Term
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Definition
| structure in which sexual reproduction occurs. |
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Term
| Flower (may be composed of 4 things) |
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Definition
| sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
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Term
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Definition
| pollen producing part of a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| contains 2 cells: one produces sperm, other produces pollen tube |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost parts of a flower, usually leaflike in appearance, that cover and protect the flower when it is a bud |
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Definition
| Ovule-bearing reproductive unit of a flower (contains 1+ovules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure in the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| flower parts in multiples of 3’s |
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Term
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Definition
| flower parts in multiples of 4’s and 5’s |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| flowers pollinated by insects are... |
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Definition
| often yellow or blue and have a scent |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow, orange or red. no strong scent. |
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Term
| bat-pollinated flowers... |
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Definition
| often have dusky white petals and are scented |
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Term
| wind pollinated flowers... |
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Definition
| small or lack petals, no scent or nectar, many many pollen grains |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 organisms form such an interdependent relationships that they affect the course of each other's evolution. |
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Term
| what happens when pollination succeeds.. |
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Definition
| pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows down into the ovary & discharges sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| results from the discharge of two sperm sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac |
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Term
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Definition
| nutritive tissue formed at some point in development of all flowering plants seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| seed leaf of a plant embryo that often contains food stored for germination |
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Term
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Definition
| mature, ripened ovary that provides protection and dispersal for enclosed seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| fruit that develops from one or several united carpels (fleshy at maturity, others are dry ex berries -> grapes and drupes -> peaches) |
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Term
| Fruit that splits open at maturity |
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Definition
| follicles (milkweed pods), legumes (bean pods), and capsules (poppy fruits) |
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Term
| fruits that don't split at maturity |
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Definition
| caryopses (wheat grains), achenes (sunflower fruits), nuts (acorns) |
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Term
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Definition
| develops from a single flower with many separate ovaries, several carpels fuse or grown together (raspberries) |
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Term
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Definition
| develops from many ovaries of many flowers growing in proximity on a common axis, carpels of closely associated flowers fuse or grow together (pineapple) |
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Term
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Definition
| fruit whose fleshy part is composed primarily of tissue other than the ovary (strawberries) |
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Term
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Definition
| wind, animals, water, explosive dihiscence |
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Term
| seed germination external environmental factors |
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Definition
| requirements for oxygen, water, temperature, and light |
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Term
| seed germination internal factors |
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Definition
| maturity of embryo, presence or absence of chemical inhibitors |
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Term
| activities a living organism |
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Definition
| growth, development, reproduction, nutrition, synthesis, excretion, regulation, transport, respiration. |
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Term
| what happens when something goes wrong with the cell cycle and cell division? |
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Definition
| uncontrolled growth-tumors, galls in plants and prelude to cancer in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of having one set of chromosomes per nucleus (N) |
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Term
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Definition
condition of having two sets of chromosomes per nucleus (2N)
in somatic cell of diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a chromosome pair that are similar in size, shape, and genetic constitution. |
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Term
| cell cycle is made up of what phases? |
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Definition
| G1, S (Synthesis phase), G2, and M Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of the cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions. Cell grows and prepares for next division. DNA replicates. |
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Term
| which 3 phases makes up interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| structure consisting of mainly microtubules that proves the framework for chromosome movement during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Duplicated chromosomes line up along midplane of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell (each chromatid is now a separate chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
Nucleoli reappear
Chromosomes lengthen and become chromatin
Spindle disappears |
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Term
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Definition
chromatids condense into chromosomes
nuclear envelope disappears |
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Term
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Definition
Process in which a 2N cell undergoes successive nuclear divisions, potentially producing 4 N nuclei
leads to formation of spores in plants. |
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Term
| what must occur at some time in the life of a sexually reproducing organism if gametes are to be haploid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
members of each homologous pair of chromosomes separate and are distributed into separate nuclei in two daughter cells
---chromosomes were duplicated prior to meiosis I, so each consists of two chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
chromatids separate into individula chromosomes and are distributed into different haploid daughter cells
---four haploid cells form |
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Term
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Definition
| physical association of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
| Pathenogenesis (agamogenesis) |
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Definition
| Haploid or diploid egg cell develops into an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| an embryo arises from tissue surrounding the embryo sac |
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Term
| Parthenocarpy (Seedless fruits) |
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Definition
| refers to the developments of the ovary of a flower into a fruit without fertilization. |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| plants alternate haploid and diploid generations |
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Term
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Definition
| 2N, spore-producing stage in plant life cycle (produces haploid spores in by meiosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| N, gamete-producing stage in plant life cycle. |
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Term
| when two gametes fuse to form a _______ __________, which divides mitotically to produce a diploid sporophyte |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allele that is always expressed when it is present |
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Term
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Definition
| an allele that is not expressed in the presence of a dominant allele |
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Term
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Definition
| possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| possessing a pair of unlike alleles for a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic makeup of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| physical expression of an individuals genes |
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Term
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Definition
| location of a particular gene on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two or more alternative forms of a gene |
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Term
| Genes occur in ____ & are inherited as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| alleles are carried on _______ chromosomes |
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Definition
| homologous (may be heterozygous or homozygous) |
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Term
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Definition
cross between 2 individuals in which only one character is being studied
F1 = all heterozygous
F2 = 3:1 phenotypic ratio |
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Term
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Definition
cross between two individuals in which 2 characteristics are studied.
