
Definition
before you need them
Term
hyphae
Definition
singular, tubular filament of a fungal thallus or mycelium; the basic structural units of fungus
Term
spore
Definition
-reproductive structure of fungi and some other organisms, containing 1 or more cells
-can be bacterial cell modified to survive an adverse environment
Term
how resistance works
Definition
can't feed
Term
direct penetration
Definition
unassisted entrance thru surface tissues of the plant

fungi and nematodes do this
Term
indirect penetration
Definition
entrance thru natural opening in plant surface, usually thru stomata, lenticels, hydrathodes, and nectaries

fungi and bacteria do this
Term
wound penetration
Definition
-thru injury in outer plant tissues- caused by insect, man, weather, and self-wounding
-fungi, bacteria, and viruses do this
Term
ultimate goal of pathogen
Definition
reproduction
Term
If reproduction occurs early in the growing season,...
Definition
the inoculum may infect other plants
Term
dissemination
Definition
dispersion of inoculum
Term
pathogens that can spread by man and animals
Definition
all groups

most efficient
Term
To counteract wheat rust, you need...
Definition
resistant cultivars
Term
virulence
Definition
relative capacity to cause a disease

yes or no
Term
sign
Definition
part or structure of the pathogen seen on the host

seeing pathogen tissue
Term
symptoms
Definition
-visible changes in the appearance of the plant resulting from disease
-seeing plant tissue
-very rarely can you make diagnosis based solely on symptoms
Term
necrosis
Definition
death of tissue

brown or black, depending on stage of decay
Term
Other than excessive growth, gall does this.
Definition
squeezes vascular system
Term
Is complete control of plant disease ever achieved?
Definition
no
Term
exclusion
Definition
-preventing of pathogen into area not yet infested
-not effective against wind dispersed pathogens
-most effective against soilborne pathogens
Term
quarantine
Definition
-legal means of disease control
-not popular with producers
–not very effective because of difficulty in implementation
Term
eradication
Definition
elimination of a pathogen from an area - already established

can be practiced at all scales
Term
If sanitation doesn't eradicate totally,...
Definition
do it about every 2 yrs
Term
foliar application
Definition
-applied as sprays or dusts
-must be on plant surface or inside prior to inoculation with pathogen
-inhibit spore germination or kill germinated spores
-enormously efficient
Term
something hazardous about the new fungicides
Definition
they're transdermal, warranting protective clothing
Term
synthetic constructs
Definition
plant genes that don't occur naturally
Term
cons of molecular methods
Definition
-extremely expensive up-front research costs
–very slow to develop
–only a few high-value crop/major pathogen combinations likely to be released
Term
Do fungi have true conductive tissue?
Definition
no
Term
These act like fungi, but they're now in their own kingdom
Definition
Oomycetes
Term
How many species of fungi cause disease in humans?
Definition
about 50
Term
How many species of fungi cause disease in plants?
Definition
-about 8,000
-al plants are attacked by fungi
-many fungi can attack a wide range of plants
Term
Our immune system on fungi
Definition
exceptionally good against them
Term
The mycelia of true fungi are made of...
Definition
threadlike tubes of cells.
Term
hyphae
Definition
fungal tubes of cells
Term
Collectively, the hyphae are called...
Definition
mycelium

usually branched
Term
Do fungi have a vascular or circulatory system?
Definition
no
Term
cell wall of fungi usually composed of...
Definition
chitin and glucans
Term
Oomycete cell wall usually composed of...
Definition
cellulose and glucans
Term
color of cell wall im mycelium/hyphae
Definition
mostly hyaline or transparent - no color
Term
septa
Definition
crosswalls that divide the mycelia of some fungi
Term
coenocytic
Definition
no crosswalls in hyphae (Oomycetes)
Term
Most fungal hyphae are divided by...
Definition
septa (singular septum)
Term
What usually works better for absorption? cellulose or chitin?
Definition
chitin
Term
Hyphal growth occurs at...
Definition
no crosswalls in hyphae (Oomycetes)
Term
Hyphae do this.
Definition
secrete enzymes and absorb nutrients

"feeding stage"
Term
intracellular growth of hyphae
Definition
-grows through plant cells
-when fungi grow through cells they tend to kill tissue
-soft rots usually not obligate parasites
Term
intercellular growth of hyphae
Definition
-grows between host cells
when fungi grow between cells they may produce modified within cell feeding structures - haustorium
-usually obligate parasites
-cells are not killed
Term
haustoria
Definition
modified within-cell feeding structures that hyphae may produce during intercellular cell growth
Term
spore
Definition
-individual unit of reproduction in fungi
-often the inoculum
-equivalent to seeds of higher plants
Term
germination of fungi
Definition
Growth of a spore
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
fusion of 2 compatible haploid nuclei
Term
teleomorphs
Definition
-sexual stage of fungi
-this is what fungi taxonomy is based on
Term
Oomycetes in this phylum
Definition
oomycota

not true fungi
Term
ascomycetes in this phylum
Definition
Ascomycota
Term
basidiomycetes in this phylum
Definition
Basisiomycota
Term
Which fungi are entirely asexual?
Definition
Deuteromycetes
Term
antheridium
Definition
specialized hyphal tip that functions as male gamete in oomycetes
Term
oogonium
Definition
specialized hyphal tip that functions as female gamete in oomycetes
Term
oospore
Definition
-thick-walled resting structure that functions as spore in oomycetes
-antheridium and oogonium unite to form this
Term
How many ascospores per ascus?
Definition
8
Term
Pathogenic fungi that produce no spores are placed in this group.
Definition
Deuteromycetes
Term
What has to break down wood first: bacteria or fungus?
Definition
fungus
Term
sterile mycelium
Definition
produces no spores of any kind
Term
types of plant symptoms
Definition
-necrotic
-hypoplastic
-hyperplastic
Term
necrotic symptoms
Definition
degradation or death of cells and disintegration of tissue
Term
hypoplastic symptoms
Definition
failure or halting in differentiation, development, or growth of the plant or some of its organs
Term
hyperplastic symptoms
Definition
over-differentiation, over-development, or overgrowth of plant tissue or organs
Term
signs of parasitic plants
Definition
plant itself
Term
signs of insects
Definition
eggs or insect itself
Term
Irish Potato Famine occurred...
Definition
1845-1850
Term
late potato blight favored by...
Definition
moist, cool weather
Term
fruit rot
Definition
fruit decays and later dehydrates to form a mummy
Term
bacterial ooze
Definition
when lots of bacteria gather and produce a sticky polysac-based liquid
Term
bacterial streaming
Definition
to look for this, cut one end of the stem and place the cut end in water and look for bacteria streaming out of the stem
Term
leak
Definition
extrusion of liquid as a result of bacterial disease
Term
how plants are important
Definition
-food
-shelter
-clothing
-fuel
-medicinals
-antibiotics
-insecticides
-primary biomass of ecosystems
-"air scrubbers"

fab micas
Term
direct loss
Definition
immediately shows up in pocket book
Term
indirect loss
Definition
something you don't immediately thing about
Term
% loss varies by...
Definition
crop, region, and economic status
Term
Fungal diseases often flourish in these conditions.
Definition
warm and moist conditions
Term
How many flowering plant species are there?
Definition
420,000
Term
How many plants are utilized for food?
Definition
3,000
Term
How many plant species are widely cultivated?
Definition
300
Term
10 plant species account for ______% of the world's food supply
Definition
95
Term
______ plant species account for 95% of the world's food supply.
Definition
10
Term
What kind of wheat was grown during the Green Revolution?
Definition
high yielding, semi-dwarf varieties
Term
blotch
Definition
necrotic area of tissue irregular in form
Term
Soybean rust was introduced in...
Definition
2004
Term
blight
Definition
sudden, severe, and extensive spotting, discoloration, wilting, or destruction of leaves, flowers, stems, or entire plants
Term
Dutch elm disease
Definition
spreads to other trees and strangles vessels
Term
soybean rust
Definition
rust on soybeans that steals food and spreads rapidly
Term
most common type of plant disease
Definition
fungi
Term
translocation
Definition
the movement of water, nutrients, chemicals, or food materials within a plant
Term
How can disease affect photosynthesis?
Definition
directly or indirectly
Term
disease
Definition
detrimental physiological process due to continued association with a causal factor

results in symptoms
Term
plant injury
Definition
due to brief association of causal factor with the plant (lightning, hail, tractor tires, etc.)
Term
What can mimic disease?
Definition
herbicide damage
Term
autotrophs
Definition
-have chlorophyll
-secure energy from sunlight (photosynthesis)
Term
examples of obligate parasites
Definition
-some fungi
-all viruses
-all nematodes
-very few bacteria
Term
facultative saprophyte
Definition
-primarily parasite, but can live as saprophyte (usually brief period of time- survival stage)
-survives best on dead hosts
Term
pathogen removes...
Definition
energy
Term
virulence
Definition
ability to cause disease on a particular host; varies from cultivar to cultivar

virulence is + or -
Term
difference between pathogen and disease
Definition
-pathogen: living organism
-disease: result of pathogen
Term
When you find this, you know exactly when and where to protect the host.
Definition
point of penetration and entry
Term
At this stage, the pathogen produces visible signs.
Definition
reproduction (production of signs of the pathogen)
Term
inoculation
Definition
plant pathogen (inoculum) is placed in contact with the susceptible part of the plant (infection court)
Term
inoculum
Definition
any part of a pathogen capable of causing infection
Term
infection court
Definition
-part of plant where pathogen can establish infection
-can be different for primary and secondary inoculum
-fungus figured it out
Term
pathogens that can survive in seed of host plants
Definition
-all groups have individuals that can do this
-starts feeding at germination
Term
penetration
Definition
entrance of pathogen into host
Term
If the inoculum is a fungal spore, it must do this first.
Definition
germinate
Term
How long does germination take?
Definition
several hours to a day

shortest part of disease cycle
Term
nectary
Definition
nectar secreting gland in fower

friendly to bacteria
Term
invasion
Definition
-movement of pathogen thru host tissue
-feeding on all the tissue
-can be localized (spot) or general (blight)
-during this time, symptoms become evident
Term
groups of pathogens that survive living on perennials
Definition
all groups
Term
pathogen groups that can live on plant debris (be saprophytes)
Definition
fungi and bacteria

not option for obligates
Term
pathogen groups that can survive in insect vectors
Definition
viruses most common, but also bacteria and fungi
Term
predisposition
Definition
environmental factors that make host more susceptible to attack by pathogen
Term
epidemic
Definition
widespread losses occur under favorable environment
Term
examples of tissue overgrowth
Definition
-galls
-hypertrophic leaf curl
-longer stem
Term
emphasis of plant disease control
Definition
prevention
Term
most measurements of plant disease control are aimed at...
Definition
prevention or protection, not cure
Term
avoidance
Definition
keep pathogen away from crop
Term
how lettuce mosaic virus is detected
Definition
using PCR
Term
For a virus, there's ______ after virus infects.
Definition
no control
Term
heat treatment of soil by live steam
Definition
-sometimes under pressure
-used in greenhouses, etc.
-soil sterilization is complete when temp. in coldest part of soil > 82°C for 30 min.
-affects physical properties of soil
Term
control light
Definition
-using selected wavelengths
-fungi, Alternaria, Botrytis, in greenhouse
Term
UV barriers used in control light
Definition
remove light < 360 nm = no fungal spores
Term
If fungi don't do this, they die.
Definition
sporulate
Term
soil treatment usually used on...
Definition
-vegetables, ornamentals or trees nurseries
-high value crops
-expensive treatment
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
treatment of plants using chemicals
Term
tissue culture
Definition
-excise pathogen-free meristem (explants)
-virus diseases
-doesn't affect meristem
-basically grow plant from meristem
Term
types of biological control
Definition
-desirable but still not reliable
-hyperparasitism - parasitism of one microorganism on another
agents involved - fungi, bacteria, viruses
-natural competition (antagonism) in soil -not enough control in most situations
-seems to be a "novelty" in commercial ag
Term
hyperparasitism
Definition
-parasitism of one microorganism on another
-agents involved - fungi, bacteria, viruses
Term
antagonism in soil
Definition
-natural competition in soil
-not enough control in most situations
-very important but difficult to manipulate
Term
Protection
Definition
-prevention of infection by pathogen
-use of a chemical or physical barrier on the susceptible plant parts
-assumed the pathogen will contact the plant, as contrasted to exclusion, quarantine
-this is about 90% of what's done to manage plants
Term
germ plasm
Definition
the bearer of hereditary material, often loosely applied to cultivars and breeding lines
Term
Chestnut blight was introduced in...
Definition
1904
Term
Dutch elm disease was introduced in...
Definition
1930
Term
Sudden oak death was introduced in...
Definition
1995
Term
sudden oak death
Definition
infects phloem and inner bark to cause bleeding cankers
Term
groups of infectous plant diseases
Definition
-fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes
-rare: parasitic higher plants, algae, protozoa: no economic problem so far
Term
noninfectious categories of plant disease
Definition
a. nutrient deficiencies (under fertilization)
b. mineral toxicities (over fertilization)
c. extremes in soil moisture
d. temperature extremes
e. light extremes
f. lack of oxygen
g. air pollution
h. improper soil pH
Term
What can impair cell division and differentiation?
Definition
viruses and mollicutes
Term
How can diseases inhibit transpiration?
Definition
clogging up stomates
Term
plant wilt
Definition
rots the vascular system
Term
At minimum, we look at...
Definition
the pathogen and the plant
Term
For a facultative parasite to attack, there has to be a...
Definition
pre-existing fault in the armor or stress
Term
Saprophyte helps with...
Definition
soil
Term
How can a parasite not be a pathogen?
Definition
by not causing disease
Term
Can a pathogen not be a parasite?
Definition
yes, if it gets no food
Term
aggressiveness
Definition
the degree of pathogenicity

How pathogenic is it?
Term
diseasy cycle
Definition
-chain of events in disease development
-includes stages of development of pathogen
Term
stages of disease cycle
Definition
1: survival of pathogen
2: dissemination (primary inoculum)
3: inoculation
4: penetration and entry
5: infection
6: invasion (to what extent?)
7: production of symptoms
8: reproduction (this is where it produces visible signs)
9: secondary inoculum (spores from this year's reproduction)
10: survival in absence of host
Term
______ often survive in insects.
Definition
pathogens
Term
Inoculation doesn't occur w/o...
Definition
primary inoculum
Term
When can symptoms show up?
Definition
only after invasion
Term
These phases of the plant disease cycle can happen without us knowing (might be too late).
Definition
1-7

1: survival of pathogen
2: dissemination (primary inoculum)
3: inoculation
4: penetration and entry
5: infection
6: invasion (to what extent?)
7: production of symptoms
Term
At these stages in the plant disease cycle, you do diagnosis and treatment.
Definition
8-9

