Term
|
Definition
| visitor removes rewards (nectar, pollen) but no pollination. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effects of interaction transmitted through food web. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| location suitable for germination and seedling establishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of seed dispersal with distance from parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positively correlate with density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Escape competition
Escape predation and disease
Find new habitat
Gene flow/genetic diversity
Maintain populations in "sink" habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of planet with suitable environmental conditions for species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mature ovary containing one or more seeds |
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Term
|
Definition
| outside of the fruit. Develop in specialized layers. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caryopsis. One seed, fused entirely to pericarp. Corn, rice, wheat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single dispersal unit of plant (seed OR fruit) |
|
|
Term
| Fruit/seed coat functions |
|
Definition
Protection
Enforce seed dormancy
Seed dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break layer of fruit/seed coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 basic methods of seed dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruit throws or squirts seeds. Ex. Impatiens |
|
|
Term
| Abiotic seed dispersal examples |
|
Definition
Wind (dandelion)
Water (coconut) |
|
|
Term
| 2 major categories of Biotic seed dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diaspore outside animal body. Usually non-mutualistic (hooks, barbs, glue)
Ex. Devil's claw (Proboscidea) fruit with large, hooked claws. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutualistic epizoochory. Animals like squirrels, nutcrackers, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pinus albicaulis (white bark pine). Clark's nutcracker removes lots of seeds and puts in caches. 1 bird moves 90,000 seeds per season. Pouch in throat adapted for carrying seeds. Pine trees establish in clumps germinating from cache. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fruit eaten, seeds travel through gut. Usually with fleshy fruits (reward to disperser). Sometimes seed scarified in passing. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| epizoochory mutualism. Elaiosomes. Only dispersal by invertebrates. Southeast US a hot spot. Ex. hexastylis arifolia and trillium. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| food body outside seed coat/fruit (ant dispersal). |
|
|
Term
| Animal group most imp. in pollen dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal group most imp. in seed dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "target" in pollen dispersal |
|
Definition
| Stigma of another flower of same species |
|
|
Term
| "target" in seed dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motivation to target in seed dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motiation to target in pollen dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cues to target in pollen dispersal |
|
Definition
| Nectar guides, petal color, floral traits |
|
|
Term
| Cues to target in seed dispersal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal/precise unit. Basic unit of plant community classification. Composed of stands. (like species in taxonomy) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| particular member of association (like individuals in taxonomy) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| general term for plant cover of an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species or guild that affects community more than expected based upon abundance/biomass (disproportionate impact) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sea otters. Urchins eat kelp, sea otters eat urchins, kelp forest recovering. Other animals that live in the kelp forests re-establishing populations. Low otter biomass = huge impact anyway. |
|
|
Term
| 4 categories of keystone plants |
|
Definition
1. Nitrogen fixers (trifolium repens, rubus, morella cerifera, and alnus)
2. Generalist parasites/predators (ex. dotter/cuskueta)
3. Some nonnative invasive weeds (ex. ligustrum, and Melaleuca quinquenervia - paperbark tree)
4. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth form + architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sclerophyll grassland in Western US |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sclerophyll grassland in Mediterranean basin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sclerophyll grassland in South Africa. Plants unique (70% endemics). Cape Floristic Region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LAI. Area of 1 side of leaf/ground area. LAI of forest and grassland similar. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| highest cover or biomass wins. Reflected by Importance value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls reproduction of other plants. Ex. Festuca arizonica (Ponderosa pine) limited by grass (b/c competition for water). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forest tree canopy > half exposed to full sun (better term = emergent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appears to dominate cover. Common in savanna (grassland with scattered trees. Trees appear more important than they are). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of species in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distribution of individuals among species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines richness and evenness. Quantify by diversity indices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth and distribution depends on the most limiting environmental factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shelford. the presence and success of an organism depend upon the extent to which a complex of conditions are satisfied. The absence or failure of an organism can be controlled by the qualitative or quantitative deficiency or excess or any one of several factors which may approach the limits of tolerance for that organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determined by abiotic factors |
|
|
Term
| Physiological/Potential Optimum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actual ecological range and optimum determined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Earth is a set of interacting factors that foster life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appearance determined by genotype + environment + past environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total phenotypic variation (Vt) = ? |
|
Definition
| Variation due to genotype (Vg) + Variation due to environment (Ve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically determined trait with survival or repro. benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| h^2 = resemblance between relatives due to shared genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change of genetic makeup of population/species |
|
|
Term
