Term
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Definition
| the consumption of plants by animals |
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Term
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Definition
| growth point in unfavorable seasons up to about 50 cm |
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Term
| Why are certain species dominant? |
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Definition
1.Chance-which species happened to occupy the space first
2.the site may be undergoing succession, and the abundant plant happens to dominate during that stage of succession
3. it may be competitively superior
4. reproduction-(goldberg, howard 2001) found that competitive ability at at the stage of seedling germination and early growth was strongly related to species abundance. In contrast, the competitive ability or survivorship of adult plants had only a limited relationship to species abundance.
If you have a lot of dominance, you have less diversity. If you have a lot of diversity, you have less dominance. |
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Term
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Definition
| defenses elicited by an attack by herbivores(often cost saving measures, doesnt make sense to allocate resources to chemicals if they arent needed) |
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Term
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Definition
resistance: reduces herbivore preference or performance-color, thorns, spines, oils, alkalines
tolerance: reduces the negative affects of herbivory without adversely affecting herbivores-assessed by comparing damaged vs undamaged plants of the same genotype.-increase photosynthetic rates, increases growth, reproduce asexually
many plants have both strategies
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Term
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Definition
| a group of populations that coexist in space and time and interact with one another directly or indirectly. |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph describing a hierarchy of relative abundance among the species in a community. (dominance-diversity) |
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Term
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Definition
| description of the relative frequency of each stage class. |
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Term
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Definition
nurse plants-one plant enhances the establishment of juvenile plants(another plant/plant interaction)
-protection from herbivores(hemlock surrounded by balsam firs-hemlock does not have much protection from deer, balsam firs have defenses)
-provide a moist, shady environment(cactus and mimosa-cactus often found in the shadow of mimosa)
-protection from frost(alpine environments)
the nursed plant may eventually outcompete and kill the nurse plant
nurse objects-abiotic objects that may help a plant-like hackberry near boulders-no competition
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of species richness and evenness |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic individual; the product of a single seed. It's important to remember that every new genet is also a new ramet, but the reverse is not necessarily true. New genets are formed by fertilization of an ovule and maturation of the resulting seed. In plant species that never spread clonally, each genet is a single ramet. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system for categorizing plants using life-form categories |
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Term
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Definition
reduces the negative affects of herbivory without adversely affecting herbivores-assessed by comparing damaged vs undamaged plants of the same genotype.-increase photosynthetic rates, increases growth, reproduce asexually
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Term
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Definition
| a test of a hypothesis based the systematic study of natural variation. No manipulation by researchers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of relative frequency, cover, and density |
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Term
| competition along gradients |
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Definition
competition along gradients-competition is most intense in productive, nutrient rich habitats--especially when herbivory and disturbance are low
-top competitors occupy the best spots
just because it is growing in a rough area it doesn't mean that it is the most competitive. it may be there because it cant compete with more competitive plants in nutrient rich etc. areas may grow better somewhere else, but are outcompeted in those areas
plants that grow really well with lots of neighbors do better in the nutrient rich areas-fig10.17
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments, the interactions of organisms with one another, and the patterns and causes of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| a potentially physiologically independent unit of a genet. They are independent, but are not necessarily genetically distinct. |
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Term
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Definition
*predation occurs when an individual is completely consumed or killed. not all herbivory is predation.
predation in the plant world
-seeds
-seedlings
-larger plants can be killed by herbivory as well
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Term
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Definition
| a test of a hypothesis based on a change in the physical world caused by some natural occurence |
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Term
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Definition
| plant/plant interaction where one plant can benefit another |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that live in regions with frequent or extended drought. They can transpire in soils with a water potential os -6MPa |
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Term
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Definition
| density at the whole population level is not as important in plant populations as it is in animal populations. Since plants are sessile.They compete only with their immediate neighbors. |
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Term
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Definition
A reduction in fitness due to the shared use of a resource in limited supply.
“Struggle for existence”--an essential part of evolution by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| a test of a hypothesis that involves making a deliberate change in the physical world |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate use of herbivores or pathogens by humans to control populations of undesirable species. |
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Term
| theories of plant succession |
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Definition
clementsian-succession is orderly and predictable and results from emergent community properties
gleasonian-succession is an unpredictable series of events that results from interactions between individuals and abiotic factors
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Term
| Does herbivory affect plant populations? |
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Definition
the "top down" school of thought argues that herbivores are maintained at such low densities by their own predators, that they rarely exert negative effects on plant populations.
the "bottom up" school of thought argues that plant populations are limited by abiotic factors such as water, light, and soil nutrients, not by herbivores.
others argue that they DO affect populations, especially in outbreak conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of carbon or energy transferred from one trophic level to the next per unit area in a specified time period. A more productive community will have a greater total biomass (standing crop). Productivity can be both positively and negatively correlated with richness |
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Term
| net ecosystem production (NEP) |
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Definition
| the net accumulation of carbon per year by an ecosystem. NEP=NPP- total heterotrophic respiration |
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Term
| evolution of mating systems |
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Definition
2 possible pathways
1. hermaphroditism ---->gynomonoecy--->dioecy
2. hermaphroditsm---->monoecy---->dioecy
1. A genetic mutation occurs that makes a plant stop producing stamen on their flowers. The plants around it would maximize their fitness by expressing "male" traits.
