A false fruit.

Example: strawberry.

An indehiscent dry fruit. Seed and pericarp are attached only at the funiculus. The seed coat is free from the inner wall of the pericarp, but usually is tightly enclosed. Found in the families Rununculaceae and Asteraceae. Includes samaras.

Example: sunflower seed

Regular

Radially symmetrical flower. Petals are all the same.

Elderberry family

Contains Sambucus, Adoxa, and Viburnum families, orignally placed in Caprifoliaceae until recent research.

Agave sp.

A member of the family Liliaceae. Includes Blue agave.

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A false fruit formed from many separate fruits of a single flower.

Example: raspberry

A member of the family Liliaceae. Includes onions, chives, leeks, and garlic.

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Aloe vera

A member of the family Liliaceae.

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An angiosperm. A dicot in the Cronquist system, but not in APG. A sister to all other angiosperms. A shrub in the monophytic New Caledonian family, Amborellaceae.

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"Men's house"

All the stamens of a flower.

Magnoliophyta

Flowering plants

A sub-group of spermatopsida. 140 - 160 million years old. Produce ovules that are enclosed within a carpel. Produces a triploid endosperm. Highly reduced female gametophytes. Phloem tissue is composed of sieve tubes and companion cells. Pollination is by wind, animal, or water. Growth habit is woody or herbaceous. The major plant form on Earth since the mid-Cretaceous period, 90 million years ago. Provides much of our food, fibre, medicine, and timbre. Has eight sub-groups. Includes dicots and monocots. It is difficult to identify early angiosperms; there is uncertainty in sister groups of fossil gymnosperms.

Hornworts

A group of embryophytes.

Carrot family

Used to be called Umbelliferae. 300 genera, 3,000 species. Found in the temperate northern hemisphere. 25% of genera and 10% of speices are native to Canada. Ornamentals, poison, foods, and condiments. Herbaceous, aromatic, hollow and furrowed stems. Compound leaves with sheathing leaf bases. Tetramerous flowers, white or yellow. Inflorescences form compound umbels. Flowers have a stylopodium. Five or no sepals, five or no petals, five stamens, and two fused carpels on an inferior ovary. Fruits are schizocarps that break into two or one-seeded pericarps which are attached to a pair of carpophores. Includes Poison hemlock, Water hemlock, Wild carrot, Fennel, and Giant hogweed.

Each a pistil

Having two or more separate carpels.

Dogbane family

200 genera, 2,000 species. 11 genera are native to North America. Cosmopolitan distribution, particularly pan-tropical. Ornamentals and weeds. Trees, shrubs, rarely herbaceous. Usually has a milky latex. Simple, entire, and opposite leaves. Flowers are regular and tubular, on racemose or cymose inflorescences. Five sepals, and five connate petals. Five stamens are epipetalous, and anthers are connivent around the stigma. Gynoecium has two carpels, free or united by thickened styles, on a superior ovary. Fruit is two follicles. 

Malus pumila

A member of the family Maloideae.

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Columbines

A sub-group of Ranunculaceae.

1919 - 1992

An American scientist. Devloped the Cronquist system.

Asparagus sp.

A member of the family Liliaceae.

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Aster sp.

A member of the family Asteraceae.

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Sunflower family

Used to be called Compositae. 1535 genera, 230,000 species. The largest family of dicots. Found throughout the world, in all habitats. Herbs, shrubs, trees, and lianas. Ornamentals, food and oilseeds, and timbre. Form involucrate heads with small five-merous, sympetalous flowers. Flowers are bisexual, unisexual, or neuter. Can be dioecious, monoecious, or perfect. Calyx is reduced to a pappus. Five stamens are fused at the anthers, encircling the style. Gynoecium is inferior and bicarpellate with one locule, producing a single achene.

Gypsophila media

A member of the Caryophyllaceae family.

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Bambusa sp.

A member of the Bambuseae tribe of the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Hordeum sp.

A member of the tribe Hordeae in the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae. 25 species. Includes foxtail barley.

