Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced by plants/animals |
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Term
| what 5 things in plants are hormones responsible for? |
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Definition
growth
flowering
fruit development/ripening
seed budding/germination
inhibition of growth/development |
|
|
Term
| why do plants go through periods of dormancy? |
|
Definition
| to protect themselves from bad environmental conditions |
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Term
| what does a cell have to have for a hormone to affect it? what does that make it? |
|
Definition
must have a receptor site (ligand gated channel) for specific protein
called a target tissue |
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Term
| what kind of growth do Auxins promote? |
|
Definition
primary growth
elongation of the apical meristematic tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| through passive diffusion and active transport |
|
|
Term
| how exactly do auxins cause cells to elongate? |
|
Definition
the auxin binds to proton pumps
with auxin and ATP the proton pumps pump H+ ions into the cell wall
this causes the pH to drop and activates enzymes that break apart the polysaccharides in the cellulose causing them to loosen
the drop in pH also activates proteins called expansin which cause the cellulose microfibrils to spread apart and loosen
now that there is "wiggle room" in the cell wall, the cell takes in more water and the vacuole fills up with water causing the cell to elongate |
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Term
| what promotes phototropism? how does this work? what other process is this hormone responsible for? |
|
Definition
auxins
auxin is actually inhibited by light
when light hits the auxins it does not move, but travels down the dark side
the cells that have auxin elongate, causing the plant to bend in the other direction
gravitropism |
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|
Term
| what is a hormone with the same effect as another called? opposite? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction of gravitropism do the roots follow? shoots? |
|
Definition
roots positive
shoots negative |
|
|
Term
| what do auxins inhibit the growth of? how can you stop that from happening? |
|
Definition
lateral branches
you cut off the main stem right above the lateral branches |
|
|
Term
| what hormone is kind of like a steroid? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are gibberellins used for? where are they produced? what do they travel through? |
|
Definition
fruit/leaf growth, NOT lateral growth
produced by plants and fungi in apical meristem and young leaves
travels through xylem and phloem |
|
|
Term
| what do gibberellins promote the growth of? |
|
Definition
| stem elongation, leaf/root growth, germination of seed/fruit |
|
|
Term
| what is an important part of gibberellins function to due with fruit? |
|
Definition
| prevents the degradation of chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| when do gibberellins start being produced? |
|
Definition
| when the day is longer than the night (spring) |
|
|
Term
| what is Gibberellins relationship to auxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jumpstarted when producing new (lateral) stems
promotes mitosis, fruit development, and lateral branching |
|
|
Term
| what is Cytokinins relationship to auxins? |
|
Definition
antagonistic
mainly the part that promotes lateral branching |
|
|
Term
| what do cytokinins travel through? |
|
Definition
| xylem because it is transported in H2O |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between gibberellins and auxins and cytokinins? |
|
Definition
| most gibberellins are synergistic to auxins and cytokinins |
|
|
Term
| what grows in an embryo when there are more auxins than cytokinins? more cytokinins than auxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cytokinins produced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do cytokinins prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 growth promoting hormones? aging hormones? |
|
Definition
auxins
gibberellins
cytokinins
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Ethylene gas (C2H4) |
|
|
Term
| what does abscisic acid do? |
|
Definition
slows primary and secondary growth (apical meristematic and lateral meristematic growth)
also prevents seed germination - is water soluble - is washed away when conditions are right, aka there is water available |
|
|
Term
| what are is the relationship of the growth promoting hormones to the aging/senescence hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is abscisic acid produced? how does it travel? |
|
Definition
produced in mature leaves/seeds
transported by phloem |
|
|
Term
| why is there an early spring in the south when there is a rainy winter? |
|
Definition
| the abscisic acid is washed away and the rain isn't snow like it would be if it were colder |
|
|
Term
| what is ethylene gas produced by? |
|
Definition
| damaged/aging plants, including flowers and fruit |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates cell death? what is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone is involved in the dormancy of fall? what exactly is the dormancy of fall? |
|
Definition
ethylene gas
breakdown of chlorophyll, DNA, RNA, and proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when leaves fall off? what promotes this and how does it happen? |
|
Definition
abscission
ethylene gas
dead cells travel toward center - when they meet the leaf falls |
|
|
Term
| what promotes fruit ripening? what discourages it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a short day plant mean and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
plants bloom after having a dark period of a minimum time
dandelions, strawberries, chrysanthemums, poinsettias |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a long day plant and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
require a dark time shorter than a critical max time
spinach, lettuce, orchids |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a day neutral plant and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
doesn't depend on light, but more on temp
corn, sunflower, cotton, tulip, alfalfa |
|
|
Term
| what hormone stimulates flowering? what is it stimulated by? |
|
Definition
florigen
day length or temp |
|
|
Term
| what happens when a nonflowering plant is grafted onto a flowering plant? |
|
Definition
| it causes the nonflowering plant to flower |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 different kinds of glands? what do they make up? |
|
Definition
endocrine (travels through blood) and exocrine (travels through duct)
both make up the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| what 2 kinds of glands are exocrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what system is most similar to the endocrine system and how? |
|
Definition
nervous system
evolution of the EnS seems to be from the nervous system
nneuroendocrine cells release hormones |
|
|
Term
| how does the invert EnS work? where is it best understood? |
|
Definition
hormones secreted by specialized neurons (neurosecretory cells)
best understood in insects that molt and undergo metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
| what animal was early research on the invert EnS done? |
|
Definition
| blood sucking bug called Rhodnius |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of the invert EnS? |
|
Definition
starts in ganglion
sends signal to body to secrete brain hormone
blood moves through open circ system
BH binds to ligand gated channel on thorax
thorax releases 2nd hormone ecdysone
causes growth/molting |
|
|
Term
| what is the 3rd hormone in the invert EnS? |
|
Definition
Juvenile Hormone
very high levels when young, lower level as becomes adult |
|
|
Term
| how could we use juvenile hormone to kill off bugs? |
|
Definition
| reengineer plants to have high levels of juvenile hormone causing it to kill off species because it keeps them young |
|
|
Term
| what do verts have that inverts don't? |
|
Definition
| a true EnS, not neurosecretory |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 categories of hormones? how do they move? |
|
Definition
water soluble - stopped by phs lip bilayer - must have ligand gated channel
fat soluble - pass through phs lip bilayer - must have ligand gated channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the way glucose and glycogen are converted
is picked up by the liver |
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