| If you were haploid, you'd be....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of genetic variation due to chance. Small populations vulnerable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heritable changes in DNA. Rare, only about 10% of population in each generation w/mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different twig/leaf structure based on age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide-angled branches with small leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vary form/physiology in response to environment. Helpful for sessile organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very different leaf forms due to leaf environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closely related individuals near enough to interbreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| populations morphologically and ecologically similar and potentially capable of interbreeding |
|
|
Term
| Biological species approach |
|
Definition
| define species by ability to interbreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collect from a range of environments and plant the all in the same environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locally adapted populations (traits with survival value). Genetically determined traits, still interfertile between populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences in populations that disappear in the common garden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous variation in traits along environmental gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stature, leaf traits, floral traits, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| timing life cycle events (flowering timing, bud break, germination timing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germination cues, photosynthesis rates, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plastic, temporary change in organism caused by past environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how plant builds body and behaves. Ex, tree, shrub, vine. |
|
|
Term
| Raunkiaer growth form system includes |
|
Definition
| Size, lifespan, woodiness, nutrition mode, general form and feature, leaf traits, phenology, and location of overwintering buds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bud >50 cm above ground (trees, tall shrubs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bud <50 cm above ground (dwarf shrub) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bud at ground surface, may die back to ground at end of season |
|
|
Term
| Cryptophyte (aka geophyte) |
|
Definition
| bud below ground (ex. bulb plants) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overwinters as seed (annual plant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| woody vine that uses other plants for support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germinates and grows on other plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phanerophyte
Chamaephyte
Hemicryptophyte
Cryptophyte (geophyte)
Therophyte
Liana
Epiphyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one benefits and the other is unaffected (+,0) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutualistic epiphytic relationship (many species including Ilex sp.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (+,-) Nutritional parasites, epiphytes tap host tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No chlorophyll (gets nutrients from host) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified roots, penetrate host phloem and xylem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have chlorophyll - get water and nutrients from host xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetically varying offspring (involves fertilization and meiosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetically identical offspring (involves mitosis). Clonal growth or vegetative repro. |
|
|
Term
| True or false, all plant seeds are sexually produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of seeds asexually (new seeds are clones). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction division. Cells go from diploid (2N) to haploid (1N). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| union of gametes (plants and animals: egg+sperm to form zygote). Haploid to diploid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meiosis
Fertilization
Haploid cells
Diploid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two bodies in one cycle: alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gametophytes make gametes by...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sporophyte makes meiospores by...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiospores turn to gametophytes by....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male gametophyte of seed plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female gametophyte of seed plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baby plant (embryo: new sporophyte) in box (seed coat) with lunch (endosperm in flowering plants) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sepals, petals, stamens, pistils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not have both stamens and pistils. Either staminate or pistilate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imperfect flower w/stamen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imperfect flower w/pistil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pistillate and carpellate flowers on separate individuals: must outcross to reproduce sexually. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both sexes on same individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack at least 1 basic part |
|
|
Term
| Are all imperfect flowers incomplete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large fused petals (corollas fused) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for mutualistic interaction w/animals for pollination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flowering plants transfer pollen from anther to stigma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm in pollen tube fuses with egg in ovule to make zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pollen carried by wind or water. Not mutualism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pollen carried by animal. 90% of flowering plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal deposits pollen on stigma from "compatible" flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bad bud
Remove bag, allow 1 visit
Re-bag flower, count seeds
compare effectiveness of pollinator species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequential anther dehiscence (multiple stamens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buzz pollination, anthers have holes at tip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sugary fluid produced by nectar glands (nectaries) in flower. 10-60% sugars + amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benefit of animal pollination. Pollen:pollen to stigma of another flower, gene flow |
|
|
Term
| Record distance of directed dispersal? |
|
Definition
| 20 km for tropical orchid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time spent at each flower, decreases w/directed dispersal as floral visitors learn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visiting a single species on a foraging trip by bees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
style, only 2 pollen grains can fertilize an ovule. Others are losers. Fittest pollen grains mate.