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Echinochloa sp.

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the sub-family Panicoideae in the family Poaceae. Includes cockspur.

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Ocimum sp.

A member of the family Lamiaceae. 60 species, including Ocimum basilicum.

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Rhynchospora sp.

Beak sedge

A member of the family Cyperaceae. 250 species.

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Galium mollugo

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Agrostis sp.

A member of the tribe Agrostideae in the sub-family Festucoideae of the family Poaceae.

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A true fruit with an entire, soft pericarp.

Example: tomato, grape, avocado

Andropogon gerardii

A member of the tribe Andropogoneae in the sub-family Panicoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Hermaphrodite

Having male and female reproductive parts on the same flower.

Salix nigra

Has a characteristic stipule

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Liastris sp.

A member of the family Asteraceae. Has a discoid head.

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Sanguinaria canadensis

A member of the Papaveraceae famliy. Produces a red latex. Carpels have no styles.

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Agave tequilana

A member of the family Liliaceae. Distilled and fermented to produce tequila.

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Clintonia borealis

A member of the family Liliaceae.

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Phacelia congesta

A member of the family Boraginaceae.

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Sisyrinchium sp.

A member of the family Iridaceae. Includes narrow-leaf blue eye grass.

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Baptisia australis

A member of the subfamily Papilionideae in the family Fabaceae.

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Mertensia sp.

A member of the family Boraginaceae.

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Poa sp.

A member of the tribe Festuceae in the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae. 250 species.

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Andropogon sp.

A member of the tribe Andropogoneae in the sub-family Panicoideae in the family Poaceae. Includes big bluestem.

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Elymus hystrix

A member of the tribe Horeae in the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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A member of the family Brassicaceae. Cabbage, broccoli, and Brussel sprouts. Brussel sprouts are the axillary buds.

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A member of the Brassicaceae family. Mustard, cabbage, kale, Brussel sprouts, brocooli, cauliflower.

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Mustard family

Used to be called Cruciferae, "cross", for their cross-shaped flowers. 365 genera, 3,250 species. 114 genera are from North America. Distribution in cooler regions of North America. Trees, shrubs, and herbs. Food, condiments, and weeds. Four-merous flowers. Four sepals and four petals. Tetradynamous androecium, with four long stamens and two short stamens. Two carpels on a superior ovary; two locules with parietal placentation are separated by a replum. Fruit is a silique or a silicle.

Thymus serpyllum

A member of the family Lamiaceae.

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Spiraea latifolia

A member of the subfamily Spiraeoideae in the family Rosaceae.

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Bromus sp.

A member of the tribe Festuceae in the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Buchloe sp.

A member of the tribe Chlorideae in the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae. Includes Buchloe dactyloides, which has bur-like clusters, and is not spiny.

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Ranunculus bulbosus

A polypetalous, actinomorphic flower.

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Scirpus sp.

Tules

A member of the family Cyperaceae. Some new species are called Schoenopletus. 250 species. Flowers are perfect. Spirally arranged bracts in the spikelet. Depending on species, one to several involucral leaves subtend the inflorescence of spikelet clusters. Includes Palla streambank bulrush.

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Tragus sp.

A member of the tribe Zoysieae in the sub-family Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Asclepias tuberosa

A member of the family Asclepiadaceae. Pollinated by Pipevine swallowtail.

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Honeysuckle family

250 genera, 2,000 species, sensu lato. 8 genera, 330 species, sensu stricta. Similarities between Caprifoliaceae, Adoxaceae, and Linneaceae are considerable, and differences are so small that it is convenient to look at this group as one family, sensu lato, especially when identifying. Used to include Sambucus, Adoxa, Viburnum, and Linnaea. Widespread in northeastern North America, and eastern Asia. Absent in tropical areas and South Africa. Shrubs or vines, rarely herbs. Five connate petals, zygomorphic or radial, adnate with five stamens. Two - three carpels on an inferior ovary. Fruit is a berry or drupe.