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental cross that determines if an individual witha dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping of genes on the same chromosome |
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Term
| incomplete dominance aka intermediate expression |
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Definition
| condition in which neither member of a pair of contrasting alleles is completely expressed when the other is present |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more pairs of genes that affect the same character in additive fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| each individual gene makes a small contribution to the organism's phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| two alleles can be codominant (ex. ABO blood system) |
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Term
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Definition
| alter how a certain other genes are expressed in the phenotype (ex, cataracts) |
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Term
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Definition
| can either initiate or block the expression of other genes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of several rod shaped bodies in the cell nucleus that contains hereditary units (genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete unit of hereditary information that usually specifies a polypeptide (protein) |
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Term
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Definition
double helix
each strand composed of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of sugar, phosphate group, and an organic base |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine |
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Term
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Definition
where DNA synthesis takes place
Y-shaped regions where the two strands of DNA separate & where DNA synthesis occurs on both strands at THE SAME DAMN TIME |
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Term
| the enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication by adding nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
consists of a sugar, phosphate group, base
(URACIL instead of thymine)
single stranded (not double) |
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Term
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Definition
| specifies amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| important part of stricture of ribosomes. catalytic functions |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of RNA from DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA molecules from DNA templates |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of information provided by RNA to a specific sequence of amino acids in the production of a polypeptide chain (requires codons and anticodons) |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an individual amino acid or a start or stop signal |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA |
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Term
| Each tRNA molecule attaches to a specific ____ ____ and carries it to the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Genetic Code is nearly universal throughout the biological world, same triplet code for amino acids, etc.
true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can a mutation do to a protein? |
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Definition
| sometimes, mutations can cause no change in a protein it codes for, BUT often a mutation alters the structure and function of that protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of all of the genes in the individuals of a given species or population |
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Term
| Genes code for what three traits? |
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Definition
| physical, behavioral, and physiological |
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Term
| Most mutations are harmless, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| manipulation of genes, often through recombinant DNA technology |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition
| techniques used to make DNA molecules by combining genes from different organisms |
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Term
| DNA molecules are cleaved at specific base sequences in order to .. |
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Definition
| break them into smaller fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded nucleic acid used to identify a complementary sequence by base pairing with it |
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Term
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Definition
| process of selectively amplifying DNA sequences so their structure and function can be studied |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme used in recombinant DNA technology to cleave DNA at specific base sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| segments of DNA from different sources are joined together by ligase |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent, such as a plasmid or virus, that transfers DNA from one organism to another |
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Term
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Definition
| small, circular DNA molecule that carries genes separate from the main DNA of a bacterial cell |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure by which the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is determined |
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Term
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Definition
| all genetic material contained in an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| field of bio, studies the genomes of various organisms |
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Term
| E. Coli have been genetically engineered to produce human insulin - beneficial because.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| agricultural geneticists developing GM plants that are resistant to insect pests, viral diseases, drought, heat, cold, herbicides, and salty or acidic conditions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis is... |
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Definition
-common soil bacterium
-present in nature
-produced protein that tears up guts of insects
-well known toxin
-USED IN ORGANIC FARMING |
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Term
| Bt corn can have a negative effect on what animals? |
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Definition
| Butterflies - it can kill them |
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Term
| Golden Rice: what's its benefit and what vitamin is it infused with? |
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Definition
| infused with beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A). helps people who are suffering from vitamin A deficiencies to easily get their recommended amount.(beta carotene in this case is from a daffodil) |
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Term
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Definition
| a pathogen protein gene is cloned, inserted into DNA of plant, humans eat the plant, body produces antibodies against pathogen protein and humans are then immunized against plant. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of anther (part of stamen) function is to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pollen is transferred to flower of different plant, but same species. |
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Term
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Definition
| pollen cannot be used for fertilization in the same plant |
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Term
| rewards flowers use for pollinators? |
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Definition
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Term
| fruits produced by a single flower? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| roots and stems have what kind of growth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| synapses occurs in what stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| sister chromatids are separated in what stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| sides of DNA ladder consist of |
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Definition
| alternating sugar and phosphate |
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Term
| _ nucleotides per _ amino acid |
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Definition
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