8: reproduction (this is where it produces visible signs)
9: secondary inoculum (spores from this year's reproduction)
Term
primary inoculum
Definition
inoculum from overwintering sources; first inoculum of the growing season; primary overwintering
Term
secondary inoculum
Definition
-inoculum formed during the present growing season
-secondary infections, epidemics; secondary this season
Term
types of inoculum
Definition
-vegetative and reproductive parts of fungi
-vegetative cells of bacteria
-virus particles
-nematodes- eggs, juveniles, adults
Term
______ generally don't move under their own power.
Definition
propagules
Term
propagule
Definition
the part of an organism, such as a spore or a bacterium, that may be disseminated and reproduce the organism
Term
Penetration begins with...
Definition
the growth of the inoculum on the surface of the host
Term
infection peg
Definition
the specialized, narrow hyphal strand on the underside of an appressorium that penetrates host cells
Term
appresorium
Definition
a swollen, flattened portion of a fungal filament that adheres to the surface of a higher plant, providing anchorage for invasion by a fungus
Term
types of pathogen penetration
Definition
-direct
-indirect
-wound penetration
Term
hydrathode
Definition
an epidermal leaf structure specialized for secretion or exudation of water; leaf opening at terminus of vein
Term
methods of attack of infection
Definition
-facultative parasites
-obligate parasites
Term
infection period
Definition
time from inoculation to infection
Term
incubation period
Definition
-time from inoculation to symptom expression
-as important as the epidemiology of the disease; can determine outcome of the epidemic
Term
ways pathogens can survive
Definition
-living on perennials
-living on plant debris (being saprophytes)
-resistant survival structures or as saprophytes in soil
-insect vectors
-in seed of host plants (starts feeding when it germinates)
Term
pathogen groups that can survive using resistant survival structures or as saprophytes in soil
Definition
-fungi
-bacteria
-nematodes
-made to last for years
Term
means of dissemination
Definition
-wind
-rain
-water
-insects
-man and animals (most efficient)
Term
pathogens that can disseminate by wind
Definition
-fungal spores produced dry
-local and long distance
-fungi
Term
pathogens that disseminate by rain
Definition
-fungal spores
-bacteria
-within plant canopy
Term
pathogen groups that can disseminate by water
Definition
all groups, many soilborne
Term
pathogens that can spread by insects
Definition
all groups
Term
measurement of pathogen
Definition
virulence and aggressiveness
Term
measure of host
Definition
cultivar
Term
endemic
Definition
disease generally present year after year, but not causing widespread damage
Term
sporadic
Definition
disease that causes damage in localized area and may or may not return
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
excessive cell division
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
excessive cell enlargement
Term
hypoplasia
Definition
insufficient cell division
Term
hypotrophy
Definition
insufficient cell growth
Term
wilting caused by...
Definition
lack of flow of water
Term
principles of control
Definition
-exclusion
-eradication
-protection
-resistance
Term
certification
Definition
grow seed and propagative parts in areas where pathogen is not present- visual and lab inspection
Term
how to kill pathogen w/o killing plant
Definition
-chemicals
-hot water
-heat treatment
Term
ways to eradicate
Definition
-eradication
-crop rotation
-heat treatment
-control light
-chemicals
-biological control
Term
sanitation
Definition
reduction of primary inoculum sources
Term
Sanitation can be done by...
Definition
a. Remove/destroy crop residues (for many diseases, this is all you need)
b. Remove susceptible and alternative hosts (obligate parasites)
example: weed control
c. Remove alternate hosts (rusts)
example: weed control
d. Clean implements and worker hands, worksurfaces, benches
Term
crop rotation
Definition
-starve the pathogen
-Use of crops which are not susceptible - if available, economical.
-Not effective against long-survival pathogens weed hosts
Term
methods of heat treatment
Definition
a. Treatment of soil
b. Treatment of plant propagative parts
c. Treatment of whole plants
Term
heat treatment of soil by solarization
Definition
-37 - 52°C
-eradicates some pathogens
-90% of population killed
Term
heat treatment of plant propagative parts
Definition
-treat seed, bulbs, nursery stock
-eliminate viruses, fungi and nematodes
-temp. 52°C for 11 min
Term
heat treatment of whole plants
Definition
-for viruses
-35-40°C several weeks - up to 8 months
-only for extremely valuable propagative stock
-basically gives plant fever
-don't forget to water plant
Term
most common leaf spots and blights in ornamentals
Definition
Alternaria and Botrytis
Term
use of chemicals in eradication
Definition
-soil treatment
-treatment of plants
Term
methods of soil treatment
Definition
-fumigants
-non-fumigants
Term
fumigants
Definition
-broad spectrum biocides active only in vapor phase
-must be done 2 weeks prior to planting
-soil temp. >15°C
Term
how fumigants are applied
Definition
-injected into soil with tractor-mounted equipment
-soil surface sealed using tarp cover
Term
chemicals used in fumigants
Definition
-volatile compounds- chloropicrin, metam sodium
-"crappy"
-methylbromide used to be huge
Term
fumigant used only for nematodes
Definition
Telone II (1,3 dichloropropene)
Term
non-fumigants
Definition
fungicides and neamticides
Term
how non-fumigants are applied
Definition
-applied as dusts, drenches, granule or spray
-can be incorporated
Term
non-fumigants that are fungicides
Definition
-captan
-metalaxyl
-PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene)
survive well in soil, but shows up in well water
Term
non-fumigants that are nematicides
Definition
fluensulfone (marketed as Nimitz)
Term
types of chemotherapy
Definition
-skin deep
-vivitax (carboxin)
-These are single site motivaction products
Term
skin deep chemotherapy
Definition
- treatment of non-invasive pathogens – near surface – use a systemic fungicide – powdery mildews, rusts, scabs, sooty molds
-generally have 1 site of action
Term
vivitax (carboxin)
Definition
-seed treatment
-can clean up some of the pathogens in the seeds
Term
examples of protection
Definition
-fungicides applied to plants
-cultural practices
Term
most common plant infection
Definition
-Fungicides applied to plants
-must be on plant surface before you need it
Term
examples of fungicides applied to plants
Definition
-foliar application
-seed treatment
Term
seed treatment using fungicides
Definition
-treats bulbs, tubers, etc. (reproductive parts)
-does not eliminate internal infections (protectant, as compared to eradicant)
-applied as dusts, or wettable powders in slurry
-creates a barrier around seed - seed attains germination potential
-no protection after germination unless compound is systemic - then may last up to 3 weeks
Term
most effective fungicides for seed treatment
Definition
the old fashioned metal ion type fungicides
Term
Cultural practices usually promote...
Definition
disease escape
Term
types of cultural practices
Definition
-seedling disease
-plant/row spacing
-proper nutrition
-drainage in low areas
-irrigate less frequently
Term
seedling disease
Definition
-plant when conditions are optimal to hasten growth, development - reduce period of immature susceptibility
-challenge here doe to irregular weather
Term
plant/row spacing
Definition
keep canopy open, air movement, dries faster - less humidity and free moisture (exact opposite of current trends for increasing yields)
Term
proper nutrition
Definition
-control N rates carefully avoid rapid buildup of soft, succulent tissues
-too much N is enemy
-bet to use time release, but it's 3x more expensive
-poop is naturally time release
Term
drainage in low areas
Definition
avoid standing water - root diseases
Term
irrigate less frequently
Definition
longer period
–less frequent opportunities for pathogens to germinate
–irrigate early morning
–dries more quickly
Term
resistance
Definition
-defined in terms of susceptibility - cultivar comparison within plant species - not immunity
-very desirable method of disease control- good for environment, cost effective, easy to deploy
-available for a relatively few crops/ pathogens
-regards cultivars, not species
Term
aim of molecular methods
Definition
most aimed at creating new forms of resistance to plant diseases in crop/pathogen combinations where natural genes for resistance are not available
Term
transgenes
Definition
introduced from another plant species

This is how RoundUp resistance works.
Term
marker-assisted selection
Definition
-use molecular methods to speed-up traditional plant breeding
-what we've been doing with soybeans
-not GMO
Term
How many species of fungi are there?
Definition
estimated 1.5-5 million