2. specialization, inbreeding is possible, with separate staminate and pistillate plants inbreeding is not possible, this way they avoid inbreeding depression. |
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Term
|
Definition
-coarse texture
-low surface-to-volume ratio
-Large pores, small amount of pore space(35-50%)
-Prone to leaching
-warms and cools readily |
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Term
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Definition
| plant populations in which ungerminated seeds persist in the soil from year to year are said to have a seed bank. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gravitational potential results from the pull of gravity on water, and it is largely responsible for water draining from the largest pores of the soil in the first few days after a saturating rain. It is negative when the water is moving downward, since the water is losing potential energy. The matric and gravitational potentials are generally much more important in soils than in plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| total aboveground plant mass |
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Term
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Definition
the weight of a sample after it has lost all its moisture and is at a constant weight.
-biomass is usually estimated destructively (by harvesting and weighing sampled vegetation)
-can be measured nondestructively such as with DBH or some other metric predictive mass |
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Term
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Definition
inbreeding is common in plants
-inbreeding may lead to a decrease in fitness (inbreeding depression), but could lead to a fitness advantage(if there are no other plants around, they can still reproduce)
-some plants some plants are involved in both inbreeding and outcrossing |
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Term
|
Definition
saturated-all pores filled with water
field capacity-large pores have drained, small pores still contain water
wilting point-small pores empty, water discontinuous (-1.5 MPa)
hygroscopic coefficient-remaining water unavailable to plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a sample plot,multiple small quadrats placed at regular |
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Term
| what are the 4 major components of water potential? |
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Definition
| osmotic potential, pressure potential, matric potential, and gravitational potential |
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Term
| net primary production(NPP) |
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Definition
| equal to the total energy captured (GPP) minus the losses of respiration by primary producers; affected by latitude, climate(temp, precip), elevation, lack of nutrients, and toxic levels of substances |
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Term
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Definition
| some plants in a population have only staminate flowers, while others have either perfect or a mixture of staminate and pistillate |
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Term
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Definition
fine texture
particles have a high surface to volume ratio
small pores but larger amount of pore space (50-60%)
holds water and minerals well
strong negative charges-attracts cations (plant nutrients)
warms and cool slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure potential is a key component of plant water potential, and it is important both in living cells and in functioning xylem tissue (which is nonliving at maturity). It is a function of the hydrostatic or pneumatic pressure in the system, and can be negative, zero, or positive in value. When water is enclosed by something that restricts its volume, such as a healthy plant cell enclosed by cell walls, the water presses on the walls generating a postive pressure potential. This is the ordinary situation in a fully hydrated, or turgid, plant cell under normal conditions, in which the action of the water is similar to that of air inflating a balloon. The opposite situation occurs when water is pulled through an open system, such as a straw or a plant xylem vessel. In that case the pressure potential is negative, and actually pulls the walls of the vessel inward. Both positive and negative pressure potential exist in plants, and both are important driving forces for the movement of water within the plant and between the soil, the plant, and the atmosphere. |
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|
Term
1-where are the largest pools of freshwater?