Dainthus caryophyllus

A member of the Caryophyllaceae family.

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1707 - 1778

A Swedish scientist. Made major contributions to the hierarchical classification system and binomial system of naming. He placed mosses and ferns in the same class as fungi.

Stapelia sp.

A member of the family Asclepiadaceae. 40 species. Includes Stapelia hardyi.

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Grain

An indehiscent dry fruit. The pericarp is fused with the seed coat. Found in the Poaceae family.

Example: corn seed

Manihot sp.

Tapioca plant

A member of the family Euphorbiaceae.

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Ricinus communis

A member of the family Euphorbiaceae.

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Salix fragilis

Salix planifolia

A dioecious tree.

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Prunus avium

A member of the family Prunoidea in the family Rosaceae.

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Stellaria media

A member of the Caryophyllaceae family.

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Cichorium sp.

A member of the family Asteraceae. Has a ligulate head.

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Echinochloa crus-galli

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Coleus sp.

A member of the family Lamiaceae. 200 species.

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Symphytum officinale

A member of the family Boraginaceae.

Oenothera biennis

A member of the family Ongraceae.

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Zea sp.

A member of the tribe Tripsaceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae. 3 species.

Includes Zea mays: The female flower is the cob. The silks are the styles of the female flower. The male flower is the tassels. After the corn cob is eaten, the lemma and palea are left on the cob.

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Eriophorum vaginatum

A member of the family Cyperaceae.

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Digitaria sp.

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the sub-family Panicoideae in the family Poaceae. 300 species. Includes hairy crabgrass.

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14.5 - 65.5 million years ago

A relatively short time period. 50% of angiosperm species evolved during this period.

Croton variegatum

Croton glandulosum

A non-euphorbia type Euphorbiaceae.

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Euphorbia splendens

A member of the family Euphorbiaceae.

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Veronicastrum virginicum

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Hilaria sp.

A member of the tribe Zoysieae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Leersia sp.

A member of the tribe Oryzeae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

Euphorbia cyparissias

A member of the family Euphorbiaceae.

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Taraxacum officinale

A member of the family Asteraceae. Has a cypsela fruit, with a plumose pappus with bristles.

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Lolium sp.

A member of the tribe Hordeae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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An indehiscent dry fruit. An achene with an adnate calyx.

Example: dandelion seed

Magnoliopsida

A group of angiosperms in the Cronquist system. Flower parts are tetramerous or pentamerous. Three apertures in the pollen. Two cotyledons. Reticulate venation. Incldues Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophilidae, Dilleniidae, Asteridae, and Rosidae.

"Two houses"

Unisexual flowers, and staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants.

A type of head in Asteraceae, composed of only disk florets.

Example: blazing star

Not a "real" process; the difference between two mechanisms. It is harder to estimate extinction rates for old clades.

Net diversification rate = speciation - extinction

Rosa canina

Has a characteristic stipule.

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Apocynum sp.

A member of the family Apocynaceae.

Sporobolus sp.

A member of the tribe Agrostideae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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A true fruit. The exocarp is skin-like. The mesocarp is fleshy. The endocarp is bony.

Example: peach, cherry, plum

Juncus dudleyi

A member of the family Juncaceae.

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Juglans nigra

Has a nut fruit.

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Land plants

A group of green plants. Have an embryo stage, and alternation of generations. Produce multicellular reproductive structures. Have a cuticle. Has six extant subgroups: Marchantiomorpha, Arthrocerotophyta, Bryophyta, Lycopoidiopsida, Polypdiopsida, and Spermatiopsida.

Rhamnus cathartica

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Luzula campestris

A member of the family Juncaceae.

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Oenothera sp.

A member of the family Onagraceae. 80 species. Contain GLA. Includes common evening primrose.

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Vaccinium arboreum

A sympetalous flower.

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Foeniculum vulgare

A member of the family Apiaceae.

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Festuca sp.

A member of the tribe Festuceae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Epilobium angustifolium

A member of the family Onagraceae. Comes up first after there is a fire.