most are decomposers, primarily saprophytic
Term
How many nuclei per cell of mycelium?
Definition
1, 2, or many
Term
Are facultative parasites intercellular or intracellular?
Definition
for the most part, intercellular
Term
specialized vegetative structures produced by fungi
Definition
-rhizomorphs
-felts or mats
-sclerotia
Term
felts or mats
Definition
-large, thick “sheet-like” masses of mycelium
-usually produced by wood rotters
Term
rhizomorphs
Definition
mycelial aggregates
-strands that are “shoestring like”
-resistant to adverse environment
-macroscopic
Term
sclerotia
Definition
-dense compact masses of hyphae
-pellet shaped or somewhat irregular
-excellent survival structures
-can survive for decades in soil
Term
asexual spores
Definition
-produced without the fusion of 2 haploid nucleii (no meiosis)
-genetically the same as the hyphae from which they were formed
-fungi often use this in uniform monocultures
Term
how asexual spores are important
Definition
-important in propagation of the species
-increase in inoculum during the growing season
–secondary inoculum
Term
anamorph
Definition
asexual stage of fungi
Term
types of asexual spores
Definition
-arthrospore
-conidium (plural conidia)
-chlamydospore
-zoospores
-sporangiospore
Term
arthrospore
Definition
fragmentation of mycelium into individual cells
Term
conidium
Definition
-(plural - conidia) produced on a hyphal branch may be single or in a chain
-formed on a specialized hyphal branch - the conidiophore
Term
conidiophore
Definition
specialized hyphal branch on which conidia are produced
Term
chlamydospore
Definition
-terminal or intercalary cell of the hypha
-may enlarge and form a thick wall
-excellent survival structure
Term
zoospores
Definition
-produced by fungi with coenocytic hyphae- Oomycetes
-motile and have 1 or 2 flagella
-very fragile, short-lived spores
-require free water to be effective
Term
how zoospores form
Definition
1: sporangium forms
2: sporangium's contents subdivide and burst the sporangium wall, releasing zoospores
Term
sporangium
Definition
a saclike structure in which the entire contents are converted into an indefinite number of asexual spores in certain fungi and funguslike organisms
Term
sporangiospore
Definition
-sporangium remains intact
-germinates directly
–no zoospores, no flagella
Term
germ tube
Definition
the hyphae that result from germination
Term
When do fungi use the sexual stage?
Definition
when the future's uncertain
Term
plasmogamy
Definition
union of 2 protoplasts or gametes to bring the nucleii together resulting in (N+N) dikaryon
Term
protoplast
Definition
living cell w/o wall
Term
Karyogamy
Definition
fusion of the 2 nucleii to form a zygote - resulting in (2N) diploid
Term
oomycetes
Definition
-cellulose in cell walls
-hyphae coenocytic - diploid
-asexual spores are borne in a sporangium- zoospores- motile
-examples: lower fungi and water molds
Term
pythium
Definition
-soilborne oomycete that causes seedling diseases and root rot
-root rot most likely to occur in cool, wet weather
Term
Ascomycetes
Definition
-largest group of fungi
-have most plant disease
-have haploid septate mycelium
-use ascospores and ascocarps
Term
ascospores
Definition
sexual spores borne within a sac-like cell called an ascus (plural is asci)
Term
ascus
Definition
-plural asci
-sac-like cell within which ascospores are formed
Term
ascosarp
Definition
specialized fruiting structure within which asci are borne
Term
asexual stage of ascomycetes
Definition
-where known they produce conidia
-taxonomy based on variability in conidial formation
Term
most common teleomorph in ascomycetes
Definition
conidia
Term
taxonomy of ascomycetes based on...
Definition
ascocarps
1: naked asci
2: apothecium
3: perithecium
4: chasmothecium
Term
naked asci
Definition
-no true ascocarp
-asci exposed to environment
Term
apothecium
Definition
open cup shaped ascocarp
Term
perithecium
Definition
-partially exposed ascocarp
-ascospores ejected or oozed out
Term
chasmothecium
Definition
-completely closed ascocarp
-usually swell w/ water- break open
Term
basidiomycetes
Definition
-have dikaryotic mycelia w/ septa
-use basidiospores
Term
basidiospores
Definition
-sexual spores that basidiomycetes use
-form on basidium
-4 sexual spores borne on the outside of a “club-like” cell called a basidium (plural is basidia)
-4 basidiospores per basidium
Term
basidium
Definition
-clublike cell upon which basidiospores form
-plural basidia
-4 basidiospores per basidium
Term
asexual stage in basidiomycetes
Definition
nonexistent in many basidiomycetes
Term
example of basidiomycete that uses asexual spore stages
Definition
rust
Term
Do Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia produce spores?
Definition
no
Term
Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia are important in...
Definition
-seedling diseases
-root rots
-crown rots
-this group includes Agarics- mushrooms we can eat
Term
Important fungal diseases include...
Definition
-smuts
-rusts
-wood rotting fungi
Term
Deuteromycetes
Definition
-have no sexual stage
-defined separately due to their importance in plant pathology
-haploid or dikaryotic septate mycelium
-some sterile mycelium
-most use asexual conidium
Term
Most of the conidial types of deuteromycetes are...
Definition
-asexual stages of ascomycetes
-many foliage and wilt pathogens included in this group
Term
taxonomy of Deuteromycetes
Definition
based on method of production of conidia
1: sterile mycelia
2: moniliales
Term
sterile mycelia
Definition
-no conidia - only mycelium
-may produce sclerotia - Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium
Term
Moniliales
Definition
-conidia produced on specialized hyphae called conidiaphores - exposed freely in the air
-may produce sporodochia
Term
conidiaphores
Definition
specialized hyphae upon which conidia are produced
Term
types of moniliales
Definition
-oidium
-monilia
-fusicladium
-alternaria
-helminthosporium
-botrytis
-penicillium
Term
fungal strategy for wind dispersion
Definition
get above laminar level to disperse spores
Term
sporodochia
Definition
hyphal mats upon which spores may be raised
Term
types of sporodochia
Definition
-Sporodochium (Fusarium)
-Sporodochium (Tubercularia)
-Synnema (Graphium)
Term
Melanconiales
Definition
-conidia produced within an acervulus
-conidiophores are compacted and rupture the epidermis of the host plant
Term
acervulus
Definition
an erumpent, cusionlike fruiting body bearing conidiophores, conidia, and sometimes setae
Term
types of acervulus or melanconiales
Definition
-Calletotrichum
-Gloeasporium
-Coreyneum
-Cylindrosporium
Term
Sphaeropsidales
Definition
conidia within a flask-like structure called Pycnidium
Term
types of pycnidium or sphaeropsidales
Definition
-Phyllosticta
-Cytospora
-Sphaeropsis
-Diplodia
-Septoria
Term
examples of necrotic symptoms
Definition
-blight
rot (later forms mummy)
-mosaic
-chlorosis
-vein necrosis
-wilt
-spots
-blotches
Term
examples of hypoplastic symptoms
Definition
-rosetting
-dwarfing
-phylloydy
Term
examples of hyperplastic symptoms
Definition
-fasciculation
-gall
-canker
Term
signs of fungal pathogen
Definition
-spores
-mycelium
-sclerotia
-chasmothecium
Term
signs of bacterial pathogen
Definition
-ooze
-streaming
-leak
Term
signs of nematodes
Definition
-cysts
-egg masses
Term
Anton de Bary
Definition
-father of phytopathology
-studied the potato blight pathogen and elucidated its life cycle
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease. 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease with same symptoms when introduced into a healthy organism. 4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
Term
cons of Koch's Postulates
Definition
-rules out secondary organisms
-not always 100% accurate
-can take a very long time
-need clean plants and a place to grow them
-doesn't work with obligate parasites
Term
Koch's Postulates today
Definition
-isolate microorganisms from diseased corn plants
-will be used t identify the causal agent of this disease (labs 2-6)
Term
some characteristics of oomycetes
Definition
-similar to fungi
-water dependent
-aseptate hyphae
-wide host range
Term
asexual structures of oomycetes
Definition
-sporangiophore
-sporangium
-zoospore
Term
sporangiophore
Definition
specialized branching hyphae bearing sporangia
Term
sporangium
Definition
lemon shaped spore that may germinate or bear zoospores
Term
zoospore
Definition
-have 1 or 2 flagella
-chemotactic and phototrophic
-motile
-burns out quickly
-needs free water to be effective
-used by oomycetes
-asexual
Term
phytoplasma
Definition
-similar to bacteria, but lack cell wall
-obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insect vectors
Term
How do plants provide fuel?
Definition
-wood
-alcohol
-gasohol
Term
ascospores
Definition
sexual spores borne within a sac-like cell called an ascus (plural is asci)
Term
ascus
Definition
-plural asci
-sac-like cell within which ascospores are formed
Term
ascosarp
Definition
specialized fruiting structure within which asci are borne
Term
asexual stage of ascomycetes
Definition
-where known they produce conidia
-taxonomy based on variability in conidial formation
Term
most common teleomorph in ascomycetes
Definition
conidia
Term
taxonomy of ascomycetes based on...
Definition
ascocarps
1: naked asci
2: apothecium
3: perithecium
4: chasmothecium
Term
naked asci
Definition
-no true ascocarp
-asci exposed to environment
Term
apothecium
Definition
open cup shaped ascocarp
Term
perithecium
Definition
-partially exposed ascocarp
-ascospores ejected or oozed out
Term
chasmothecium
Definition
-completely closed ascocarp
-usually swell w/ water- break open
Term
basidiomycetes
Definition
-have dikaryotic mycelia w/ septa
-use basidiospores
Term
basidiospores
Definition
-sexual spores that basidiomycetes use
-form on basidium
-4 sexual spores borne on the outside of a “club-like” cell called a basidium (plural is basidia)
-4 basidiospores per basidium
Term
basidium
Definition
-clublike cell upon which basidiospores form
-plural basidia
-4 basidiospores per basidium
Term
asexual stage in basidiomycetes
Definition
nonexistent in many basidiomycetes
Term
example of basidiomycete that uses asexual spore stages
Definition
rust
Term
Do Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia produce spores?
Definition
no
Term
Sclerotium and Rhizoctonia are important in...
Definition
-seedling diseases
-root rots
-crown rots
-this group includes Agarics- mushrooms we can eat
Term
Important fungal diseases include...
Definition
-smuts
-rusts
-wood rotting fungi
Term
Deuteromycetes
Definition
-have no sexual stage
-defined separately due to their importance in plant pathology
-haploid or dikaryotic septate mycelium
-some sterile mycelium
-most use asexual conidium
Term
Most of the conidial types of deuteromycetes are...
Definition
-asexual stages of ascomycetes
-many foliage and wilt pathogens included in this group
Term
taxonomy of Deuteromycetes
Definition
based on method of production of conidia
1: sterile mycelia
2: moniliales
Term
sterile mycelia
Definition
-no conidia - only mycelium
-may produce sclerotia - Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium
Term
Moniliales
Definition
-conidia produced on specialized hyphae called conidiaphores - exposed freely in the air
-may produce sporodochia
Term
conidiaphores
Definition
specialized hyphae upon which conidia are produced
Term
types of moniliales
Definition
-oidium
-monilia
-fusicladium
-alternaria
-helminthosporium
-botrytis
-penicillium
Term
fungal strategy for wind dispersion
Definition
get above laminar level to disperse spores
Term
sporodochia
Definition
hyphal mats upon which spores may be raised
Term
types of sporodochia
Definition
-Sporodochium (Fusarium)
-Sporodochium (Tubercularia)
-Synnema (Graphium)
Term
Melanconiales
Definition
-conidia produced within an acervulus
-conidiophores are compacted and rupture the epidermis of the host plant
Term
acervulus
Definition
an erumpent, cusionlike fruiting body bearing conidiophores, conidia, and sometimes setae
Term
types of acervulus or melanconiales
Definition
-Calletotrichum
-Gloeasporium
-Coreyneum
-Cylindrosporium
Term
Sphaeropsidales
Definition
conidia within a flask-like structure called Pycnidium
Term
types of pycnidium or sphaeropsidales
Definition
-Phyllosticta
-Cytospora
-Sphaeropsis
-Diplodia
-Septoria
Term
examples of necrotic symptoms
Definition
-blight
rot (later forms mummy)
-mosaic
-chlorosis
-vein necrosis
-wilt
-spots
-blotches
Term
examples of hypoplastic symptoms
Definition
-rosetting
-dwarfing
-phylloydy
Term
examples of hyperplastic symptoms
Definition
-fasciculation
-gall
-canker
Term
signs of fungal pathogen
Definition
-spores
-mycelium
-sclerotia
-chasmothecium
Term
signs of bacterial pathogen
Definition
-ooze
-streaming
-leak
Term
signs of nematodes
Definition
-cysts
-egg masses
Term
Anton de Bary
Definition
-father of phytopathology
-studied the potato blight pathogen and elucidated its life cycle
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease. 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease with same symptoms when introduced into a healthy organism. 4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
Term
cons of Koch's Postulates
Definition
-rules out secondary organisms
-not always 100% accurate
-can take a very long time
-need clean plants and a place to grow them
-doesn't work with obligate parasites
Term
Koch's Postulates today
Definition
-isolate microorganisms from diseased corn plants
-will be used t identify the causal agent of this disease (labs 2-6)
Term
some characteristics of oomycetes
Definition
-similar to fungi
-water dependent
-aseptate hyphae
-wide host range
Term
asexual structures of oomycetes
Definition
-sporangiophore
-sporangium
-zoospore
Term
sporangiophore
Definition
specialized branching hyphae bearing sporangia
Term
sporangium
Definition
lemon shaped spore that may germinate or bear zoospores
Term
zoospore
Definition
-have 1 or 2 flagella
-chemotactic and phototrophic
-motile
-burns out quickly
-needs free water to be effective
-used by oomycetes
-asexual
Term
phytoplasma
Definition
-similar to bacteria, but lack cell wall
-obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insect vectors
Term
How do plants provide fuel?
Definition
-wood
-alcohol
-gasohol
Term
some products of genetically engineered plants
Definition
-pharmaceuticals
-enzymes
-hormones
-etc.
Term
etiology
Definition
causal factors of disease
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
means of disease expression
Term
plant disease resistance
Definition
means to fight diseases
Term
examples of direct losses
Definition
-yield reduction
-quality reduction
-reduce aesthetic values
Term
examples of indirect losses
Definition
-cost of control measures
-use other varieties or crops (change in production, marketing, etc.)
Term
Loss estimates are generally...
Definition
10-15%
Term
In less developed countrie, losses can be...
Definition
50-60%
Term
How does mechanical harvesting lower seed quality?
Definition
-cracking and weathering at harvesting
-left in field for extended periods
–cotton, soybeans, turf/ forage grasses
Term
Mechanical diseases ______ seeds.
Definition
damage
Term
What do herbicides do?
Definition
may put plant under stress and cause seedling diseases to be more severe
Term
Any time you do this to a plant, it's more likely to get sick.
Definition
weaken or stress it
Term
results of Green Revolution
Definition
-Mexico and other countries - increased yield 6.5 times since 1945
-No free lunch - management practices had to be drastically altered
Term
These factors led to more plant disease.
Definition
(1) increased plant population
(2) increased fertility more disease
(3) increased irrigation
Term
The MidEast went from ______ acres of wheat i 1966 to ______ acres of wheat in 1971.
Definition
23,000
30 million
Term
These diseases decreased yield by 55%.
Definition
rust diseases
Term
This disease decreased yield by 80% (5% in USA)
Definition
Septoria leaf blotch
Term
rust
Definition
a disease caused by a specialized group of the Basidiomycota (the basidiomycetes) that often produces spores of a rusty color
Term
[image]
Definition
1: protozoan
2: head of nematode
3: fungal mycelium
4: viroids
5: mollicutes
6: bacteria
Term
[image]
Definition
dwarfing or stunting
Term
[image]
Definition
necrotic
Term
[image]
Definition
necrosis
Term
[image]
Definition
1: proteins synthesized 2: vitamins and hormones formed 3: reproduction and storage of starch, proteins, and fsts 4: transpiration 5: CO2 6: light 7: translocation of water and minerals 8: food translocation 9: photosynthesis 10: sugars and nitrogen form amino acids 11: uptake of H2O and minerals 12: protein synthesized
Term
[image]
Definition
overgrowths
Term
[image]
Definition
1: pathogen
2: environment
3: host
Term
[image]
Definition
rhizomorphs
Term
[image]
Definition
1: germ tube
2: appresorium
3: infection peg
4: haustorium
Term
[image]
Definition
felts or mats
Term
[image]
Definition
formation of arthrospores
Term
[image]
Definition
sclerotia
Term
[image]
Definition
Monilia
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia on distinct conidiophores
Term
oomycete life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Oidium
Term
[image]
Definition
Fusicladium
Term
[image]
Definition
Penicillium
Term
[image]
Definition
Sporodochium (Fusarium)
Term
[image]
Definition
Alternaria
Term
[image]
Definition
Botrytis
Term
[image]
Definition
Sporodochium (Tubercularia)
Term
[image]
Definition
Synnema (Graphium)
Term
[image]
Definition
Helminthosporium
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia in Acervuli
Term
[image]
Definition
Chasmothecium
Term
[image]
Definition
Conidia
Term
[image]
Definition
imperfect fungi
Term
[image]
Definition
Conidia
Term
[image]
Definition
Conidia on Sporodochium
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia in acervulus
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia in pycnidium
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia
Term
[image]
Definition
Basidiomycetes
Term
[image]
Definition
Chlamydospores
Term
[image]
Definition
Basidiospores on basidium
Term
[image]
Definition
Spermatia in spermagonium
Term
[image]
Definition
Uredospores in aecium
Term
[image]
Definition
Asciospores in aecium
Term
[image]
Definition
Teliospores in telium
Term
[image]
Definition
Gloeosporium
Term
[image]
Definition
Colletotrichum
Term
[image]
Definition
Coryneum
Term
[image]
Definition
Cylindrosporium
Term
[image]
Definition
Conidia in Pycnidia
Term
[image]
Definition
Phyllosticta
Term
[image]
Definition
Cytospora
Term
[image]
Definition
Diplodia
Term
[image]
Definition
Sphaeropsis
Term
[image]
Definition
Septoria
Term
[image]
Definition
1: zoospore
2: zoosporangium
Term
[image]
Definition
Oospore
Term
[image]
Definition
Perithecium
Term
[image]
Definition
Ascomycetes
Term
[image]
Definition
Apothecium
Term
[image]
Definition
Conidia
Term
[image]
Definition
naked asci
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia in pycnidium
Term
[image]
Definition
Ascus containing ascospores
Term
[image]
Definition
soybean rust

takes food from it, spreads rapidly
Term
[image]
Definition
sudden oak death

-came out of nowhere
-is oomycete
-unsure whether it'll be a problem here
Term
[image]
Definition
1: shoot blight
2: leaf blight
3: fruit spot
4: fruit rot
5: leaf spot
6: canker
7: wilt
8: vascular wilt
9: crown gall
10: root rot
Term
[image]
Definition
Dutch elm disease

-spreads to other trees
-strangles vessels
Term
[image]
Definition
plant wilt

rots vascular system
Term
[image]
Definition
hydrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans
Term
[image]
Definition
necrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans
Term
[image]
Definition
sporangia caused by Phytophthora infestans
Term
[image]
Definition
blighted plant caused by Phytophthora infestans
Term
[image]
Definition
entire field blighted by Phytophthora infestans
Term
pathogen that causes late blight of potato and tomato
Definition
Phytophthora infestans
Term
sexual stage of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
oospores
thus, it's an oomycete
Term
asexual structures of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
sporangia and zoospores
Term
type of hyphae in Phytophthora infestans
Definition
coenocytic
Term
Phytophthora infestans in 1700's
Definition
potato brought from S. America
propagated as vegetative clone
Term
Phytophthora infestans in 1800's
Definition
potato was main food crop in many parts of Europe, especially Ireland
Term
Phytophthora infestans in 1845-1847
Definition
disease occurred in epidemic proportions
Term
effect of Phytophthora infestans in Europe
Definition
infected potato introduced and propagated
devastated potato crop throughout Europe and UK
kicked off study of plant pathology in Europe; got plant pathology going
Term
how potato was propagated in Europe
Definition
as vegetative clone
Term
things caused by Phytophthora infestans
Definition
caused widespread starvation and migration of Irish to USA
1.5 million people died and 16 million immigrated to USA
one of history's major catastrophies due to plant pathogens
Term
Phytophthora infestans infects the ___________ of potatoes
Definition
tubers
Term
infected potato tubers first showed up in...
Definition
Amsterdam
Term
In terms of Phytophthora infestans, _______ mating type(s) showed up in Europe and USA.
Definition
only 1
same isolate
Term
Phytophthora infestans has ______ mating type(s).
Definition
2
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
both __________ and _______________ were genetically uniform in Europe.
Definition
disease and potato
Term
Will potato grow in hot weather?
Definition
no
Term
how Phytophthora infestans can survive outside of typical host
Definition
has many weed hosts
Term
distribution of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
throughout the world where susceptible crops are grown
Term
where Phytophthora infestans occurs in USA
Definition
most frequent in New England, NY, and Penn
Term
When does Phytophthora infestans occur in the Southeast?
Definition
occasionally
when crops are grown during winter
Term
hosts of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
potato and tomato
other members of the Solanaceae
eggplant and common in weeds
Term
Losses due to Phytophthora infestans vary considerably depending on...
Definition
environment
Term
the type of environment Phytophthora infestans needs
Definition
cool, wet weather
Term
speed of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
can destroy entire field of potatoes within 2 weeks after initial symptoms are evident
Term
frequency of Phytophthora infestans epidemics
Definition
usually 1 of 4 years in major potato producing regions
Term
foliar symptoms of potato and tomato regarding Phytophthora infestans
Definition

1: hydrosis- on tips of leaflets- become necrotic- turn black to brown- die

2: wet and cool for extended periods- lesions enlarge- entire shoot system killed (i.e.- a blight)

3: plants that are killed give off pungent odor (diagnostic feature)

Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
hydrosis does this before collapsing
Definition
clears tissue out
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans: what happens 1st: death of oiriginal plants or spreading to other plants?
Definition
spreading to other plants
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
How long does it take for hydrosis to turn into necrosis?
Definition
about a day
Term
When does Phytophthora infestans progress?
Definition
only when it's cool and wet
Term
symptoms of Phytophthora infestans on potato tubers
Definition
black-brown-dry rot inside potato
irregular sunken lesions
in transit and storage tubers decay (still alive)
pathogen can spread to healthy tubers
Term
In years where Phytophthora infestans isn't severe in the field, where can tubers be infected and rot?
Definition
in storage
Term
Is Phytophthora infestans poisonous?
Definition
no, just stinks
Term
How much Phytophthora infestans does it take for the entire lot to be rejected?
Definition
just 1 in a huge lot means entire lot is rejected
Term
symptoms of Phytophthora infestans in tomato
Definition
attacked at any stage of development, frequently at stem end (not blossom-end rot)
lesions-green-gray-water soaked-continue to develop after harvest
fruit becomes soft and watery
attacked in similar fasion to potato, but not as messy
Term
signs of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
sporangia and sporangiophores appear as downy growth on underside of leaflets- moist conditions
Term
disease cycle of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
1: overwintering
2: dissemination
3: penetration
4: invasion
5: reproduction and secondary cycle
6: end of season, when tubers begin to form
Term
[image]
Definition
inside of potato with Phytophthora infestans
Term
[image]
Definition
outside of potato with Phytophthora infestans
Term
[image]
Definition
tomato with Phytophthora infestans
Term
overwintering phase of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-primarily as dormant mycelium in infected tubers- in field or in cull piles
-can overwinter as oospores, which are sexual, which causes genetic diversity
-oospores occur in Mexico, S. America- survival structures
-oospores increasingly common in US- require 2 mating types (heterothallic) and both are present now
Term
dissemination phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato
Definition
-potato shoot sprouts from infected tubers
-pathogen grows into aerial portion of plant thru cortex
-sporangiophores and sporangia emerge from lenticels on stem and stomates on emerging leaflets
-sporangia- detatched- blown in wet, windy weather to nearby susceptible plants
-below 15°C- indirect germination- 8 zoospores
-above 15°C- direct germination- germ tube
-oospores directly germinate
Term
penetration phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato
Definition
-thru the epidermis directly by formation of appresoria-
-also thru stomates
Term
invasion phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato
Definition
-starts as intercellular hyphae and haustoria (causes hydrosis)
-rapidly becomes intracellular hyphae
-enzymatic dissolution of plant cellular structure
-progresses to necrotic blight
-unchecked- consumes entire plant unless weather becomes warm, dry
Term
reproduction and secondary life cycle phase of Phytophthora infestans in potato
Definition
-sporangia and sporangiophores produced thru stomates on this season's foliage
-disseminated to nearby plants by wind and rain (same as dissemination of primary inocculum)
-if it goes from infected to healthy during same growing season, it's secondary, where it uses sporulation and lenticels
Term
in potato:
what Phytophthora infestans does at end of season when tubers begin to form
Definition
-some sporangia fall to the soil
-washed down by rains, irrigation water
-sporangia germinate
-zoospores swim to the infect tubers while still buried in soil (chemotactic response)
-infection occurs thru wounds or lenticels
-tubers may become infected during digging operation
-decay develops in storage- spread from tuber to tuber
-entire lot is rejected by packer if any infected tubers are found
-may result in a complete economic loss of the crop
Term
how Phytophthora infestans overwinters in potato
Definition
-primarily as dormant mycelium in infected tubers- in field or cull piles
-can overwinter as oospores, which are sexual, creating genetic diversity