2-where is the largest pool of water? |
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Definition
1-groundwater and ice
2-oceans, ice, groundwater |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the increase in the number of species found as the sample area increases |
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Term
|
Definition
ranges from acidic to basic (3.5-10.0)
influenced by rainfall
acidic-higher rainfall leaches bases, H and Al ions retained
basic-lower rainfall=less leaching and more soil bases |
|
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Term
| aged based population structure |
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Definition
| requires only information on the populations age structure. This tends to be less important in plant populations than in animals. Animals tend to get larger as they grow, that may not be true in plants |
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Term
| plant adaptations to land? |
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Definition
cuticle-waxy covering that prevents dessication
vascular system
dominant sporophyte(diploid) generation
seeds
pollination
multicellularity
cell specialization |
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Term
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Definition
mineral particles derived from rock
organic matter
air
water
living organisms (bacteria, fungi, protists etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Matric potential is a result of the cohesive force that binds water to physical objects, such as cell walls, and soil particles; it is always negative because water bound to an object has less potential energy than free water. |
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Term
| What are some whole plant adaptations to low water availability? |
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Definition
| drought avoidance, drought deciduous, phreatophytes(plants whose roots reach the water table), root to shoot ratio(proportion of plant that is allocated to root and shoot, xerophytes have a higher percentage of mass in roots), succulents(store large amounts of water in their tissues), photosynthetic stems(allow for carbon gain even when leaves are dropped ex:aspen). |
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Term
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Definition
| the average length of time a material resides in an ecosystem component |
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Term
| changes in a population size |
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Definition
| Changes in size are affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration. This can become complicated when including factors like genets and ramets, seed banks, and fragmentation(clonal plants). Is a ramet an individual? It is physiologically independent, but it is also genetically identical to the genet. A seed is genetically distinct, and physiologically independent. It is an individual. If it can persist in the soil for long periods of time before germination, how do you count them? What happens if it doesn't germinate? What about species like cholla that can reproduce via fragmentation? A fragment of the plant can immigrate to a new area and germinate. The plant has effectively immigrated without emigrating. |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in potential energy between pure water and the water in some system. The ability of a plant to acquire water, the ability to move that water to cells throughout the plant body, and the propensity of the plant to lose water all depend on the water potential of the various parts of the plant and its immediate environment. Water potential is a measure of pressure and is expressed in megapascals (MPa). |
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Term
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Definition
| type of dissasortative mating, even though the individual has pistils and stamens, there are things that wont allow that to happen. |
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Term
| gross primary production(GPP) |
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Definition
| the total energy fixed by producers in an ecosystem |
|
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Term
| name some visual attractants of animal pollinated flowers |
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Definition
-perianth-petals and sepals
-nectar guides-wavelengths that humans cant see, but bees can. used to guide them toward pollen
floral bracts-specialized leaves found below many flowers. Often colored and appear to act as part of a plants display(poinsettia) |
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Term
| initial floristics composition hypothesis |
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Definition
| all of the species are present at the beginning of succession, which is simply a process of the unfolding of their various life histories. gleasonian-crossover, not set boundaries, some of the species persist and one group dominates |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmotic potential is the component of water potential that is due to solutesdissolved in the water. It results from the difference in potential energy between pure water and water containing dissolved substances. Osmotic potential is either zero (in pure water) or negative because the solutes reduce the capacity of the water to do work. The osmotic potential is capable of acting as the driving force for water movement, as when the movement of the solutes is restricted by a semipermeable membrane that allows water, but not solute, to pass through it. The osmotic potential is the major component of water potential in living cells (such as those in roots and leaves), and is thus the major driving force by which water moves into cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy of growth only during periods of sufficient rainfall, used by plants living in areas with periods of prolonged drought. (desert annuals) |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water through a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organisms that share a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of pollen from one plant to another. This is NOT fertilization, but it is required for fertilization. This is when the microgametophyte(pollen) is near the megagametophyte(ovary). |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in the phenotype of a single genotype caused by environmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
| type of dissasortative mating, styles of different lengths or different morphs to reduce the likelihood of inbreeding occuring. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of water that moves through plants and into the atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration, up to 50% of the precipitation in the amazon basin comes from evaporation from the forest itself. Vegetation removal can reduce precipitation, increase soil warming, lead to desertification, and increase soil erosion. |
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Term
| characteristics of wind pollinated plants |
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Definition
grasses, rushes, most temperate zone trees.
