Term
Macroelements of plant growth
required in amounts above 0.5% of the plant’s dry weight |
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Definition
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Potassium
Calcium
Magnessium
Phosphorous
Sulfur |
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Definition
Air, water.
Minerals dissolved in soil water |
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| Micro nutrients- make up traces of the plant body |
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Definition
Chlorine
Iron
Boron
Manganese
Zinc
Copper
Molybdenum |
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Definition
| consists of particles from weathered rocks, mixed with variable amounts of decomposing organic material (humus) |
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| _______ and _______ provide air spaces |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ charged clay attracts positive mineral ions |
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Definition
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have the best Oxygen and water penetration
Soil with roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay |
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Definition
| Decaying organic matter in soil; provides nutrients; negatively charged organic acids trap positive mineral ions |
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Uppermost soil layer
Contains the most nutrients for plant growth |
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| Process by which water moving through soil removes nutrients from it |
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Definition
| Loss of soil under the force of wind and water |
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Definition
(thin extensions of root epidermal cells) enormously increase surface area absorbing water and nutrients
They do not develop into new roots, and last only a few days |
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Definition
| Fungal hyphae in and around roots help roots absorb mineral ions from a larger volume of soil than roots alone |
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Definition
| Mutually beneficial fungus-plant root partnership |
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Definition
| Swellings of some plant roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
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Definition
| Conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia |
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Term
| Water enters plant cells by diffusing across the _____ of a cell in the root’s epidermis or cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral ions only enter cytoplasm through _______ in the plasma membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| Once in cytoplasm, water and ions diffuse cell to cell through _______ until they enter xylem in the vascular cylinder |
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Definition
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Definition
| Waxy, waterproof band that seals abutting cell walls of root endodermal cells |
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Term
| ________ from leaves and stems drives the upward movement of water through xylem inside a vascular plant |
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Definition
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Term
| Water’s _________ allows it to be pulled from roots into all other parts of the plant |
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Definition
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| How transpiration creates a tension that pulls a cohesive column of water through xylem, from roots to shoots |
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Definition
| Evaporation of water from plant parts |
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Term
| Water is pulled upward from roots through continuous pipelines of xylem by the _____ of evaporation (transpiration), and _____ among water molecules |
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Definition
| negative pressure (tension);cohesion |
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Term
| A ____ and _____ restrict the amount of water vapor that diffuses out of the plant’s surfaces – but also restrict access to CO2 for photosynthesis, and oxygen for aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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| ________ prevents water loss form evaporation |
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Definition
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Definition
It consists of epidermal cell secretions: waxes, pectin, and cellulose fibers embedded in cutin, an insoluble lipid polymer
The cuticle is translucent, so it does not prevent light from reaching photosynthetic tissues |
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Term
| Examples of Stomata opening and closing |
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Definition
Light causes guard cells to pump potassium ions into their cytoplasm; the stoma opens to begin photosynthesis
Root cells release abscisic acid (ABA) when soil water becomes scarce; binding in guard cells closes stoma |
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Term
| ________ distributes the organic products of photosynthesis through plants |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ that conduct dissolved organic compounds in phloem consist of living cells |
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Definition
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Term
Sieve tube cells are positioned _____ by ____ and ________ to _______
Their abutting end walls (sieve plates) are ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ actively transport the organic products of photosynthesis (sugars) into sieve tubes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main carbohydrate transported in Phloem |
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Definition
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| ______ travel through sieve tubes to all other parts of the plant, where they are broken down for energy, remodeled into other compounds, or stored for later use |
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Definition
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Definition
| Process that moves organic molecules through phloem |
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Definition
Explanation of how flow of fluid through phloem is driven by differences in pressure and sugar concentration between a source and a sink
A pressure gradient drives the movement of fluid in Phloem |
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Term
| Steps of Pressure Flow Theory |
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Definition
Companion cells load sugars into sieve-tube members by active transport
Solute concentration in sieve tubes increases, so water moves in by osmosis – increased fluid volume increases internal pressure (turgor)
High pressure pushes fluid toward sink regions
Pressure and solute concentrations decrease as fluid moves from source to sink
Sugars are unloaded at sink regions; water follows by osmosis |
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