part of overwintering phase
Term
heterothallic
Definition
requires 2 mating types; this describes oospores
Term
in potato:
Where do oospores of Phytophthora infestans occur?
Definition
primarily Mexico and S. America, but increasingly common in US

part of overwintering phase
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
potato shoots sprout from...
Definition
infected tubers

part of dissemination phase
Term
in potato:
Phytophthora infestans grows into ______ portion of plant thru ______.
Definition
aerial
cortex

part of dissemination phase
Term
Phytophthora infestans in potato:
______ and ______ emerge from lenticels on stem and stomates on emerging leaflets
Definition
sporangiophores
sporangia

part of dissemination phase
Term
Phytophthora infestans in potato:
sporangiophores and sporangia emerge from...
Definition
lenticels on stem and stomates on emerging leaflets

part of dissemination phase
Term
how Phytophthora infestans in potato is disseminated
Definition
sporangia-detatched-blown in wet, windy weather to nearby susceptible plants

part of dissemination phase
Term
how Phytophthora infestans in potato germinates
Definition
-below 15°C: indirect germination- 8 zoospores
-above 15°C: direct germination- germ tube
-germinate directly if using oospores

part of dissemination phase
Term
how Phytophthora infestans penetrates in potato
Definition
-thru the epidermis directly by formation of appresoria
-also thru stomates

part of invasion phase
Term
When Phytophthora infestans invades potato, it starts as ______ and rapidly becomes ______.
Definition
intercellular hyphae and haustoria, causing hydrosis
intracellular hyphae

part of invasion phase
Term
how Phytophthora infestans destroys cells in potato
Definition
-enzymatic dissolution of plant cellular structure
-progresses to necrotic blight

part of invasion phase
Term
what Phytophthora infestans does to potato left unchecked
Definition
consumes entire plant unless weather becomes warm, dry

part of invasion phase
Term
how Phytophthora infestans in potato reproduces (not secondary cycle)
Definition
sporangia and sporangiophores produced thru stomates on this season's foliage gets disseminated to nearby plants by wind and rain; same as primary inocculum
Term
how Phytophthora infestans in potato reproduces if in secondary cycle
Definition
-goes from infected to healthy during same growing season
-sporulation and lenticels
Term
what sporangia of Phytophthora infestans do at the end of the season
Definition
-some sporangia fall to the soil
-washed down by rains, irrigation water
-sporangia germinate
Term
how Phytophthora infestans can infect potato when tubers begin to form
Definition
-zoospores swim to infect the tubers while still buried in soil (chemotactic response)
-infection occurs thru wounds or lenticels
-tubers may become infected during digging
-decay develops in storage- spreads from tuber to tuber
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
entire potato lot of potatoes is rejected if...
Definition
1 infected tuber is found
Term
effect of of environment on Phytophthora infestans
Definition

-both temperature and moisture play important roles in growth of the pathogen and spread

-ample inocculum nearly always present to create an epidemic

-weather is limiting factor

Term
ideal conditions for Phytophthora infestans
Definition
cool, moist nights- 10-18°C and relative humidity 91-100%- best for disease development
Term
Phytophthora infestans sporulates best at these conditions
Definition
100% relative humidity at 16-22°C
Term
sporangia of Phytophthora infestans require this to germinate
Definition
water
Term
Phytophthora infestans can't survive for more than ______ hours below 80% relative humidity.
Definition
3-6 hours
Term
Phytophthora infestans can't survive for more than 3-6 hours below ______ relative humidity.
Definition
80% relative humidity
Term
temperature above ______ stops growth of Phytophthora infestans.
Definition
30°C
Term
gotta get plant out of ______ before disease starts
Definition
ground
Term
first disease for which a predictive model was developed
Definition
Phytophthora infestans (late blight)
Term
BLITECAST
Definition
disease model for late blight
Term
BLITECAST is used to...
Definition
time control applications in individual fields
-10-15°C
-r.h. above 75% > 48 hours
-=epidemic outbreak 2-3 weeks later
Term
conservative model of BLITECAST
Definition
more sprays/less lawsuits
Term
BLITECAST fails if...
Definition
you have no primary inocculum
Term
BLITECAST model is extremely (liberal or conservative)
Definition
conservative
Term
BLITECAST may cause more ______ than needed.
Definition
chemical application
Term
types of control against Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-an ounce of prevention... cultural practices
-protection- chemical applications
-eradication
-resistance
Term
regarding control of Phytophthora infestans:
types of an ounce of prevention... cultural practices control methods
Definition
-crop rotation
-destroy cull potatoes after harvest (enforced by ordinances)
-don't plant tomatoes near potatoes
-use tomato/potato transplants certified as disease free
Term
how to do crop rotation to control Phytophthora infestans
Definition
don't rotate potatoes and tomatoes (disaster waiting to happen)
Term
regarding Phytophthora infestans:
why it's important to destroy cull potatoes after harvest
Definition
1 cull pile could destroy 3 counties
Term
when to use chemical applications to control Phytophthora infestans
Definition
if cultural practices don't work
Term
regarding control of Phytophthora infestans:
use this to protect foliage during growing season
Definition
foliar fungicides- older protectants + newer systemics
Term
Why is Phytophthora infestans becoming more prevalent in US?
Definition
recently introduced strains of pathogen have fungicide resistance and are more aggresive
Term
ideal spray timing for foliar fungicides to control Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-7-10 days for normal weather
-3-4 days for cool and wet weather
Term
eradication method of controlling Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-use of herbicides to kill vines prior to harvest
-reduces chance of infection of tubers
-do this so pathogen has nothing to sporulate on
Term
2 types of resistance to Phytophthora infestans known in potato
Definition
-quantitative resistance -dominant single gene resistance
Term
quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-variable levels of resistance
-multigenic
-from Solanum tuberosum
-still need fungicides, but lots less
Term
multigenic
Definition
lots of genes involved
Term
the only means of sustainable control against Phytophthora infestans
Definition
combining tactics
Term
characteristics of quantitative resistance
Definition
1: varieties are only moderately resistant, but resistant to all races of a pathogen
2: resistance is controlled by numerous recessive genes and is quantitative
3: doesn't prevent infection, but rather slows down disease development after infection
4: must also use a reduced spray program for good disease control
Term
dominant single gene resistance to Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-from Solanum demissum
1: varieties are either completely resistant or susceptible
2: controlled by single dominant genes
3: hypersensitivity- cells in area are rapidly killed by host- pathogen also dies- with obligate pathogens, no food available in dead cells
-use almost exclusively for obligate parasite
5: necessary to know pathogenic races present in an area
6: this type of resistance is eventually overcome by pathogen- contest for survival
-that microbe will mutate
Term
the only potato species from which someone found a resistance gene to Phytophthora infestans
Definition
Solanum demissum
Term
apetosis
Definition
death of host cell tissue, in this case, to kill pathogen
Term
how to keep potatoes resistant to Phytophthora infestans
Definition
manage properly
Term
When does Phytophthora infestans start mutating?
Definition
when you deploy the resistance
Term
hydrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
necrosis on leaf caused by Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
sporangia caused by Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
blighted plant caused by Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
entire field blighted by Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
inside of potato with Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
outside of potato with Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
tomato with Phytophthora infestans
Definition
[image]
Term
causal agent of downy mildew of grape
Definition
Plasmopora viticola
Term
Phytophthora infestans
Definition
causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato
Term
Plasmopora viticola
Definition
causal agent of downy mildew of grape
Term
Plasmopora viticola is similar to Phytophthora infestans except...
Definition
that oospores are commonly produced
Term
sexual stage of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
oospores
thus, it's an oomycete
Term
asexual stages of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
sporangia and zoospores
Term
Plasmopora viticola has this type of hyphae
Definition
coenocytic
Term
most diseases spread to...
Definition
only certain parts of the plant
Term
where Plasmopora viticola is found
Definition
where wine is grown
Term
Is Plasmopora viticola hard or easy to manage?
Definition
hard
Term
Plasmopora viticola is a(n) ______ parasite.
Definition
obligate
Term
is Plasmopora viticola host specific?
Definition
yes
Term
hosts of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-European grape (Vitis vinifera)
-American grape (Vitis rotundifolia)
Term
susceptibility of European grape to Plasmopora viticola
Definition
very susceptible
Term
susceptibility of American grape to Plasmopora viticola
Definition
tolerant
Term
Plasmopora viticola was introduced from US to Europe in ______.
Definition
1870's
Term
Plasmopora viticola was introduced from ______ to ______ in 1870's.
Definition
US
Europe
Term
This pathogen led to the development of the first fungicide.
Definition
Plasmopora viticola
Term
"Bordeaux mixture"
Definition
-the first fungicide
-mix of copper sulfate and lime
-invented in 1885
-still used today
Term
Copper is this type of antibiotic.
Definition
very broad spectrum
Term
If you go over ______% with Bordeaux Mixture, it'll kill plants.
Definition
5%
Term
Bordeaux mixture has to be used in...
Definition
rotation
Term
Copper winds up in soil. What does it do to it?
Definition
acidifies it, making it worse for plants
Term
most serious disease of grape in humid environments (Europe, eastern USA)
Definition
Plasmopora viticola
Term
when Plasmopora viticola can be a problem in areas where it usually isn't a problem
Definition
wet years
Term
Plasmopora viticola can result in ______% crop loss if not controlled
Definition
50-80%
Term
Does Plasmopora viticola occur in Georgia?
Definition
yes, severe outbreaks in some years
Term
the only way Plasmopora viticola can happen in California
Definition
if someone uses overhead irrigation
Term
symptoms of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-different from late blight. Lesions start as chlorotic spots- enlarge and turn necrotic.
-lesions don't spread as in late blight
-many lesions- necrotic, defoliation
-early season infections- kills berries
-growth distortions of young tissues
-make young shoots go curly
Term
signs of Phytophthora infestans
Definition
-sporangiophores and sporangia
-underside of leaves
-"downy" white growth
-only in wet conditions
Term
[image]
Definition
leaf with all new spots caused by Plasmopora viticola
Term
leaf with all new spots caused by Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
spots caused by second generation of Plasmopora viticola
Term
spots caused by second generation of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
underside of leaf with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola
Term
underside of leaf with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
leaf rotted by Plasmopora viticola
Term
leaf rotted by Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
grapes rotted by Plasmopora viticola
Term
grapes rotted by Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
grapes with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola
Term
grapes with downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
close up of downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola
Term
close up of downy mildew caused by Plasmopora viticola
Definition
[image]
Term
Plasmopora viticola can overwinter as...
Definition
mycelium or oospores
Term
Plasmopora viticola can overwinter as mycelium in...
Definition
dormant twigs
Term
Plasmopora viticola can overwinter as oospores only if...
Definition
both mating types are present
Term
primary inoculum of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
1: mycelium as overwintering stage
2: oospores as overwintering stage
Term
mycelium of Plasmopora viticola produces ______ on plant surfaces.
Definition
sporangia
Term
oospores of Plasmopora viticola are found in...
Definition
plant debris in soil
Term
oospores of Plasmopora viticola germinate to produce...
Definition
sporangia
and zoospores
Term
invasion phase of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-Limited to discrete lesions
-Intercellular – forms haustoria in plant cells
-Hyphae adapt shape to intercellular spaces
-Lesions light green at first – then necrotic
Term
characteristics of lesions in Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-limited to discrete lesions
-Lesions light green at first – then necrotic
Term
characteristics of hyphae in Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-Intercellular – forms haustoria in plant cells
-Hyphae adapt shape to intercellular spaces
Term
Intercellular hyphae of Plasmopora viticola form ______ in plant cells.
Definition
haustoria
Term
the only fungus whose intercellular hyphae fill in the spaces between cells
Definition
Plasmopora viticola
Term
reproduction phase of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
Sporangiaphores emerge through stomates,
lenticels
Term
Sporangiaphores of Plasmopora viticola emerge through...
Definition
stomates and lenticels
Term
secondary cycles of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-Similar to late blight
-Sporangia/ zoospores are inoculum
-Penetration is always through stomates (indirect)
Term
In the secondary cycle of Plasmopora viticola, these are the inoculum.
Definition
sporangia/zoospores
Term
during secondary cycle, Plasmopora viticola always enters through...
Definition
stomates
Term
Is entering through stomates direct or indirect?
Definition
indirect
Term
ideal environmental conditions for Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-Moisture is just as critical as for late blight
-Cool temperatures are not necessary
-Downy mildew does well at warm temperatures
Term
Are cool temperatures necessary for Plasmopora viticola?
Definition
no
Term
Plasmopora viticola does well at these temperatures
Definition
warm temperatures
Term
free moisture
Definition
water
Term
ways to control Plasmopora viticola
Definition
1: sanitation
2: applying fungicides if sanitation doesn't work
Term
sanitation to get rid of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-mycelia - prune infected twigs, late season
-oospores - remove leaf debris from under
plants
-destroy pruning/ debris - burn or haul off
-traditional spring ritual – “Burning of vines”
Term
how to get rid of mycelia of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
prune infected twigs, late season
Term
how to get rid of oospores of Plasmopora viticola
Definition
remove leaf debris from under
plants
Term
how to destroy pruning/ debris
Definition
burn or haul off
Term
traditional spring ritual for controlling Plasmopora viticola
Definition
“Burning of vines”
Term
Can you get rid of all the Plasmopora viticola?
Definition
no
Term
Regarding Plasmopora viticola, if you don't burn this, things will get worse.
Definition
burn pruned vines
Term
Romans started this practice regarding Plasmopora viticola.
Definition
burning vines
Term
Who started the burning of vines regarding Plasmopora viticola?
Definition
the Romans
Term
When trying to control Plasmopora viticola, apply fungicides if...
Definition
sanitation doesn't work
Term
types of fungicides you can use to control Plasmopora viticola
Definition
-protective
-systemic
-combination
Term
protective fungicide you can use to control Plasmopora viticola
Definition
Bordeaux mixture
Term
systemic fungicide you can use to control Plasmopora viticola
Definition
metalaxyl
Term
metalaxyl was developed specifically for...
Definition
late blight
Term
This type of fungicide works best for controlling Plasmopora viticola.
Definition
combination
Term
Timing of fungicide application to control Plasmopora viticola is critical. Timing can be difficult in these seasons.
Definition
rainy seasons
Term
Can disease forecasting be used in applying fungicide to control Plasmopora viticola?
Definition
it may be
Term
Phytophthora infestans life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
Plasmopora viticola disease cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
general characteristics of powdery mildew
Definition
-Ascomycetes
-All are obligate parasites
-asexual stage - conidia
-sexual stage - chasmothecia, asci
w/ascospores
Term
Powdery mildews are in this group of fungi.
Definition
Ascomycetes
Term
powdery mildews are ______ parasites
Definition
obligate
Term
asexual stage of powdery mildew
Definition
conidia
Term
sexual stages of powdery mildew
Definition
chasmothecia, asci w/ ascospores
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia of powdery mildew
Term
conidia of powdery mildew
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
conidiaphore of powdery mildew
Term
conidiaphore of powdery mildew
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
spores of powdery mildew ejecting asci
Term
spores of powdery mildew ejecting asci
Definition
[image]
Term
Conidia of powdery mildew contain ______ that yield diploid mycelium.
Definition
haploid ascospores
Term
Conidia of powdery mildew contain haploid spores that yield ______.
Definition
diploid mycelium
Term
In powdery mildew, diploid mycelium develops when...
Definition
antheridium and oogonium fuse
Term
ascospores of powdery mildew eject...
Definition
asci
Term
When it comes to powdery mildew, this is diagnostic for the genus.
Definition
the behavior of the hyphae after the ascospore releases asci
Term
When does powdery mildew go into sexual stage?
Definition
when plant senessces
Term
name of powdery mildew comes from...
Definition
signs - mycelium, conidia,
conidiophores and chasmothecia on surface of
shoot tissue
Term
The mycelium of powdery mildew is superficial, which means...
Definition
it only penetrates the
epidermal cells – feeds with haustoria
Term
powdery mildew feeds with...
Definition
haustoria
Term
regarding powdery mildew:
Genera of fungi distinguished on the basis of...
Definition
number of asci in chasmothecia and type of appendages
Term
Powdery mildew occurs in these forms, based on...
Definition
specialized forms
ability to attack different plant species
Term
[image][image]
Definition
powdery mildew on some plants
Term
powdery mildew on some plants
Definition
[image][image]
Term
Does powdery mildew always cause necrotic lesions?
Definition
no, sometimes it doesn't
Term
[image]
Definition
leaf curling caused by powdery mildew
Term
leaf curling caused by powdery mildew
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
pale spots caused by powdery mildew
Term
pale spots caused by powdery mildew
Definition
[image]
Term
early sign of powdery mildew
Definition
leaf spots
Term
3 levels of host specificity for powdery mildew
Definition
1: Species name of the pathogen (specific for a related group of plants)
2: Special form (formis specialis = f.sp.) (specific for a plant genus)
3: Race (specific for a cultivar)
Term
specificity of obligates
Definition
Obligates are very specific.
Term
Specific races of powdery mildew can attack ______ cultivars.
Definition
1 or more
Term
host range of powdery mildew
Definition
-wide range of plants
-temperate zones
Term
economic importance of powdery mildew
Definition
-Cereals
-apples
-ornamentals
-floral crops
-forest trees
-vegetables
Term
Does powdery mildew occur in the tropics?
Definition
no
Term
What does rainfall do to powdery mildew?
Definition
gets rid of it
Term
Conidia of powdery mildew germinate when ______ is high.
Definition
relative humidity
Term
Does powdery mildew need free moisture?
Definition
no
Term
high humidity in this canopy
Definition
dense canopy
Term
effect of powdery mildew on host
Definition
-Obligate parasites
-Usually do not kill hosts
-Reduce photosynthesis when infection is heavy
Term
Powdery mildew does this to grapes.
Definition
reduces their sugar content
Term
ways to control powdery mildew
Definition
1. Protective chemical sprays
-Spores of powdery mildews do not germinate in free water
-Fungicides that require solubilization are relatively ineffective
-Sulfur sprays and dusts that are volatile
-Systemics - work very well
2. Also use sanitation - burn or dispose of primary inoculum sources - overwintering chasmothecia
Term
Do spores of powdery mildew germinate in free water?
Definition
no
Term
Fungicides that require this are relatively ineffective at controlling powdery mildew.
Definition
solubilization
Term
These types of fungicides work very well in controlling powdery mildew.
Definition
systemics
Term
methods of sanitation in controlling powdery mildew
Definition
burn or dispose of primary inoculum sources and overwintering chasmothecia
Term
causal agent of powdery mildew of rose
Definition
Sphaerotheca pannosa
Term
Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
causal agent of powdery mildew of rose
Term
chasmothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-one ascus
-simple appendages
Term
host range of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-rose
-peaches
Term
distribution of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-widely distributed
-temperate region
Term
importance of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
reduces flower production, flower quality, and plant vigor
Term
Does Sphaerotheca pannosa need humidity?
Definition
yes
Term
regarding Sphaerotheca pannosa:
How many blemishes puts rose in trash can?
Definition
just 1
Term
appendages of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
straight appendages w/o hooks
Term
disease cycle of Sphaerotheca pannosa and most other powdery mildews
Definition
1: overwinter
2: primary inocumum
3: penetration, infection
4: secondary inoculum
5: initiates production of cleistithecia late in growing season
6: cleistothecia mature during the dormant season
Term
overwintering phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
1: mycelium in buds
2: cleistothecia in infected shoots; can also be in leaves
Term
mycelium of Sphaerotheca pannosa occurs in this part of the rose
Definition
the buds