-no showy petals
-no nectar, scents, or floral pigments
-produce massive quantities of pollen to increase probability of fertilization. This pollen causes hay-fever. |
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Term
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Definition
| live in nitrogen poor bogs and get their N from the insects they capture, but are still considered autotrophs |
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Term
| tradeoffs between seed number and size |
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Definition
-if a plant has limited resources to allocate to reproduction, then it will produce few large seeds or many small seeds
-a plants relative allocation to seed number or size depends on its environment
-coconut vs. votton wood
-coconut-small number of large seeds, high germination rate-if you produce few seeds germination rate should be high
-cottonwood-produces many small seeds-smaller germination rate, wind dispersed |
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Term
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Definition
| lose leaves when conditions are unfavorable to avoid transpiring. Winter is functionally dry, and that lack of water is why trees lose their leaves in the winter. |
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Term
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Definition
| a meausure of how rapidly materials move through a system; equal to the total mass of a material divided by its flux into or out of the system |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual seeds ex: dandelions |
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Term
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Definition
| plants with dissimilar phenotypes are more likely to breed |
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Term
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Definition
| found in permanently moist soil |
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Term
| characteristics of animal pollinated plants |
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Definition
-petals are big, colorful, showy
-produce pleasant odors and nectar
generally
-yellow-pollinated by bees
-red or orange-birds
-whites or browns-bats
-white-moths
-yellow or blue-butterflies |
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Term
| where is the largest phosporus pool? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of succession that emphasized the facilitation of late successional species by earlier ones and the replacement of one integrated community by another. fits with clementsian view-"body" dies then next one etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| some plants in a population have only pistillate flowers, while others have either perfect flowers or a mixture of staminate and pistillate flowers |
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Term
| What traits make a species invasive? |
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Definition
1. early reproduction-the plants reproduce at an earlier age
2. high seed output-plants that produce small seeds or large seeds produced t smaller intervals
3. adapted to disturbances-human disturbance may reduce competition from other plants, altering resource availability, and allowing invaders to become established and multiply
4. (EICA)-evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis-a plant evolved elsewhere, and moves into a new area where they have no predators or competiton
5. vertebrate dispersal-the plant may have an adaptation that allows for animals to disperse their seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| growth point in unfavorable season below ground level (e.g. Crocus) |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that live in saline soils and possess unique adaptations for tolerating salt, as well as sharing some characteristics with xerophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organisms that use biotic or abiotic resources in a similar way |
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| sexual reproduction in plant. There is a gametophyte(n), and sporophyte(2n) generations. Dominant sporophyte generation produces spores that become the gametophyte generation. The Gametophyte produces gametes that fuse (fertilization) to form the next gametophyte generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| most plants cannot take up nitrogen unless it is mineralized to nitrate or ammonium ions. The process begins with ammonification(the release of nitrogen from organic compounds in the form of ammonium ions NH4+).The NH4+ ions may be directly taken up by some plants or the may undergo nitrification(the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate). Ammonification can be carried out by a variety of soil dwelling micro-organisms, but nitrification is carried out only by specialized nitrifying bacteria and a few other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| coniferous trees (particularly pines) usually respond to wounds caused by herbivory by producing pitch (sap) into the wounds that suffocate or push out the herbivore. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of different species in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| has male(staminate) and female(pistillate) flowers one the same plant "one house". |
|
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Term
| density-dependent/density-independent |
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Definition
Some factors affecting population growth do not depend on the density of the population. If 90% of seedlings die every year because of seasonal droughts, regardless of the number of neighboring plants, ecologists would say that these droughts act as a density-independent factor. If mortality is increased beyond this level in high density sites, because seedlings are competing for water, ecologists would use the term density-dependent mortality.
density-dependent factors are due to competition for limited resources. If competition gets stiffer with more individuals.
Density independent factors affect populations indiscriminately. ex: natural diasters |
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Term
| What makes a community susceptible to invasion? |
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Definition
1.One hypothesis is that disturbed areas are more prone to invasion. This hypothesis does not have much evidence. Studies have shown that this idea does not work in all communities, and a better approach is elucidating the effects of specific factors rather than lumping all those factors together into a general category.
2. another hypothesis is that areas that are species poor are more vulnerable to invasion. This also has limited evidence, and many communities offer different conclusions.
3. the hypothesis that has more evidence is that an area that is species rich is more prone to invasion.