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Ca^{[# of sepals]}Co^{[# of petals]}A^{[# of stamens]}G^{[# of carpels]}

An underlined G indicates a superior ovary, and a line over the G indicates an inferior ovary.

Pollen isolation

A type of reproductive isolation. Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination, different pollinators, or depositing pollen on different parts of the pollinator.

Individual flowers in the Asteraceae head. May be ray, disk, or ligulate.

OR

The flowers of Poaceae. Perianth is reduced to lodicules. Consists of two bractlets, lemma and palea, plus a flower.

Euphorbia corollata

A euphorbia type flower. A member of Euphorbiaceae.

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A dehiscent dry fruit. From a unicarpellate flower. Dehisces along one suture. Found in the Magnoliaceae family.

Example: milkweed fruit

Myosotis scorpioides

A member of the family Boraginaceae.

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Juncus dichotomus

A member of the family Juncaceae.

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Setaria sp.

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae. 125 species. Includes green foxtail.

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Hordeum jubatum

A member of the tribe Hordeae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Freesia sp.

A member of the famliy Iridaceae.

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A member of the family Onagraceae. 100 species.

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Thymus vulgaris

A member of the family Lamiaceae.

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Arundinaria sp.

A member of the Bambuseae tribe of the subfamily Festucoideae of the family Poaceae.

A member of the family Apiaceae. Poisonous to the touch, causing photodermatitis: very bad rashes and boils if exposed to sunlight.

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Gladiolus sp.

A member of the family Iridaceae.

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Solidago sp.

A member of the family Asteraceae.

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Bouteloua sp.

Toothbrush plant

A member of the tribe Chlorideae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

Chelidonium majus

A member of the family Papaveraceae. Has orange latex. A polypetalous flower. Petals fall off easily.

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Setaria glauca

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Pinophyta

"Naked seed"

Tracheids are present. Vessel elements are mostly absent. Carpels are absent. Pollination is by wind. Woody growth habit. Includes Cycadicae, Pinicae, adn Gneticae.

"Women's house"

All the carpels of a flower.

Digitaria sanguinalis

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Luzula acuminata

A member of the family Juncaceae.

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Viola hastata

Has a characteristic stipule.

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A member of the family Liliaceae. Perianth consists of tepals.

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Apocynum cannabinum

A member of the family Apocynaceae.

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A true fruit. The ovary is superior. Septations are conspicous and lined with fleshy hairs containing juce.

Example: citrus fruits

Hibiscus sp.

The number of stigmas is the number of carpels. Filaments are fused.

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Invented by Linnaeus. Grouping of species according to shared physical characteristics into nested levels of classification.

Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genera > Species

A false fruit. A vase-like, leathery hypanthium containing several achenes. The flower is apocarpous, perigynous. Found only in the Rosaceae family.

Example: rose hip

Lunaria biennis

Has a silicle fruit.

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Beak

Part of the corona of Asclepiadaceae.

Cynoglossum offinale

A member of the family Boraginaceae.

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Floral tube

A cup-shaped structure which holds the receptacle above the ovary in perigynous and epigynous flowers.

"Vase" or "Wrapper"

Tissue that surrounds a nut. May be spongy, as in a walnut, or spiny as in a chestnut.

OR

A series of bracts which subtends a head in Asteraceae. May have glandular hairs. Uniseriate or multiseriate.

Iris sp.

A member of the family Iridaceae. Petaloid styles.

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Mint family

Used to be called Labiaceae, "two lips". 200 genera, 3,200 species. Cosmopolitan distribution; centre of distribution is the Mediterranean. Ornamentals, aromatic oils, and medicinal herbs. Square stems. Opposite leaves. Flowers are often in virticils. Five fused sepals, five zygomorphic petals fused to stamens, which are two or four (if four, then didynamous). Two fused carpels on a four-lobed superior ovary with a gynobasic style. The fruit is four nutlets.

A member of the family Lamiaceae.