part of overwintering phase
Term
cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa occurs in these parts of the rose
Definition
-shoots
-can be in leaves

part of overwintering phase
Term
primary inoculum phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
1. Bud break – shoot growth – mycelia cover
new shoots – produce conidia
2. Spring - mature chasmothecia swell, break
open and liberate ascospores
Term
how Sphaerotheca pannosa makes conidia in the primary inoculum phase
Definition
Bud break – shoot growth – mycelia cover new shoots – produce conidia
Term
how Sphaerotheca pannosa creates ascospores in the primary inocculum phase
Definition
mature chasmothecia swell, break
open and liberate ascospores
Term
penetration, infection phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
1. Ascospore - germinates - forms a germ tube
and appressorium
-penetrates directly through epidermal cell
wall
-produces haustoria - mycelium on tissue
surface
2. Conidia – same process as for ascospores
Term
what ascospore does in penetration, infection phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-Ascospore - germinates - forms a germ tube
and appressorium
-penetrates directly through epidermal cell
wall
-produces haustoria - mycelium on tissue
surface
Term
how ascospore germinates in Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
penetrates directly thru epidermal cell wall (direct penetration)
Term
what Sphaerotheca pannosa produces to feed on host
Definition
haustoria
Term
______% of the mass of Sphaerotheca pannosa is on the surface of the host.
Definition
90%
Term
what conidia do in penetration, infection phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition

-Conidia - germinates - forms a germ tube and appressorium

-penetrates directly through epidermal cell wall

-produces haustoria - mycelium on tissue surface

Term
how conidia germinate in Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
penetrates directly thru epidermal cell wall (direct penetration)
Term
secondary inoculum phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-conidia on surface of lesions - wind dispersed
-conidia penetrate and invade host tissue same
as ascospores
Term
where conidia of Sphaerotheca pannosa are found during the secondary inoculum phase
Definition
surface of the lesions
Term
how conidia are dispersed in secondary inoculum phase of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
wind dispersed
Term
conidia of Sphaerotheca pannosa do this the same way as ascospores
Definition
penetrate and invade host tissue
Term
what Sphaerotheca pannosa does late during the growing season
Definition
initiate the production of cliestothecia
Term
where the cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa are produced late in the growing season
Definition
in same lesions that were producing conidia
Term
What determines when Sphaerotheca pannosa produces cleistothecia?
Definition
timed with senesscence of leaves in fall
Term
Cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa do this during dormant season.
Definition
mature and turn black
Term
[image]
Definition
Sphaerotheca pannosa in early season
Term
Sphaerotheca pannosa in early season
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Sphaerotheca pannosa when stem shows signs of senesscence
Term
Sphaerotheca pannosa when stem shows signs of senesscence
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
mature cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Term
mature cleistothecia of Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
[image]
Term
ways to control Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-Same as for powdery mildews in general
1. Spray protectant fungicide on regular schedule –
rain not needed to infect
2. Sanitation is extremely important
a. Remove and destroy leaf litter
b. Prune diseased shoots – remove and
destroy
Term
ways to sanitize against Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
-remove and destroy leaf litter
-prune diseased shoots- remove and destroy
Term
one thing that seems to come with resistance to Sphaerotheca pannosa
Definition
smaller flowers
Term
Which branches should you destroy when trying to control Sphaerotheca pannosa?
Definition
destroy the branches with the mycelia on it
Term
life cycle of Sphaerotheca pannosa, similar to that of other powdery mildews
Definition
[image]
Term
primary inoculum on powdery mildew
Definition
-ascospore
-mycelia
Term
secondary inoculum on powdery mildew
Definition
conidia
Term
causal agent of apple scab
Definition
Venturia inaequalis
Term
Venturia inaequalis
Definition
causal agent of apple scab
Term
Venturia inaequalis is in this group of fungi
Definition
Ascomycetes
Term
sexual spores of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
ascospores in pseudothecium
Term
asexual spores of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
conidia
Term
pseudothecium vs. perithecium
Definition
pretty much the same, except for how they're formed
Term
[image]
Definition
pseudothecium of Venturia inaequalis
Term
pseudothecium of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
ascospores of Venturia inaequalis
Term
ascospores of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
arrow points to epidermis of plant infected by Venturia inaequalis
Term
epidermis of plant infected by Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
characteristics of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
2 cells per ascospore, one bigger than the other
Term
Are basidiomycetes haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic?
Definition
dikaryotic
Term
distribution of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
Found wherever apples are grown
Term
Venturia inaequalis is worse in these climates.
Definition
-cool, wet climates, such as...
--N. Central and N. Eastern USA
--Mountainous growing areas in S. E. USA
Term
Most important pathogen of apples
Definition
Venturia inaequalis
Term
Venturia inaequalis can result in ______% loss if not controlled.
Definition
>70%
Term
Is Venturia inaequalis a problem in dry climates?
Definition
no, don't have to deal with it
Term
symptoms of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-Lesions on leaves, fruit:
--Olive - gray - black, slightly raised (scablike)
-May defoliate tree
-Fruit has similar lesions - becomes cracked, distorted, unmarketable
Term
characteristics of lesions caused by Venturia inaequalis
Definition
Olive - gray - black, slightly raised (scablike)
Term
Other than causing lesions, Venturia inaequalis may do this to a tree.
Definition
may defoliate tree
Term
what Venturia inaequalis does to fruit
Definition
-causes lesions
-makes fruit become cracked, distorted, unmarketable
Term
signs of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-Dark, raised, scab-like structures are mats of
subcuticular mycelium
-necrotic underneath
Term
Does Venturia inaequalis act on twigs and sticks?
Definition
no
Term
How often do you have to spray for Venturia inaequalis?
Definition
about twice a week
Term
What are the dark, raised, scab-like structures on plants infected by Venturia inaequalis?
Definition
mats of subcuticular mycelium
Term
[image]
Definition
top side of leaf showing signs of Venturia inaequalis
Term
top side of leaf showing signs of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
underside of leaf showing necrosis caused by Venturia inaequalis
Term
underside of leaf showing necrosis caused by Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
distortion caused by Venturia inaequalis
Term
distortion caused by Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
Term
scab caused by Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
cracking caused by Venturia inaequalis
Term
cracking caused by Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
How deep does Venturia inaequalis go on fruit?
Definition
only about 1 cell deep
Term
disease cycle of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
1: survival
2: primary inoculum
3: penetration
4: invasion
5: reproduction
6: secondary cycles
Term
survival stage of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
As immature pseudothecia and mycelium in dead leaves on the ground.
Term
how Venturia inaequalis overwinters in warmer regions
Definition
in infected twigs
Term
primary inoculum phase of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-pseudothecia mature in spring - ascospores are inoculum
-Germination requires 12-28 hours of continuous
moisture at cool temperatures
Term
When do pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis mature?
Definition
spring
Term
primary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
ascospores
Term
Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis require these conditions to germinate.
Definition
12-28 hours of continuous moisture at cool temperatures
Term
When do ascomycetes make conidia and ascospores?
Definition
seem to not make them until they need them
Term
Are ascospores of Venturia inaequalis survival structures?
Definition
no; they're thin walled
Term
how Venturia inaequalis penetrates
Definition
direct, only thru cuticle
Term
Venturia inaequalis penetrates directly, only thru...
Definition
cuticle
Term
Direct penetration is fairly common for these type pathogens.
Definition
foliar and shoot type pathogens
Term
invasion phase of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-Hyphae grow between the cuticle and the outer cell wall of the epidermis
-Cells are killed by toxins, enzymes
-No haustoria – causes cells to leak, degrade –
then absorbs nutrients
Term
where hyphae of Venturia inaequalis grow
Definition
between the cuticle and the outer cell wall of the epidermis
Term
how Venturia inaequalis kills cells
Definition
using toxins and enzymes
Term
Does Venturia inaequalis use haustoria?
Definition
no
Term
how Venturia inaequalis feeds on host
Definition
-No haustoria
–causes cells to leak, degrade
–then absorbs nutrients
Term
reproduction phase of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-Conidia are produced on surface of lesions
-Rain is necessary for spread of conidia
Term
where conidia of Venturia inaequalis are produced
Definition
on surface of lesions
Term
This is necessary for the spread of conidia of Venturia inaequalis.
Definition
rain
Term
Venturia inaequalis does this to the cell membranes of its host
Definition
affects cell membrane permeability
Term
Can Venturia inaequalis be grown in culture?
Definition
difficult to grow in culture
Term
secondary cycles phase of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
Similar to primary cycle except conidia are inoculum
Term
secondary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
conidia
Term
sexual stage of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
Pseudothecia are produced in leaves on ground in fall - overwinter
Term
[image]
Definition
overwintering pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis
Term
overwintering pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
weather vs. severity of outbreak of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
This type of outbreak keeps Venturia inaequalis going.
Definition
light outbreak
Term
ways to control Venturia inaequalis
Definition
1: protective fungicides
2: sanitation
Term
how to use protective fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-important to have complete spray program -Start before bloom and continue until few weeks before harvest
Term
when to start spraying fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis
Definition
before bloom (at "pinktip")
Term
Continue spraying protective fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis until...
Definition
a few weeks before harvest
Term
Why do you have to rotate fungicides to control Venturia inaequalis?
Definition
due to adaptability of fungus
Term
types of spray programs that can be used to control Venturia inaequalis
Definition
1. Calendar spray program:
-Green tip through bloom - apply weekly
-Petal fall until harvest – apply every two weeks
2. Disease forecaster:
-Apply at variable intervals
-Depends on weather
3. Resistant cultivars
Term
how often to apply fungicide to control Venturia inaequalis on calendar spray program
Definition
-Green tip through bloom - apply weekly
-Petal fall until harvest – apply every two weeks
Term
how often to apply fungicide to control Venturia inaequalis on disease forecaster program
Definition
-Apply at variable intervals
-Depends on weather
Term
how to do sanitation when trying to control Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-mow/ shred leaf litter
-removes overwintering stage
-may reduce disease by 65 %
Term
Do this to leaf litter to control Venturia inaequalis.
Definition
mow/ shred leaf litter
Term
Mowing/ shredding leaf litter does this in terms of controlling Venturia inaequalis, which may reduce disease by ______%.
Definition
removes overwintering stage
65%
Term
Can Venturia inaequalis operate on surface w/o penetrating surface?
Definition
yes
Term
In S. Georgia, there's pecan scab, which does this.
Definition
develops resistance to fungicides rapidly
Term
Is sanitation to control Venturia inaequalis worth doing?
Definition
yes, well worth doing
Term
cultivars of apple that seem to be resistant to Venturia inaequalis
Definition
-Jonafree
-Liberty
-Goldrush
-Enterprise
-Redfree
Term
Why aren't cultivars of apple resistant to Venturia inaequalis very commonplace?
Definition
seem to not be accepted by general public
Term
This can knock the whole disease cycle of Venturia inaequalis back.
Definition
systemics
Term
life cycle of Venturia inaequalis
Definition
[image]
Term
causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits
Definition
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fricticola
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is in this group of fungi
Definition
ascomycetes
Term
Sclerotinia
Definition
stage of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola where it's asci in apothecia
Term
Monilinia
Definition
-conidial stage of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
-Monilinia is imperfect
Term
imperfect fungi
Definition
the asexual stage of members of the Ascomycota (the ascomycetes) and the Basidiomycota (the basidiomycetes)
Term
distribution of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
Throughout the world - wherever rainfall occurs during period of fruit ripening
Term
ideal conditions for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
wherever rainfall occurs during period of fruit ripening
Term
In what part of the US is Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola most severe?
Definition
Atlantic coast, including Southeast
Term
host range of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-peach
-plum
-cherries