4. variation in resource availability has been proposed as an underlying cause for the positive association between native and invasive species diversity. Areas that have high soil fertility are more likely to have invasive species |
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Term
|
Definition
| % of a quadrat covered by a species-dominance(DBH) (amount of space within a quadrat a species covers) |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that live in moderately moist soils, and generally experience only an occasional, mild shortage of available water. Mesophytes typically transpire as long as soil water potential is greater than about -1.5 MPa. When the soil becomes drier, mesophytic plants close their stomata. Most agricultural crops, ornamental plants, forest trees, common meadow and forest wildflowers, and other plants common in temperate parts of the world are mesophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| when two gametophytes fuse to produce an embryo. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the global phosphorus cycle does not have a major atmospheric component. The original source of most of the phosphorus that enters the biosphere is weathering of certain types of rock. Phosphorus is limiting for plant growth in many ecosystems. |
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Term
| physical/mechanical defenses |
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Definition
| defenses with obvious structures such as thorns and spines, can discourage mammalian browsers and birds, but do little to deter insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most conspicuous and numerically abundant species in a community |
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Term
|
Definition
| both staminate and perfect flowers occur on the same individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| mycorrhizae that form a sheath around the root, and whose hyphae penetratethe intercellular spaces of the root cortex, but not the root cells. Found in families Pinaceae, Fabaceae, Salicaceae, and Betulaceae. |
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Term
| hypotheses for causes of rarity and commonness |
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Definition
1. species with broad niches will have large geographic ranges, while species with narrow niches will have small geographic ranges - Evidence for this hypothesis is mixed. It does not account for the persistence of inferior competitors - hypothesis doesn't consider trade-offs associated with broad niches and competitive ability
2. rarity is influenced by growth form, pollination syndrome, dispersal mechanism - this hypothesis has some evidence - trees are more common than shrubs - wind pollinated plants are more common than animal-pollinated plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| a line along which samples are taken |
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Term
|
Definition
| a little plant, as one produced on the leaf margins of a kalanchoe or the aerial stems of a spider plant. (form of asexual reproduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a material from a surface soil through water drainage |
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Term
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Definition
| plants respond to herbivory by growing more, in the 80s and 90s a group of scientists postulated the existence of overcompensation. these ideas were highly controversial and received a lot of attention. While there was some experimental evidence for overcompensation, when taken as a whole, the idea was not well supported by the available data. One of the possible explanations for reports of overcompensation was that researchers had only measured aboveground plant parts, while underground reserves may have been depleted to stimulate the above ground growth. Another explanation was that in dense plant stands, if herbivores only eat shaded unproductive leaves there may be no reduction in the photosynthetic abilities of the plants. None of these were ultimately any good. It's believed that the plants used in experiments were grown in ideal conditions with plants receiving large amounts of nutrients etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a flower with only female parts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area. (remember a community is a group of populations) |
|
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Term
| IDH(Intermediate disturbance hypothesis) |
|
Definition
| species diversity is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance, species rich communities are more likely to get invasive species.According to this hypothesis, competitive exclusion reduces species diversity at low levels of disturbance. When disturbances are very frequent, most existing species are destroyed, with insufficient time available for full recolonization before the next disturbance. example: periwinkles |
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Term
| minimum viable population |
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Definition
| the smallest size necessary to give a population a probability X of surviving N years. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a line of a set length is laid through a community. Then all individuals lying within a belt of some set width on either side of the line are counted. in other words, a long thin quadrat. A long belt transect may encompass more topographic or soil variation, and thus include more species than a square grid for a given total area sampled. |
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Term
|
Definition
the chemical inhibition of the growth of one organism by another . When plants release chemical toxins into the soil that reduce the growth or kill other plant competitors
Creosote bush, Black walnuts, Not in purple sage and California sagebrush |
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Term
|
Definition
| the incorporation of nutrients into soil microorganisms, making them less available for uptake by plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of organisms living in the same place, that use the same resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| staminate and pistillate flowers occur on different individuals "two houses" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| close association of two or more species during part or all of the life cycle. Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism are all forms of symbiosis. Symbioses can be obligate (codependent) or facultative. |
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Term
|
Definition
many definitions have been proposed, but the term generally refers to species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range.
-invasive species can be native, but are usually exotic(far from their native habitats. example-aspen is invasive in wisconsin
-in north america, invasives are typically eurasian, and are often intentionally introduced. example-kudzu vine was introduced for use as a cover crop, but has escaped and is growing out of control in the southern US. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the chance of surviving to maturity times the fecundity of survivors. Example: desert environments have highly variable rainfall. In a 20 year study of winter annuals in the sonoran desert researchers documented major variation in the realized fertility of these plants. The environmental stochasicity, in this case rain, changed the realized fertility |
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Term
|
Definition
| isopropene, latex, cardiac glycosides, phytoecdysones-protect against heat damage, anti-herbivore properties, have characteristic scents (mints)-can cause heart damage or mimic insect molting hormones(damages insects)-pretty cheap interms of plant resources |
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|
Term
| Where is the largest nitrogen pool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
properties that come about through interactions, such as competition, predation, and mutualism, that occur among the populations in a community
-competition
-mutualism
-predation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flower with only male parts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of changes in numbers, composition, and spatial dispersion within a population |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a period during the early population growth of an invasive species when its numbers are low |
|
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Term
|
Definition
lambda=yearly population growth rate-how fast a population is growing in a year.