Over-pollinated flowers produce more vigorous seedlings |
|
|
Term
| Major benefit of sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
| generate genetic variation |
|
|
Term
| Why is genetic variation enhanced by outcrossing? |
|
Definition
| Making gametes by meiosis: 23 pairs of chromosomes gives 8 million different combos of Mom's and Dad's chromosomes in gamete |
|
|
Term
| How to favor outcrossing? |
|
Definition
Dioecy
Floral morphology
Floral phenology
Self incompatibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flowers differ in stamen/style length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two different morphs of perfect flowers, each type on a different plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| floral phenology: anthers dehisce first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| floral phenology: stigma receptive first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent germination of self pollen (or slow self pollen tube growth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flower traits and pollinator traits that adapt to each other. Ex. moths and bats attracted to white flowers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
colorful (not red)
landing platform
mildly fragrant
nectar guides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beetle pollination syndrome |
|
Definition
beetles clumsy, poor vision, good smellers
large flowers
light color
smelly (fruity/spicy) |
|
|
Term
| Bird pollination syndrome |
|
Definition
birds agile, long beaked, see red well, poor smellers.
Flowers red/orange
nectar in floral tube, little/no fragrance, no landing platform |
|
|
Term
| Butterfly pollination syndrome |
|
Definition
butterflies have good vision, good smellers, long tongue, can't hover.
Flowers colorful
landing platform
nectar in floral tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bats nocturnal, good smellers, agile
Flowers open at night
lots of pollen and nectar
white/light color
fragrant
may be pendant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moth pollination syndrome |
|
Definition
poor vision, excellent smellers, long tongue, some can hover
flowers open at night
sweet smell
white/light color
nectar in tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long pouch, nectar is at bottom. If tube longer than tongue moth has to push into flower to pick up pollen. Select for longer tubes and tongues |
|
|
Term
| Flesh fly pollination syndrom |
|
Definition
| flowers smell/look like rotting meat. No reward for flies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effects of interaction transmitted through food web.
Fish eats dragonflies which eat bees which pollinate flowers. More fish = fewer dragonflies = more bees = more pollination.
Few fish = more dragonflies = fewer bees = less pollination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location suitable for germination and seedling establishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Escape competition
Escape predation/disease
Find new habitats
Gene flow/genetic diversity
Maintain populations in sink habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth
Reproduction
Maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how resources are partitioned among processes to meet needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of resource allocation in time and space to life functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allocation of roots vs. shoots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good competitor for soil resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good competitor for light resources |
|
|
Term
| Poor soil, lots of light = high or low root:shoot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rich soil, lots of aboveground competition = high or low root:shoot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live 4-9 months, die after flowering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live 2 years. Flower second year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduce repeatedly (most perennials) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single reproductive event at end of life (big bang). Some perennials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pollination
Predator satiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many seeds, predator can't eat them all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some trees (polycarpic perennials)like Pines, oaks, hickories, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes competitive ability and efficiency |
|
|
Term
| CSR system (3 main strategies) |
|
Definition
Competitive
Ruderal
Stress-toleran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allocate to growth. Resources high, disturbance low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allocate to rapid reproduction. Resources high, disturbance high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allocate to maintenance. Resources low, disturbance low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plot species in 2D space: extremes in corners (more uniform than r/K) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside pre-industrial era range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growing where we don't want it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
grows in undisturbed/lightly disturbed habitats.
negative impact on natives |
|
|
Term
| What is the single most important problem for US National parks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Woody invasive life history traits |
|
Definition
Vegetative repro.
Early age repro.
No seed dormancy |
|
|