equally severe
Term
losses due to Monilinia (sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
1. In the orchard
2. After harvest
3. In transit
4. Marketing
Term
loss to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola in wet seasons (% loss)
Definition
50-75%
Term
losses in transit caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola (% loss)
Definition
5-25%
Term
What stone fruits does Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola attack?
Definition
all stone fruits
Term
Does Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola occur in dry climate?
Definition
no
Term
Where can Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola crop up?
Definition
just about anywhere
Term
symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Flowers – light brown spots, rapidly spread to full blossom rot
-Twigs – sunken canker at fruit spur, may girdle stem
-Fruit – tan-to-brown soft lesions, rapidly spread to rot entire fruit
Term
symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on flowers
Definition
light brown spots that rapidly spread to full blossom rot
Term
symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on twigs
Definition
-sunken canker at fruit spur
-may girdle stem
Term
symptoms of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on fruit
Definition
tan-to-brown soft lesions that rapidly spread to rot entire fruit
Term
signs of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
Tufts of gray conidia covering surfaces on any infected tissue
Term
regarding Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola:
When does 100% fruit loss not happen?
Definition
with intensive management
Term
[image]
Definition
beginning to collapse and cankers forming caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Term
beginning to collapse and cankers forming caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on peach
Term
conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on peach
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
peach infected by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola rotting
Term
peach infected by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola rotting
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
mummy on peach caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Term
mummy on peach caused by Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola on other fruits
Term
[image]
Definition
conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Term
conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
apothecia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Term
apothecia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
[image]
Term
When Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does this, it may help the inoculum stay in the tree.
Definition
forms a mummy
Term
When Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola forms a mummy, it may help the inocculum do this.
Definition
stay in the tree
Term
How long does it take for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola to form conidia?
Definition
does this rapidly
Term
How long does it take for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola to form a mummy?
Definition
a few days
Term
how Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can be dispersed thru canopy
Definition
rain dispersed
Term
When does Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola form Apothecia?
Definition
only when on the ground
Term
disease cycle of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
1: overwintering
2: dissemination and inoculation
3: penetration and infection
4: reproduction
5: disease dormant until fruit ripening
Term
various methods by which Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can overwinter
Definition
-mummies on the tree
-mummies on ground
-cankers on infected twigs
Term
All methods of overwintering help Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola do this.
Definition
return
Term
how Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola produces primary inoculum
Definition
-Mummies on tree - conidia
-Cankers - conidia
-Mummies on soil - apothecia - ascospores (+conidia)
Term
how conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are dispersed
Definition
-rain/wind
-rain splash or insects
Term
how ascospores of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are dispersed
Definition
ejected and wind blown
Term
how Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates host
Definition
directly thru floral parts
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates host thru these parts.
Definition
floral parts
Term
After landing on the host, conidia and ascospores of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola produce this.
Definition
germ tube
Term
What animal(s) can carry the ascospores of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola from flowers to other plants?
Definition
bees and other pollinating animals
Term
The goal when trying to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is to reduce...
Definition
primary inoculum
Term
The mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is (intracellular or intercellular?)
Definition
intracellular
Term
what the mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the host
Definition
-grows through floral parts - into the
fruit spur and twig
-canker is formed
Term
what the intracellular mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the cells of the host
Definition
liquefies the cell contents
Term
Conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are formed on...
Definition
canker surface
Term
______ of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains
Definition
Tufts (sporodochia)
Term
Tufts (sporodochia) of ______ produced in chains
Definition
conidiophores and conidia
Term
Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in...
Definition
chains
Term
Tree supplies this, letting conidia form.
Definition
sugar
Term
source of inoculum of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola while disease is dormant until fruit ripening
Definition
conidia on cankers
Term
these parts of the host are resistant to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-leaves
-young fruit
Term
When does fruit become susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola?
Definition
when ripening
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can't penetrate thru this.
Definition
leaves and lignified tissue
Term
overwintering phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
various methods
-mummies on the tree
-mummies on ground
-cankers on infected twigs
-production of primary inoculum
Term
dissemination and inoculation phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Conidia - rain/ wind, rain splash or insects
-Ascospores - ejected - windblown
Term
penetration and infection phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Penetration occurs thru floral parts
-Conidia and ascospores produce germ tube
-Penetrate directly
-Mycelium is intracellular
-Mycelium grows through floral parts - into the fruit spur and twig
-Canker is formed
Term
reproduction phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Conidia on the canker surface
-Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains
Term
disease dormant until fruit ripening phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Source of inoculum - conidia on cankers
***Requires rainfall - wet weather
***Leaves are resistant
***Young fruit are resistant
--->Become susceptible with ripening
Term
Monilinia (Scletotinia) fructicola penetrates fruit thru...
Definition
wounds, or directly
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola creates this in infected fruit
Definition
rapidly spreading rot
Term
What happens to fruit after Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates the fruit?
Definition
-Pathogen creates rapidly spreading rot
-More conidia produced - epidemic cycle
-Entire fruit rots in a few days
-Either clings to the tree or fall to the ground
-Dries rapidly - becomes mummy
-Fruit infection may occur after harvest – in packing boxes, market, shelf, etc.
Term
If there's no rainfall, how can Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola be transmitted?
Definition
Insects that can penetrate fruit can transmit Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola.
Term
how rotten fruit becomes mummy
Definition
dries rapidly
Term
how fruit infection may occur after harvest
Definition
in...
-packing
-boxes
-market
-shelf
-etc.
Term
the only parts of a plant susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-blossoms
-ripening fruit

(nothing green)
Term
effect of environment on Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Moisture is the limiting factor
-Wet weather at harvest is most critical
Term
the limiting factor for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
moisture
Term
ways to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
1: chemical-protection-fungicides
2: eradication
3: prevention
Term
chemical-protection-fungicides methods to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-4 sprays from pink-tip stage to petal fall
-resumed as fruit maturity approaches
-every 3 days in wet weather
Term
best control of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
control the blossom blight phase
Term
this is essential to reduce
wounding of fruit
Definition
Good insect control program
Term
Can insects make wounds in fruit?
Definition
yes
Term
eradication methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
a. Sanitation- removal of mummies
trees and ground
b. Pruning cankers
Term
prevention methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Pruning "open-vase" - better spray coverage -
air flow
-Avoid wounding fruit
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-Fungicide with wax base is added to the hydrocooling water
Term
why pruning a tree to have an "open vase" structure is a good way to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
better spray coverage and air flow
Term
how hydrocooling is used to prevent Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-used to stop brown rot germination and penetration
Term
This is often added to hydrocooling water to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
fungicide wax base
-this wax won't wash off
Term
[image]
Definition
fungicide test regarding Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a facultative ______.
Definition
saprophyte
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a(n) ______ saprophyte.
Definition
facultative
Term
The mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is (intracellular or intercellular?)
Definition
intracellular
Term
what the mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the host
Definition
-grows through floral parts - into the
fruit spur and twig
-canker is formed
Term
what the intracellular mycelium of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola does to the cells of the host
Definition
liquefies the cell contents
Term
Conidia of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola are formed on...
Definition
canker surface
Term
______ of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains
Definition
Tufts (sporodochia)
Term
Tufts (sporodochia) of ______ produced in chains
Definition
conidiophores and conidia
Term
Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in...
Definition
chains
Term
Tree supplies this, letting conidia form.
Definition
sugar
Term
source of inoculum of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola while disease is dormant until fruit ripening
Definition
conidia on cankers
Term
these parts of the host are resistant to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-leaves
-young fruit
Term
When does fruit become susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola?
Definition
when ripening
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola can't penetrate thru this.
Definition
leaves and lignified tissue
Term
overwintering phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
various methods
-mummies on the tree
-mummies on ground
-cankers on infected twigs
-production of primary inoculum
Term
dissemination and inoculation phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Conidia - rain/ wind, rain splash or insects
-Ascospores - ejected - windblown
Term
penetration and infection phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Penetration occurs thru floral parts
-Conidia and ascospores produce germ tube
-Penetrate directly
-Mycelium is intracellular
-Mycelium grows through floral parts - into the fruit spur and twig
-Canker is formed
Term
reproduction phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Conidia on the canker surface
-Tufts (sporodochia) of conidiophores and conidia produced in chains
Term
disease dormant until fruit ripening phase of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Source of inoculum - conidia on cankers
***Requires rainfall - wet weather
***Leaves are resistant
***Young fruit are resistant
--->Become susceptible with ripening
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates fruit thru...
Definition
wounds, or directly
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola creates this in infected fruit
Definition
rapidly spreading rot
Term
What happens to fruit after Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola penetrates the fruit?
Definition
-Pathogen creates rapidly spreading rot
-More conidia produced - epidemic cycle
-Entire fruit rots in a few days
-Either clings to the tree or fall to the ground
-Dries rapidly - becomes mummy
-Fruit infection may occur after harvest – in packing boxes, market, shelf, etc.
Term
If there's no rainfall, how can Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola be transmitted?
Definition
Insects that can penetrate fruit can transmit Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola.
Term
how rotten fruit becomes mummy
Definition
dries rapidly
Term
how fruit infection may occur after harvest
Definition
in...
-packing
-boxes
-market
-shelf
-etc.
Term
the only parts of a plant susceptible to Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-blossoms
-ripening fruit

(nothing green)
Term
effect of environment on Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Moisture is the limiting factor
-Wet weather at harvest is most critical
Term
the limiting factor for Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
moisture
Term
ways to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
1: chemical-protection-fungicides
2: eradication
3: prevention
Term
chemical-protection-fungicides methods to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-4 sprays from pink-tip stage to petal fall
-resumed as fruit maturity approaches
-every 3 days in wet weather
Term
best control of Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
control the blossom blight phase
Term
this is essential to reduce
wounding of fruit
Definition
Good insect control program
Term
Can insects make wounds in fruit?
Definition
yes
Term
eradication methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
a. Sanitation- removal of mummies
trees and ground
b. Pruning cankers
Term
prevention methods of controlling Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Pruning "open-vase" - better spray coverage -
air flow
-Avoid wounding fruit
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-Fungicide with wax base is added to the hydrocooling water
Term
why pruning a tree to have an "open vase" structure is a good way to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
better spray coverage and air flow
Term
how hydrocooling is used to prevent Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
-Hydrocooling (32-35 F refrigeration immediately)
-used to stop brown rot germination and penetration
Term
This is often added to hydrocooling water to control Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Definition
fungicide wax base
-this wax won't wash off
Term
[image]
Definition
fungicide test regarding Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a facultative ______.
Definition
saprophyte
Term
Monilinia (Sclerotinia) fructicola is a(n) ______ saprophyte.
Definition
facultative
Term
general characteristics of basidiomycetes
Definition
-dikaryotic mycelia
-fruiting bodies - none to large - mushrooms
-obligate parasites
-host-specificity
Term
[image]
Definition
basidiospores on basidium
Term
basidiospores on basidium
Definition
[image]
Term
The myceliea of basidiomycetes are (haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic?)
Definition
dikaryotic
Term
basidiomycetes that are microcyclic
Definition
-smuts
-rusts
Term
basidiomycetes that are macrocyclic
Definition
rusts
Term
spore stages of the microcyclic life cycle in basidiomycetes
Definition
1: basidiospore
2: teliospore
Term
stages of macrocyclic life cycle of basidiomycetes such as rusts
Definition
1. basidiospore
2. teliospore - overwinter ("smut spores")
3. spermatia - gamete
4. aeciospores
5. uredospores
Term
stages of the macrocyclic rust life cycle that affect plant A
Definition
1. basidiospore
2. teliospore - overwinter ("smut spores")
3. spermatia - gamete
Term
stages of the macrocyclic rust life cycle that affect plant B
Definition
4. aeciospores
5. uredospores
Term
stages of the macrocyclic life cycle of rust that usually do the plant infecting
Definition
4. aeciospores
5. uredospores
Term
Smut gets name from black, oily spots, which are ______.
Definition
teliospores
Term
Smut gets name from ______, which are teliospores.
Definition
black, oily spots
Term
dikaryotic mycelia
Definition
usually have both mating types in cells
Term
basidiomycetes that aren't obligate parasites
Definition
a few, such as those that are soil borne
Term
Basidiospore germinates from ______.
Definition
teliospore
Term
______ germinates from teliospore.
Definition
Basidipospore
Term
macrocyclic
Definition
pertaining to a rust fungus that typically exhibits all five stages of the rust life cycle
Term
microcyclic
Definition
pertaining to a rust fungus that produces only teliospores and basidiospores
Term
autoecious
Definition
one host
Term
heteroecious
Definition
requires two different hosts
Term
alternate host
Definition
-not of economic importance
-not important to plant pathology
Term
primary host
Definition
has sexual stage of fungus
Term
secondary host
Definition
has uredospores, repeating stage
Term
the types of hosts important to mycology
Definition
primary and secondary
Term
causal agents of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague)
Definition
-Tilletia foetida
-Tilletia caries
-Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt)
Term
-Tilletia foetida
-Tilletia caries
-Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt)
Definition
causal agents of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague)
Term
causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) in the North Central and East
Definition
Tilletia foetida
Term
Tilletia foetida
Definition
causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague)
Term
causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) in the West
Definition
Tilletia caries
Term
Tilletia caries
Definition
causal agent of Covered smut - bunt of wheat (aka wheat plague) in the West
Term
causal agent of dwarf bunt
Definition
Tilletia controversa
Term
Tilletia controversa
Definition
causal agent of dwarf bunt
Term
some facts about Tilletia controversa
Definition
-introduced out West
-very aggressive, stunts the plant
-hard to manage
Term
distribution of Tilletia genus
Definition
worldwide
Term
In the US, the greatest losses due to Tilletia are in this region.
Definition
Pacific Northwest
Term
host of Tilletia genus
Definition
wheat
Term
what Tilletia does to wheat
Definition
1. Destroys contents of the kernels – replaces with teliospores
2. Yield reduction due to stunting (only Tilletia controversa does this)
3. Predisposes plant to cold injury
4. Quality reduction of grain -
discolored and has a fishy odor (caused by triethylamine produced by fungus)
5. Explosions in combines and grain elevators
(oily substance on smut spores)
Term
only this type of Tilletia stunts growth of wheat
Definition
Tilletia controversa
Term
what Tilletia does to wheat kernels
Definition
destroys the contents and replaces them with teliospores
Term
Tilletia predisposes host plant to...
Definition
cold injury
Term
how Tilletia reduces the quality of grain
Definition
-discolored
-fishy odor caused by triethlamine produced by fungus
-even affects grain that wasn't infected
Term
regarding Tilletia:
What causes explosions in combines and grain elevators?
Definition
oily substance on smut spores
Term
symptoms of Tilletia
Definition
No symptoms until heading stage (except for Tilletia controversa)
1. Stunting and dwarfing - variable (depends on species and environment)
2. Heads of plant bluish green (symptom, not sign)
3. Kernels are shorter and thicker (symptom) -grayish brown rather than yellow (sign)
Term
the only Tilletia that shows symptoms before the heading stage
Definition
Tilletia controversa
Term
regarding Tilletia:
stunting and dwarfing depends on...
Definition
species and environment
Term
what Tilletia does to the color of wheat kernels
Definition
turns them grayish brown
Term
what Tilletia does to the heads of wheat
Definition
turns them bluish green
Term
what Tilletia does to shape of wheat kernels
Definition
makes them shorter and thicker
Term
signs of Tilletia in wheat
Definition
-Black smut spores when kernels are broken open -Fishy odor
-During harvest - large clouds of black spores dispersed in air
Term
why Tilletia is called "covered" smut
Definition
Black smut spores when kernels are broken open
Term
open smut causes grain to do this
Definition
burst
Term
[image]
Definition
healthy wheat vs. wheat infected by Tilletia controversa
Term
healthy wheat vs. wheat infected by Tilletia controversa
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
healthy wheat head vs. wheat head infected by Tilletia
Term
healthy wheat head vs. wheat head infected by Tilletia
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
wheat kernels infected by Tilletia
Term
wheat kernels infected by Tilletia
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
teliospore of Tilletia
Term
teliospore of Tilletia
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
cloud of teliospores
Term
disease cycle of Tilletia
Definition
1: survival
2: primary inoculum
3: dissemination, penetration
4: infection, invasion
5: reproduction
Term
survival phase of Tilletia
Definition
1. As teliospores on contaminated wheat
kernels
--just clean seeds
2. In some areas, teliospores may survive in
soil:
Common bunt < 2 years
Dwarf bunt (Pac NW) 5 - 10 years (the problem w/ Tilletia controversa)
Term
primary inoculum phase of Tiletia
Definition
1. Teliospore germinates – produces basidium
2. Basidium produces primary basidiospores (haploid)
3. Primary basidiospores fuse, form secondary sporidia (purpose is to recover dikaryon)
Term
dissemination, penetration phase of Tilletia
Definition
-spores already on seedling -secondary sporidia penetrate the coleoptile -direct penetration -dissemination for wheat smut: it's already there
Term
infection, invasion phase of Tilletia
Definition
1. Mycelium - intercellular
2. Invades growing meristem and developing leaves
3. Grows upward with shoot tissues
4. When floral production initiated, mycelium invades developing kernels
5. Mature kernel - mycelium grows throughout the seed – still intercellular
6. Just before harvest – fungus consumes all except the pericarp, converts into teliospores
7. Seed covering remains intact until thrashing
Term
reproduction phase of Tilletia
Definition
1. Dikaryotic hyphal cells round up to form teliospores
2. Released during thrashing
3. Contaminate (not infect!) the healthy kernels
4. Survive on kernel surface or in the soil
Term
how long Tilletia foetida and Tilletia caries may survive in soil
Definition
<2 years
Term
how long Tilletia controversa may survive in soil
Definition
5-10 years
Term
the problem with Tilletia controversa
Definition
can survive in soil for 5-10 years
Term
regarding Tilletia:
Infected seeds have just ______ left.
Definition
husks
Term
teliospore of Tilletia germinated to produce...
Definition
basidium
always does this
Term
basidium of Tilletia produces...
Definition
primary basidiospores
Term
Are primary basidiospores haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic?
Definition
haploid
Term
When primary basidiospores fuse, they form ______, to recover dikaryon.
Definition
secondary sporidia
Term
When primary basidiospores fuse, they form secondary sporidia, for this purpose.
Definition
to recover dikaryon
Term
[image]
Definition
teliospore of Tilletia germinating
Term
teliospore of Tilletia germinating
Definition
[image]
Term
germinating teliospores of Tilletia can only fuse with...
Definition
opposite mating types
Term
Where in this picture are the opposite mating types of Tilletia mating?