To estimate the long term population growth you must use a geometric mean. -the nth root of the product of lambdas.
numbers over 1 indicate growth, less than one shows a population in decline proceeding toward extinction. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| % of quadrats in which a species appears-quick and easy can be inaccurate for rare species, common species, and species with clumped distribution (this plant exists in ___ percent of quadrats) |
|
|
Term
| CAM(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis |
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Definition
temporal separation, uses PEP carboxylase, but the reactions take place in the mesophyll cells
PEP carboxylase captures CO2 at night and is stored as malic acid
in the day co2 is fixed while the stomata are closed
an adaptation for hot, dry growing conditions where nights are cooler ex: cacti and succulents |
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Term
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Definition
the hypothetical deterministic end point of a successional sequence. its static-succession will stop and it will stay that way forever, very unlikely that the community will never change
-its deterministic-cant totally predict it |
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Term
| Fauth organizes the terminology of community ecology with three overlapping circles based on three criteria. What are they? |
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Definition
1. Geography
2. Phylogeny
3. Resources |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of phylogenetically related organisms living in the same place |
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Term
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Definition
| both pistillate and perfect flowers occur on the same individual |
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Term
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Definition
| obligatory mutualism between fungus and a plant root. Fungus supplies soil minerals (especially phosphorus) to the root. The root supplies photosynthate to fungus. It is very common. 80% of angiosperms and all gymnosperms have mycorrhizae. |
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of the fundamental niche, it grows mostly in one area because that's where it competes best. |
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Term
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Definition
There are 3 major categories.
Type I: high likelihood of surviving past birth, but as they get older they are less likely to survive (large mammals, humans)-influenced by parental care
Type II: fairly constant slope, similar likelihood of surviving throughout life (birds, lizards, small mammals)-chance is a large part of survivorship
Type III: being young is very challenging, low likelihood of making it past infancy. However, once you make it past infancy, there is a high likelihood of survival (invertebrates, fish, fungi, and plants) curves differ based on environment |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the chance that two individuals chosen at random from the same community, belong to the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants photosynthesize and respire. the light compensation point is the light level at which photosynthesis gain exactly matches respiratory loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| tannins, lignins-dry astringent flavors-puckering flavor, flavonoids, anthocyanins-water based pigments in fruits-All have aromatic rings with an attached hydroxyl group(no nitrogen)-in general these all reduce the digestibility of plant tissues for many herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
| flows of materials and energy in the various abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems |
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Term
| perfect/cosexual/hermaphroditic |
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Definition
| have male and female parts in one flower |
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Term
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Definition
| mycorrhizae whose hyphae penetrate the cells of the root cortex, but do not form a sheath around the roots. Found in most plant families. |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of similar populations that are expected to go extinct. It is highest when environmental stochasticity is high. Highest in species whose rate of increase is low. |
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Term
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Definition
| a line of a set length is laid through the community, and the proportion of the length of the line occupied by each intercepted species is determined. |
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Term
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Definition
| in most plants, it is a form of photosynthesis in which CO2 is captured by RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase and the first stable product is a 3 carbon compound. Plants with C3 photosynthesis reduce the negative effects of photorespiration by living in cooler, cloudier environments. Ex: forest herbs and cool season grasses |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which increasing one feature of an organism necessitates decreasing another feature |
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Term
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Definition
| -super organism-viewed a community as an organized mutually dependent species living together as one massive organism akin to organs in a body-communities are highly organized entities of mutually interdependent species and have predictable developmental trajectories-spatially distinct-affected by *abiotic non-living condtions-available water etc.-ONLY |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the earth's living organisms and their physical environments |
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Term
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Definition
| a view of communities according to a theory proposing that they are analogous to individuals and are born, develop, grow, and eventually die. Popularized by Frederic Clements |
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Term
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Definition
| chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum |
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Term
| environmental stochasticity |
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Definition
| variation in vital rates due to environmental factors that affect all the individuals in a stage class or population the same way. (see realized fertility) |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in thylakoid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine-glucosinolates are found in the mustard family(Brassicaceae)-all contain nitrogen(tend to be more costly in terms of plant resources because nitrogen is harder to obtain)-bitter/sharp taste, highly specific, often effective at small doses* |
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Term
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Definition
| A breakage of the water column. It occurs under sever water stress and freezing(aspen called poppers in wisconsin). Vessels are more prone to cavitation than tracheids. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of carbon transformed from co2 to organic carbon per unit area in a specified time period |
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Term
| demographic stochasticity |
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Definition
| chance variation in the fates of individuals, especially important in small populations. If there is only 10 plants in a population, and one gets stepped on, that random(stochastic) act will have a major effect on the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| spatial separation: carbon capture and fixation occur in 2 different places. utilize a more effective enzyme (PEP carboxylase) to capture CO2 in the mesophyll cells. Carbon fixation occurs in the bundle sheath cells. PEP carboxylase is costly but can be recuperated under warm, bright growing conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