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Dirca palustris

An apetalous flower.

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A type of head of Asteraceae. Composed of only ligulate florets.

Example: chicory

The tongue shaped corolla of an Asteraceae floret.

OR

A line at the top of the leaf tube in Juncaceae

OR

A diagnostic vegetative structure in Poaceae, at the junction between leaf blade and sheat. May be membranous, hairy, and can have different shapes.

Lilium sp.

A member of the family Liliaceae. 75 species, including stargazers.

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Lysimachia sp.

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Lycophytes

A group of embryophytes.

A cause for evolutionary transitions between character states. Examines the historical patterns of character evolution by mapping historical transitions on evolutionary trees. More genera. Looks at the big picture.

1. Map character states of existing taxa on a phylogeny

2. Reconstruct ancestral character states

3. Test for associations between transitions in character states and transitions in ecological factors or other traits. May use a dependent or independent model.

Malva sp.

Have schizocarp fruits.

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Acer sp.

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Cannabis sativa

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Thalictrum dioicum

A dioecious flower.

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A cause for evolutionary transitions between character states. Measures the function of a character and resulting fitness in existing or experimental populations. Evolution in action. Looks at small groups within plant populations, specific traits, and mechanisms of change.

1. Test whether there is a genetic basis for variation in character states

2. Determine function of the character

3. Test for fitness differences in character states.

Asclepias sp.

A member of the famliy Asclepiadaceae. 100 species worldwide. Endangered. A food source for the Monarch butterfly. It is listed as a noxious weed because its milky latex clogs up agricultural machinery.

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Mentha sp.

A member of the family Lamiaceae. 15 species, inclduing spearmint.

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Liliopsida

A group of angiosperms in the Cronquist system. 130 - 135 million years old. Flower parts are trimerous. One aperture in the pollen. One cotyledon. Parallel venation. Includes Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, Zinziberidae, and Liliidae. Includes lilies, orchids, palms, and grasses.

"One house"

Unisexual flowers, with staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant.

Leonurus cardiaca

A member of the family Lamiaceae.

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Cerastium vulgatum

A member of the family Caryophyllaceae.

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A false fruit. The entire inflorescence fuses.

Example: pineapple

Malva moschata

An actinomorphic flower.

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Sisyrinchium angustifolium

A member of the family Iridaceae.

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Castanea dentata

Has a nut fruit.

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Stipa sp.

A member of the tribe Agrostideae in the sunfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Acer plantanoides

The maple key fruit is a schizocarp.

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Water lilies

A group of angiosperms. A dicot in the Cronquist system, but not in the APG system. A sister clade to all remaining angiosperms.

Avena sp.

A member of the tribe Aveneae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae. Palea are longer than the lemma.

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Arrhenatherum sp.

A member of the tribe Aveneae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Panicum virgatum

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Nerium sp.

A member of the family Apocynaceae.

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Papaver somniferum

A member of the Papaveraceae family. Produces black latex.

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Citrus sinensis

The number of locules is the number of carpels.

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Dactylis sp.

A member of the tribe Festuceae in the subfamily Festucoideae in the family Poaceae.

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Desmodium paniculatum

A member of the subfamily Papilionoideae in the family Fabaceae.

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Panicum sp.

A member of the tribe Paniceae in the subfamily Panicoideae in the family Poaceae. 600 species. Includes old switch panic grass and witch grass.

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Cyperus papyrus

A member of the family Cyperaceae. Angient Egyptians used it to make paper.

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Rosa carolina

A member of the subfamily Rosoideae in the family Rosaceae.

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Prunus persica

A member of the subfamily Prunoideae in the family Rosaceae.

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Campanula persicifolia

A sympetalous, actinomorphic flower.

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Lepidium sp.

A member of the family Brassicaceae.

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Vinca sp.

A member of the family Apocynaceae.

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Lathyrus latifolius

A member of the subfamily Papilionoideae in the famliy Fabaceae. Flowers may be white, pink, or purple.

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