[image]
Definition
the H w/ horns
Term
phase of Tilletia where the spore is already on the seedling
Definition
dissemination, penetration
Term
how Tilletia penetrates wheat
Definition
secondary sporidia penetrate the coleoptile -direct penetration
Term
lowest margin in farming is on...
Definition
wheat
Term
This pathogen has made wheat more expensive.
Definition
Tilletia
Term
Is the mycelium in Tilletia intercellular or intracellular?
Definition
intercellular
Term
Tellia first invades these parts of wheat
Definition
growing meristem and developing leaves
Term
When does the mycelium of Tilletia invade the developing wheat kernels?
Definition
when floral production is initiated
Term
what Tilletia does to the developing wheat seed
Definition
kills developing seed and keeps cells from differentiating
Term
Mycelium of Tilletia does this in mature wheat kernel.
Definition
grows throughout the seed – still intercellular
Term
Just before harvest – Tilletia consumes all except ______, converts into teliospores
Definition
the pericarp
Term
Just before harvest – Tilletia consumes all except the pericarp, converts into ______
Definition
teliospores
Term
Covering of seed infected by Tilletia remains intact until...
Definition
thrashing
Term
how Tilletia forms teliospores
Definition
Dikaryotic hyphal cells round up to form teliospores
Term
teliospores of Tilletia are released during...
Definition
thrashing
Term
Teliospores of Tilletia do this to healthy wheat kernels.
Definition
contaminate (not infect!)
Term
Teliospores of Tilletia survive here.
Definition
on kernel surface or in the soil
Term
ideal conditions for Tilletia
Definition
Moisture in soil and low temp. important
Term
ideal conditions for teliospore development in Tilletia
Definition
61-68°F with adequate moisture favors teliospore development
-teliospores develop as wheat matures
Term
regarding Tilletia:
optimum conditions for seed germination
Definition
78°F with adequate moisture
Term
favorable conditions for teliospore germination in Tilletia
Definition
78°F with adequate moisture
Term
ways to control Tilletia
Definition
1: exclusion
2: protection
3: eradication
4: resistance
Term
exclusion method of controlling Tilletia
Definition
use certified smut-free seed
Term
protection method of controlling Tilletia
Definition
-chemical seed treatment
-apply slurry of protectant fungicides
Term
First disease controlled by seed treatment
Definition
Tilletia
Term
eradication method of controlling Tilletia
Definition
seed treatment to kill spores
Term
how the eradication method of controlling Tilletia was discovered
Definition
-1670 – smut was prevalent in England
-ship carrying seed sank at sea
-seed was recovered, but was soaked in salt water
-healthy crop was observed
-salt killed teliospores
Term
resistance method of controlling Tilletia
Definition
-Durum wheat - most resistant
-Compactum types - most susceptible
***Major developing area for resistance breeding
Term
type of wheat most resistant to Tilletia
Definition
Durum wheat
Term
type of wheat most susceptible to Tilletia
Definition
Compactum types
Term
the only legal pasta wheat in Italy
Definition
Durum wheat
Term
Does resistance gene work for all species of Tilletia?
Definition
yes
Term
Fusion of 2 haploids occurs in ______, becomes ______, then becomes ______.
Definition
teliospore
diploid
dikaryotic
Term
life cycle of Tilletia
Definition
[image]
Term
causal agent of wheat stem rust
Definition
Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Term
Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
causal agent of wheat stem rust
Term
general characteristics of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
-Basidiomycete
-Macrocyclic
-Heteroecious
Term
Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici is in this group of fungi.
Definition
basidiomycetes
Term
Is Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici microcyclic or macrocyclic?
Definition
macrocyclic
Term
heteroecious
Definition
2 hosts needed to complete life cycle
Term
hosts of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
wheat and barley
Term
host specificity of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
-Hundreds of races of the pathogen
-Result of the most extensive breeding program for any crop/ pathogen
Term
Why are there hundreds of races of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici?
Definition
because there's thousands of different cultivars of wheat
Term
How is a race defined?
Definition
based on specific resistance
Term
distribution of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
wherever wheat is grown
Term
Is Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici common in SE US?
Definition
no- winter wheat, no uredospores
Term
importance of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
Losses can be devastating in U.S
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
this much crop loss in the Wheat Belt areas w/o resistance
Definition
>70%
Term
how the war against Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici happens
Definition
1. Resistant cultivars deployed
2. New race of pathogen develops
3. Cultivar that has been resistant becomes
susceptible
4. Losses are high
5. Release new cultivar with resistance to
new race
Term
how to combat Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
use either GMO wheat or fungicides
Term
pros and cons of using fungicides to control Puccina graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
easy to control using fungicides, but may double the cost
Term
Nobel Peace Prize winner and father of the “Green
Revolution”
Definition
Norman Borlaug
Term
Norman Borlaug
Definition
Nobel Peace Prize winner and father of the “Green
Revolution”
Term
symptoms of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat
Definition
-elongated chlorotic flecks
-then blisters on leaves, stems, and sheaths
Term
signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat
Definition
-uredia (rust-colored)
-telia (black)
-formed in same lesions –
-telia formed late in season
Term
when Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici forms telia
Definition
late in season
Term
What happens to wheat stems after uredia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici develop?
Definition
stems get weak and break
Term
When does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici develop uredia and telia?
Definition
when plant begins to senesse
Term
[image]
Definition
uredia on wheat stems caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Term
uredia on wheat stems caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
chlorotic lesions on leaf in response to Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Term
chlorotic lesions on leaf in response to Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
[image]
Term
What causes the chlorotic lesions on a leaf in response to Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici?
Definition
programmed cell death to counterach Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Term
inoculum of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting barberry
Definition
Basidiospores (1N)
from germinating teliospores –
windblown
Term
symptom of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting barberry
Definition
Small orange lesions
Term
signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting barberry
Definition
Two different structures:
-Stage 0: Spermagonia producing spermatia (1N) - upper surface of leaves
-Stage I: Aecia producing aeciospores (N + N) - lower surface of leaves
Term
function of Spermagonia producing spermatia
Definition
producing Gametes for fertilization to form N + N hyphae
Term
function of Aecia producing aeciospores
Definition
producing Spores to infect wheat
-does this in spring
Term
[image]
Definition
Spermagonia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing spermatia (1N) - upper surface of leaves
Term
Spermagonia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing spermatia (1N) - upper surface of leaves
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Aecia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing aeciospores (N + N) - lower surface of leaves

columns of aeciospores
Term
Aecia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici producing aeciospores (N + N) - lower surface of leaves

columns of aeciospores
Definition
[image]
Term
primary inoculum when Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infects wheat
Definition
aeciospores (N+N)
Term
secondary inoculum when Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infects wheat
Definition
uredospores (N+N)
Term
symptoms of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when it infects wheat
Definition
Chlorotic lesions followed by necrosis
Term
signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when it infects wheat
Definition
Stage II:
-Uredia producing uredospores (N + N) - rust colored
-Function: Spores to re-infect wheat and produce secondary cycles
-Season: All growing season (the only repeating stage)
Stage III:
-Telia producing teliospores (N + N) - black
-Function: Survival stage
-Season: Fall - near harvest
Term
Uredia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce ______ when infecting wheat.
Definition
uredospores (N + N) - rust colored
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f. tritici produce(s) uredospores (N + N) - rust colored when infecting wheat.
Definition
Uredia
Term
function of uredia producing uredospores in Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
to re-infect wheat and produce secondary cycles
Term
When does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce uredospores when infecting wheat?
Definition
all growing season
Term
the only repeating stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici when infecting wheat
Definition
making Uredia that produce uredospores (N + N) - rust colored
Term
How often does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici make new batches of uredospores?
Definition
every 14 days
Term
[image]
Definition
uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat
Term
uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici on wheat
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope
Term
uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope
Definition
[image]
Term
Uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici do this on surface of wheat
Definition
start forming under surface, then break open
Term
signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici that correspond with the third stage of this disease (does this on wheat)
Definition
-Telia producing teliospores (N + N) - black
-Function: Survival stage
-Season: Fall - near harvest
Term
Telia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce ______
Definition
teliospores
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce teliospores
Definition
telia
Term
If you get rid of this, you can slow down or stop Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici.
Definition
barberry

Midwest decreed that you had to get rid of all of it.
Term
basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
-Teliospores mature on wheat debris during winter
-During this period, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Term
[image]
Definition
teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Term
teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
[image]
Term
color and structure of teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
black and thick-walled
Term
Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during ______
Definition
winter
Term
Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on ______ during winter
Definition
wheat debris
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during
winter
Definition
teliospores
Term
During ______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Definition
the basidial (sexual) stage
Term
During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, ______ is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Definition
karyogamy
Term
During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the ______ is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Definition
zygote (mature teliospore)
Term
karyogamy
Definition
N+N->2N
Term
stage 4 of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
Basidia from teliospores producing
basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Function: Infect barberry
Season: Late winter and early spring
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
______ from teliospores produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Definition
basidia
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from ______ produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Definition
teliospores
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from teliospores produce ______ (1N – after meiosis)
Definition
basidiospores
Term
function of basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
infect barberry
Term
When do basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infect barberry?
Definition
late winter and early spring
Term
how basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate barberry
Definition
directly
Term
Basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate this plant directly.
Definition
barberry
Term
Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici uses these to penetrate wheat.
Definition
Aeciospores and uredospores, which form appressoria
Term
how Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrates wheat
Definition
deploys Aeciospores and uredospores that form appressoria and penetrate indirectly through stomates
Term
[image]
Definition
uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope
Term
uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici under a microscope
Definition
[image]
Term
Uredospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici do this on surface of wheat
Definition
start forming under surface, then break open
Term
signs of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici that correspond with the third stage of this disease (does this on wheat)
Definition
-Telia producing teliospores (N + N) - black
-Function: Survival stage
-Season: Fall - near harvest
Term
Telia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce ______
Definition
teliospores
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici produce teliospores
Definition
telia
Term
If you get rid of this, you can slow down or stop Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici.
Definition
barberry

Midwest decreed that you had to get rid of all of it.
Term
basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
-Teliospores mature on wheat debris during winter
-During this period, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Term
[image]
Definition
teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Term
teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
[image]
Term
color and structure of teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
black and thick-walled
Term
Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during ______
Definition
winter
Term
Teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on ______ during winter
Definition
wheat debris
Term
______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici mature on wheat debris during
winter
Definition
teliospores
Term
During ______ of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Definition
the basidial (sexual) stage
Term
During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, ______ is completed and the zygote (mature teliospore) is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Definition
karyogamy
Term
During the basidial (sexual) stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici, karyogamy is completed and the ______ is formed (N + N -> 2N).
Definition
zygote (mature teliospore)
Term
karyogamy
Definition
N+N->2N
Term
stage 4 of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
Basidia from teliospores producing
basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Function: Infect barberry
Season: Late winter and early spring
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
______ from teliospores produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Definition
basidia
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from ______ produce basidiospores (1N – after meiosis)
Definition
teliospores
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
Basidia from teliospores produce ______ (1N – after meiosis)
Definition
basidiospores
Term
function of basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
infect barberry
Term
When do basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infect barberry?
Definition
late winter and early spring
Term
how basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate barberry
Definition
directly
Term
Basidiospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate this plant directly.
Definition
barberry
Term
Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici uses these to penetrate wheat.
Definition
Aeciospores and uredospores, which form appressoria
Term
how Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrates wheat
Definition
deploys Aeciospores and uredospores that form appressoria and penetrate indirectly through stomates
Term
survival stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
teliospores
Term
What do teliospores of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate?
Definition
nothing
Term
gametes of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
spermatia
Term
What do spermatia of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici penetrate?
Definition
each other
Term
how Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici infects plant
Definition
[image]
Term
What do the letters stand for?