-directional change in community composition and structure over time-aspen conifer forest-
-begins with a disturbance(an event or series of events that brings about change)
figure 12.1-vegetation dynamics-overview of what causes changes in succession |
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Term
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Definition
| communities result from interactions between individual species and chance historical events. Each species responds individually to environmental conditions-biotic(competition, herbivory etc.) and abiotic-not very well accepted until after he died-done more recent work supporting gleason-john curtis(wisconsin)-individualistic-they end up in a community, because they are similar in their needs |
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Term
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Definition
| in reference to leaves, having a distinctive, symmetrical internal architecture with palisade tissue on both the upper and lower sides of the leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
the tendency of a system to return to its original state after a small perturbation (supports the idea of a climax community)
Intuitively people equate diversity with stability. However, diverse communities are less likely to return to their original state. Why? following a disturbance the dominant species in a nondiverse community is much more likely to return simply due to its abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| plant species whose accumulated leaf or twig litter tends to promote fire more than one would expect based on the mass of litter alone |
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Term
| size-based population structure |
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Definition
| describing them in terms of size, much easier than trying to discover an individuals age |
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Term
| carbon fixation (Calvin Cycle) |
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Definition
occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts
co2 joined with RuBP in a reaction catalyzed by Rubisco
3 PGA are formed
ATP and NADPH are used
simple sugars are formed |
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Term
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Definition
| (only eats one thing) effects depend on the role of preferred food species in its community-could be detrimental or not depending on the plant it may eat |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of species diversity that emphasizes rare species |
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Term
| name some adaptations to area with too much water |
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Definition
| aernechyma(tissues that plants have evolved to deal with with too much water, there are a lot of air spaces, they facilitate diffusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| the stored quantity of a nutrient or element |
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Term
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Definition
| a shoot originating from below the ground (form of asexual reproduction) ex: aspen |
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Term
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Definition
the enzyme rubisco (RuBP) can fix carbon, but it can also bond to oxygen
photorespiration occurs especially under warm and bright conditions and when oxygen concentrations are high |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of phylogenetically related organisms living in the same place that use biotic or abiotic resources in a similar way. |
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Term
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Definition
| have stomata on both sides of the leaf, this allows for more management of gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the organisms in an area and all of the abiotic materials and energy with which they interact |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how biochemistry and physiology of individual plants determines their responses to the environment within the context of anatomy and morphology |
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Term
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Definition
| the tissue that carries water in vascular plants. There are two types in cells in the xylem. The tracheids, and vessel cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the major fluxes and pools of a substance in a system |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal underground stem; rootstock. (form of asexual reproduction) ex:grasses |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction of NO2- and NO3- to gaseous nitrogen. Bacteria and fire. |
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Term
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Definition
| when plants colonize ground that has been previously occupied by a plant community. Soil and propagules are present. ex-fire, old field succession, tornadoes, hurricanes |
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Term
| water use efficiency (WUE) |
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Definition
the ratio of carbon gained to water lost
C3-lowest WUE
C4-higher WUE
CAM-highest WUE |
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Term
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Definition
| the total of living and dead biomass in an area that is not lying on the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| plant cells are totipotent. Each cell has "total potential" to become any type of cell. All plant cells are, in essence, "embryonic stem cells". |
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Term
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Definition
| transforms dead organisms or their shed parts and feces into co2. involves large animals, macro/microarthropods, nematodes, protists, fungi etc. part of carbon cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait in pines in which they retain their seeds in tightly sealed cones for many years, releasing them only after exposure to fire |
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Term
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Definition
| plants with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate with another. Flower colors(pollinators may only go to same color of flower), plants may have the same flowering time |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of conditions and resources that the species could use in the absence of competitors. |
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Term
| Name some anatomical/morphological adaptations to drought |
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Definition
| guard cells, amphistomatous leaves, isobilateral leaves, leaf surfaces, trichomes, large celled water storage tissue, low surface to volume ratio(needles and scales), stomatal crypts(sunken stomata). |
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Term
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Definition
| an underground rosette stem (form of asexual growth) ex:tulips |
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Term
| Where are the largest carbon pools? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a relative discrete event in timethat causes abrupt change in ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resource availability, substrate availability, or the physical environment. The intensity of a disturbance is the amount of change that it causes. The size (spatial extent) of a disturbance is the amount of area affected. The frequency of a disturbance, also called the return interval, quantifies how often, on average, it occurs in a particular place. These 3 characteristics are often correlated: small disturbances of low intensity, are generally much more frequently than large than large, intense disturbances. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth point in unfavorable season above or just below the ground |
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Term
| why do plants have so many mating systems? |