[image]
Definition
s: spore
gt: germ tube
a: appresoria
i: infection peg
sv: ?
ih: infection hyphae
h: haustoria
Term
When does a plant infected with Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici go into apatosis?
Definition
only when it recognizes haustoria
Term
apatosis
Definition
programmed cell death in response to a pathogen
Term
primary inocculum of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritica in Southern US
Definition
windblown uredospores from wheat grown further south in Mexico
Term
Can severe infections of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici occur without teliospores and without the alternate host?
Definition
it's possible
Term
Why does Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici have a continuous uredospore stage in US?
Definition
due to amount of wheat
Term
how the perpetuality of the uredospore stage of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici works
Definition
[image]
Term
Did barberry eradication program control wheat stem rust?
Definition
no, but it helps
Term
regarding Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici:
When do the haustoria succeed?
Definition
when not recognized
Term
optimal temperature for Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
65-70°F
Term
All spores require ______ for germination
Definition
free water
Term
The uredospore repeating cycle takes ______ in optimum conditions
Definition
8-12 days

life cycle takes 8-12 days
Term
the only way to control Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici
Definition
resistant varieties
Term
Can chemical control be used to control Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici?
Definition
works well, but not economical; too expensive
Term
other rust diseases
Definition
-Wheat leaf rust - South - warm regions of world
-Oat crown rust - Widespread
++usually cooler climates, causing lodging
-Corn rust - Widespread, but most corn is resistant
-Bean rust – Macrocycle, all spore stages on bean - tropics
-Fusiform rust of southern pine - Most damaging rust in the south
++most important in South
++causes galls on stem on pine trees
-Cedar-apple rust – NE US, Europe, but most cultivars resistant
++often ornamental discoloration
-Coffee rust - Serious in South America (since 1970) Uredial stage defoliates coffee trees - winter kill
Term
most important rust disease in South
Definition
fusiform rust of southern pine
Term
what coffee rust does to coffee
Definition
causes very low caffeine content
Term
What made India switch from coffee to tea?
Definition
coffee rust
Term
Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
general characteristics of bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
Prokaryotes:
-no membrane-bound nucleus
-circular DNA chromosome + smaller rings (plasmids)
-single celled
-cell membrane + cell wall (except - mycoplasmas, spiroplasmas)
-usually have flagella
-reproduce by binary fission - asexual
Term
how DNA is organized in bacterial plant pathhogens
Definition
circular DNA chromosome + smaller rings (plasmids)
Term
bacterial plant pathogens that don't have a cell wall
Definition
-mycoplasmas
-spiroplasmas
Term
how bacterial plant pathogens reproduce
Definition
binary fission - asexual
Term
plasmids do this to bacteria
Definition
confer special things to bacteria
Term
primary inoculum of bacteria
Definition
cell
Term
secondary inoculum of bacteria
Definition
cell
Term
For bacteria, no cell wall means this.
Definition
no flagella and no definite shape
Term
Only these pathogens can move thru the plasmodesmata between plant cells.
Definition
molecutes and viruses
Term
Is the energy cycle the same for all living organisms?
Definition
yes
Term
anatomy of a plant cell
Definition
[image]
Term
anatomy of a bacterial cell
Definition
[image]
Term
Bacterial plant pathogens are in this kingdom.
Definition
Prokaryotae

"True Bacteria"
Term
Abot 25 Genera with plant pathogens, including:
Definition
1. Pseudomonas, Ralstonia
2. Xanthomonas
3. Agrobacterium
4. Erwinia
5. Clavibacter
6. Xylella
7. Streptomyces
Term
regarding diagnosing a plant disease:
how to distinguish between fungi and bacteria
Definition
by looking at the signs
Term
This group of bacteria has produced the most antibiotics.
Definition
Streptomycetes
Term
Mollicutes
Definition
prokaryotes w/o cell wall
Term
2 genera of Mollicutes
Definition
-Phytoplasma
-Spiroplasma
Term
bacteriologists use this term to mean "form species" (f.sp)
Definition
pathovar (pv.)
Term
f.sp
Definition
form species
Term
pv.
Definition
pathovar
Term
morphology of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae
Definition
1. Rod-shaped cells
2. Cell wall covered by slime layer
- heavy layer is called capsule
3. Flagella:
polar (at the ends, one or many)
peritrichous (around entire cell)
Term
regarding kingdom Prokaryotae:
capsule
Definition
heavy slime layer covering cell wall
Term
types of flagella in kingdom Prokaryotae
Definition
-polar (at the ends, one or many)
-peritrichous (around entire cell)
Term
polar flagella
Definition
at the ends, one or many
Term
peritrichous flagella
Definition
around entire cell
Term
[image]
Definition
Agrobacterium
Term
Agrobacterium
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Erwinia
Term
Erwinia
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Ralstonia
Term
Ralstonia
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Xanthomonas
Term
Xanthomonas
Definition
[image]
Term
Other than for locomotion, flagella on bacteria are often used for this.
Definition
aggregation to exchange genetic info
Term
Where do Mollicutes live?
Definition
almost exclusively in host, not soil
Term
Pathovars are (more or less?) host specific.
Definition
more host specific
Term
can't define pathovar unless...
Definition
there's host it won't go to
Term
general characteristics of Mollicutes
Definition
-no rigid cell wall
-no definite morphology, or shape
-amorphous
-Spiroplasma may have spiral shape
Term
[image]
Definition
Spiroplasma
Term
Spiroplasma
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Mollicutes moving thru phloem
Term
Mollicutes moving thru phloem
Definition
[image]
Term
Are phloem cells dead or alive?
Definition
alive
Term
Are xylem cells dead or alive?
Definition
dead
Term
Can Mollicutes be cultured?
Definition
extremely hard to culture them
Term
colony characteristics of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae
Definition
-color, shape, margins of colonies grown on nutrient media
-growth (+/-) on diagnostic media
-some have specific sugar and/or specific protein
Term
colony characteristics of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae grown on nutrient media
Definition
color, shape, margins
Term
growth of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae on diagnostic media
Definition
+/-
Term
reproduction of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae
Definition
Binary fission:
1. cell wall grows into middle
2. chromosomes double, split, also plasmids
3. new cell wall formed
4. slime layer forms at division - separates very rapid - once every 20 minutes
***1 cell to 1,000,000 cells in 10 hours
Term
how quickly bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae multiply
Definition
very rapid - once every 20 minutes
Term
ecology of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae
Definition

-mostly on host plants

-most survive in debris or in soil as saprophytes (some excellent sapros, some totally obligate)

-soil inhabitants

-also survive on or in seed, on insects, or weed hosts

Term
About ______% of bacteria in kingdon Prokaryotae are excellent facultative saprophytes.
Definition
90%
Term
Only ______ antibiotics are licensed for use in ag to control bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae.
Definition
2
Term
Is chemical control an option for controlling bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae?
Definition
not much of an option
Term
Copper can help control bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae, but what's the downside?
Definition
phytotoxic
Term
dissemination of bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae
Definition
-rain splash (most common)
-insect vectors (second most common)
-human activities: cultivation, pruning, moving of plants and soil (third most common, but can be first)
-flagella not important for dissemination
Term
how bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae get from soil to plant
Definition
rain
Term
regarding bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae:
What do pruning and cultivation do?
Definition
help spread disease
Term
how bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae penetrate plant
Definition
-need wounds, or natural openings
-not direct penetration
Term
controlling bacteria in kingdom Prokaryotae comes down to...
Definition
managing environment
Term
[image]
Definition
bacteria passively penetrating thru stomates
Term
bacteria passively penetrating thru stomates
Definition
[image]
Term
symptoms of infection by bacteria
Definition
-leaf spots with halo
-angular leaf spots
-soft, spreading rots
-other symptoms, similar to those caused by fungi – cannot be distinguished visually
Term
these symptoms somewhat diagnostic of bacteria
Definition
-leaf spots with halo
-angular leaf spots
-soft, spreading rots
Term
these symptoms not diagnostic of bacteria
Definition
-other symptoms, similar to those caused by fungi – cannot be distinguished visually
Term
signs of bacterial infection
Definition
ooze of bacterial cells, slime
Term
[image]
Definition
sunken lesions caused by bacteria
Term
sunken lesions caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
halo caused by bacteria
Term
halo caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
angular leaf spot caused by bacteria
Term
angular leaf spot caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
soft rot caused by bacteria
Term
soft rot caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
potato soft rot caused by bacteria working outward from vascular tissue
Term
potato soft rot caused by bacteria working outward from vascular tissue
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
crown rot of lettuce caused by bacteria
Term
crown rot of lettuce caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
leak and ooze caused by bacteria
Term
leak and ooze caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
bacterial ooze caused by bacteria
Term
bacterial ooze caused by bacteria
Definition
[image]
Term
why lesions caused by bacteria become sunken
Definition
because bacteria disintegrate tissue
Term
what angular leaf spot caused by bacteria demonstrates about bacteria
Definition
bacteria can't penetrate tough tissue
Term
angular leaf spot happens only in...
Definition
dicots
Term
how crown rot of lettuce is dispersed
Definition
rain dispersed
Term
ways to control bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
1: sanitation
2: cultural practices
3: Use of certified bacteria-free seed and propagating plant parts
4: soil sterilization
5: chemical sprays
Term
methods of sanitation to control bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
a. Eradication of infected plants or plant parts (roguing)
b. Sterilization of tools, etc.
Term
roguing
Definition
Eradication of infected plants or plant parts (pertains to bacterial plant pathogens)
Term
cultural practices for controlling bacterial pathogens
Definition
a. Prevention of rapid, succulent growth
b. Crop rotation (if the bacteria are host specific)
Term
the type of plant tissue that bacteria go for
Definition
softer, newer tissue
Term
Is there anything you can spray to control viruses?
Definition
no
Term
Is there anything you can spray to control bacteria?
Definition
very little
Term
methods of soil sterilization to control bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
a. heat, steam
b. chemical, fumigants
Term
chemical sprays that can be used to control bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
a. copper compounds
b. antibiotics (streptomycin, tetracycline)
Term
effectiveness of chemical sprays for controlling bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
not nearly as effective as against fungi
Term
Will antibiotics work against bacterial plant pathogens?
Definition
will work the first few times if you're lucky
Term
the only 2 antibiotics approved by the FDA for controlling bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
streptomycin, tetracycline
Term
Xylella lives only in...
Definition
xylem and insect vector

may reproduce in insect vector
Term
identification methods used to identify bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
1. Serology, ELISA, monoclonal antibodies (basis of diagnostic kits)
2. DNA analysis, comparison of DNA fragment profiles
3. Use of specific DNA probes
4. Combination of specific DNA probes with amplification of DNA using PCR –
***extremely sensitive detection of bacteria at very low levels
Term
PCR does this to DNA
Definition
amplifies it
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease with same symptoms when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
Term
oomycetes
Definition
Fungal-like organisms: water dependent,
aseptate hyphae, wide host range
Term
Albugo candida
Definition
causal agent of white rust
Term
causal agent of white rust
Definition
Albugo candida
Term
Peronospora
Definition
blue mold of tobacco, downy mildew
Term
blue mold of tobacco, downy mildew
Definition
Peronospora
Term
Pythium spp.
Definition
turfgrass disease, damping off of seedlings
Term
turfgrass disease, damping off of seedlings
Definition
Pythium spp.
Term
Phytophthora spp.
Definition
Late blight, Sudden Oak Death
Term
Late blight, Sudden Oak Death
Definition
Phytophthora spp.
Term
asexual structures of oomycetes
Definition
-Sporagiophore
-Sporangium
-Zoospore
Term
Sporagiophore
Definition
A specialized branching hyphae
bearing sporangia
Term
Sporangium
Definition
lemon-shaped spore that may
germinate directly or bear zoospores
Term
Zoospore
Definition
bi-flagellate spore that is chemotactic
and phototropic
Term
[image]
Definition
sporangiophore
Term
[image]
Definition
zoospores on top and sporangium on bottom
Term
Sexual structures of oomycetes
Definition
-Oogonium
-Antheridium
-Oospore
Term
oogonium
Definition
female gametangium of oomycetes containing one or more nuclei
Term
antheridium
Definition
the male sexual gamete
Term
oospore
Definition
diploid spore produced by the union of oogonium and antheridium
Term
[image]
Definition
white arrows pointing to antheridium
Term
[image]
Definition
oospore with oogonium inside
Term
[image]
Definition
in white rust postule
1: host epidermis
2: sporangiophore
3: sporangium
Term
Phytophthora capsici
Definition
Phytophthora blight/fruit rot
Term
[image]
Definition
Phytophthora capsici (Phytophthora blight/fruit rot)
Term
Koch’s Postulates Step #3
Definition
Inoculation of a susceptible plant with a pure culture of the organism
Term
largest group of fungi
Definition
ascomycetes
Term
asci of ascomycetes
Definition
sac-like structures that contain usually 8 ascospores
Term
ascocarp
Definition
fruiting structure that contains the asci
Term
Types of ascocarps
Definition
naked asci, cleistothecia, perithecia, apothecia
Term
Claviceps purpurea
Definition
Ergot of grains
Term
Taphrina
Definition
Peach Leaf Curl
Term
[image]
Definition
naked asci
Term
[image]
Definition
apothecium
Term
[image]
Definition
perithecium
Term
[image]
Definition
chasmothecium
Term
naked asci
Definition
Asci/ascospores not found within a fruiting structure
Term
Chasmothecium
Definition
asci/ascospores contained within a closed structure
Term
perithecium
Definition
asci/ascospores contained within a semi-closed structure and along a basal membrane
Term
apothecium
Definition
asci/ascospores borne on a cup-like structure with a hymenium layer
Term
[image]
Definition
hymenium layer
Term
[image]
Definition
pycnidium
Term
[image]
Definition
pycnidium w/ conidia
Term
Sporodochium (pl. sporodochia)
Definition
Cushion-shaped, superficial, cluster of conidiophores
Term
Synnema (pl. synnemata)
Definition
Upright, fused conidiophores, head-like structure
Term
[image]
Definition
Sporodochium (pl. sporodochia)
Term
[image]
Definition
Synnema (pl. synnemata)
Term
[image]
Definition
Acervulus (pl. acervuli)
Term
[image]
Definition
Pycnidium (pl. pycnidia)
Term
Acervulus (pl. acervuli)
Definition
Sub-epidermal, cushionlike, open fruiting body. Covering is host material, splits open when conidiophore is mature
Term
Pycnidium (pl. pycnidia)
Definition
Flask-shaped or globular fruiting body. Conidia line the inside. Opening = ostiole
Term
Fusarium spp.
Definition
vascular wilt
Term
what Fusarium spp. (vascular wilt) does to host plant
Definition
-Physical blockage
-Production of toxin and enzyme
Term
Alternaria spp.
Definition
leaf spot
Term
what Alternaria spp. (leaf spot) does to host plant
Definition
makes concentric rings on plant leaves
Term
Alternaria solani
Definition
early blight on tomato and potato
Term
Colletotrichum
Definition
anthracnose diseases
Term
what Colletotrichum – (anthracnose diseases) does to host plant
Definition
causes anthracnose lesions on fruit, such as on peach and walnut
Term
symptoms of damping off diseases before germination
Definition
seedling darkens and swells
Term
symptoms of damping off diseases after germination
Definition
thinning of stem, stem dies
Term
ways to prevent damping off diseases
Definition
sterilized soil, dry growing conditions, spray with antifungal agent
Term
Ustilago nuda
Definition
Loose smut on barely
Term
causal agent of Loose smut on barely
Definition
Ustilago nuda
Term
subkingdom "Dikarya"
Definition
“higher fungi”
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
Term
examples of Basidiomycetes
Definition
Mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi, RUSTS, and SMUTS
Term
Microcyclic
Definition
produces only basidiospores and
teliospores (all rusts produce these 2 spore types)
Term
Macrocyclic
Definition
produces up to 5 types of spores
Term
Primary host
Definition
where Heteroaecious basidiomycetes produce telia
Term
Alternate host
Definition
where basidiospores germinate
Term
Ustilago nuda and U. tritici
Definition
the loose smuts
Term
Ustilago hordei
Definition
Covered Smut on Barley
Term
[image]
Definition
hypha of Rhizoctonia
Term
[image]
Definition
hypha of Sclerotium
Term
First criteria that divide bacteria into two big groups
Definition
Gram positive vs. Gram negative
Term
[image]
Definition
Gram positive
Term
[image]
Definition
Gram negative
Term
______ invented the Gram test in 1884.
Definition
Hans Christian Gram
Term
Gram + turns this color on Gram test
Definition
purple
Term
Gram - turns this color on Gram test
Definition
pink
Term
Which lyses quicker: Gram + or Gram -?
Definition
Gram -
Term
Agrobacterium
Definition
crown gall caused by bacteria
Term
some diseases caused by bacterial plant pathogens
Definition
-Fire Blight on Pear and Apple
-Bacterial spot on soybean
-Bacterial streak on sorghum
-Crown Gall - Agrobacterium
-Bacterial Wilt – Ralstonia solanacearum
Term
Ralstonia solanacearum
Definition
Bacterial Wilt
Supporting users have an ad free experience!