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Definition
1. fitness consequences of inbreeding vs. outcrossing
2. relative success of male and female floral functions
3. ability to adjust resource allocation to male and female functions
4. availability of pollinators
5. plants are sessile |
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Term
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Definition
| a species found only in a single, limited area |
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Term
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Definition
| (eats everything)tend to promote/maintain species diversity by keeping fast-growing dominant species from outcompeting others(tend to eat the most common plant) |
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Term
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Definition
| pores that open or close based on water to allow for gas exchange, they respond to turgor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
phalanx-organized linear growth
guerilla-pop up all over the place in no discernible pattern
This really depends on the scale |
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Term
| Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) |
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Definition
| measures standing biomass based on the reflectance at all the near-infrared and visible wavelengths. The "greenness" is correlated with photosynthesis and productivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| stages in plant succession |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which species in a community are equally abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to flowers that don't open so they pollinate themselves. Guaranteed reproduction, but may have inbreeding depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur |
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Term
| rare, common, and invasive |
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Definition
| there are relatively few of them in certain communities. A plant can be rare in one community, but common in another. A plant can be rare in a community, but also invasive(rapidly expanding outside of it's native range). These are not fixed characteristics. Endangered, and threatened species are rare in at least one area, but not all rare species are endangered or threatened. There is, however, a postive correlation between population size (local abundance) and geographic range.Species with large population sizes tend to be widespread, while species with small geographic ranges tend to have small population sizes. While these relationships are typical ones, exceptions exist. Some species are habitat specialists with small geographic ranges, yet dominate in the communities they are found. (Mentha cervina or mint) |
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Term
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Definition
| the form, structure, or appearance of a plant community. Knowledge of the physiognomy of a community may tell us about the adaptations of its dominant species to environmental conditions. Raunkaier system |
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Term
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Definition
An elongate, horizontal stem creeping along the ground and rooting at the nodes or at the tip
and giving rise to a new plant. (form of asexual reproduction) ex:strawberries |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which nitrogen enters the biosphere from the atmosphere. The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, but N2 is not available to plants unless it is fixed into a useable form.(NH4+, NO2-, NO3-) This can be accomplished through symbiotic relationships with bacteria, from industrial fixation, or lightning strikes |
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Term
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Definition
| when plants colonize land that has not been previously vegetated-begins with the development of soil ex-lava fields, retreating glaciers, rock outcrops, beaches, sandbars, dunes, new islands, mine spoils, road cuts |
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Term
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Definition
| growth point in unfavorable season at least 50 cm above ground level, often on stems (e.g. trees, bushes, lianes) |
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Term
| sequential hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| beginning life as one gender (almost always male) and then switching to the other. In some sequential hermaphrodites the switch is not instantaneous, and individuals may function as hermaphrodites for some time. |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate between sand and clay |
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Term
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Definition
| the most conspicuous and abundant species(numerically, or in terms of biomass) in a plant community. Dominant species are often used to characterize a community (sagebrush, P-J) |
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Term
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Definition
| those that are present in a plant regardless of herbivore damage |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces herbivore preference or performance-color, thorns, spines, oils, alkalines |
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Term
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Definition
| plant growth is modular, plant cells are a lot less integrated, more independent. This confers a great deal of plasticity in size and shape. ex: it does not need a specific branch in a specific place, as opposed to humans whose organs etc. have specific locations. This increases a plants ability to respond to damage or change. |
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Term
| How is productivity estimated? |
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Definition
1.standing biomass-the total amount of plant material produced in one year. Problems-laborious, destructive, and ignores below ground activity
2. NDVI(Normalized difference vegetation index)-measures reflectance of near infrared and visible light |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of species per unit area "how many species are contained in the area of size x?" |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
O-organic material derived from decaying bacteria, plants, and animals
A-surface layer of mineral soil, area of maximum leaching
B-area of deposition of clays, iron, and aluminum
C-undeveloped, deep mineral layer
R-bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of all conditions and resources that determine the ability of the individuals of a species to survive and reproduce. |
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Term
| stage based population structure |
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Definition
| classified as seeds, seedlings, saplings, trees, etc. More relevant in plants than age. |
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Term
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Definition
| a single large sampling plot placed in a uniform patch of vegetation that represents the community-time--clementsian communities |
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Term
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Definition
-since succession can be such a slow process, researchers use a set of communities at different stages since a disturbance
assumptions of chronosequences
-successional processes are predictable
-climate and species pool will remain the same during the entire time
-communities in the same general region are similar |
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Term
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Definition
-location of meristems-grass form of tree
-resprouting ability-can resprout from roots etc.
-very thick bark- pon pine, oak
-serotiny-cones that only open when theres a fire, need fire to germinate
-pyrogenicity- favor fires, leaves and oils that essentially make tinder, contribute to flammability of an area |
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