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Definition
| The condition of having one set of chromosomes per nucleus. |
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Definition
| The cyclic series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. |
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Definition
| The division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. |
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Definition
| The stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells |
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Definition
| The stage of the cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions |
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Definition
| The structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides the framework for chromosome movement during cell division |
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Definition
| The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plants, seperating two daughter cells produced by mitosis. |
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Definition
| Process in which a 2n cell undergoes successive nuclear divisions, potentially producing four n nuclei; leads to formation of spores in plants. |
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Definition
| The physical association of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
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Definition
| The 2n, spore-producing stage in the life cycle of a plant. |
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Definition
| The n, gamete-producing stage in the life cycle of a plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic makeup of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical expression of an individual's genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location of a particular gene on a chromosome. |
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Definition
| One of two or more alternative forms of a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Said of an allele that is always expressed when it is present |
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Term
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Definition
| Said of an allele that is not expressed in the presence of a dominant allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| Possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Possessing a pair of unlike alleles for a particular gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| The grouping of genes on the same chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which neither member of a pair of contrasting alleles is completely expressed when the other is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more pairs of genes that affect the same character in additive fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| One of several rod-shaped bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the hereditary units (genes). |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrete unit of hereditary information that usually specifies a polypeptide. |
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Term
| Semiconservative Replication |
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Definition
| The type of replication characteristic of DNA, in which each new double-stranded molecule consists of one strand from the original DNA molecule and one strand of newly synthesized DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme complex that catalyzes DNA replication by adding nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of information provided by RNA to a specific sequence of amino acids in the production of a polypeptide chain. |
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Definition
| RNA that specifies the amino acid ribosome during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An important part of the structure of ribosomes that also has catalytic functions needed during protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA molecules from DNA templates |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an individual amino acid or a start or stop signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulation of genes, often through recombinant DNA technology |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA Technology |
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Definition
| The techniques used to make DNA molecules by combining genes from different organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme used in recombinant DNA technology to cleave DNA at specific base sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent, such as a plasmid or virus, that transfers DNA from one organism to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, circular DNA molecule that carries genes seperate from the main DNA of a bacterial cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-stranded nucliec acid used to identify a complementary sequence by base pairing with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of selectively amplifying DNA sequences so their structure and function can be studied |
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Definition
| Procedure by which the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is determined |
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Definition
| All the genetic material contained in an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| The field of biology that studies the genomes of various organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain small RNA molecules that interfere with the expression of genes or their RNA transcripts |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant or other organism that has foreign DNA incorporated into its genome. |
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Term
| Genetically Modified (GM) Crop |
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Definition
| A crop plant that has had its genes intentionally manipulated; a transgenic crop plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accumulation of inherited changes within populations over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism of evolution in which individuals with inherited characteristics well suited to the environment leave more offspring than individuals that are less suited to the environment do. |
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Term
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Definition
| An evelutionary modification that improves an organism's chances of survival and reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| A comprehensive, unified explanation of evolution based on combining previous theories, especially of Mendelian genetics, with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection |
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Definition
| A part or trace of an ancient organism, usually preserved in sedimentary rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissimilar structures with an underlying similarity of form and development that occur in different species with a common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures in unrelated species that are similar in function and appearance but not in evolutionary origin |
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Term
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Definition
| The independent evolution of similar adaptations in unrelated species |
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Term
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Definition
| An evolutionary remnant of a formerly functional structure. |
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Definition
| The study of the geographic distribution of living organisms and fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| All the alleles of all the genes in a freely interbreeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| The mathematical prediction that allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation in the absence of micrevolutionary processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small-scale evolutionary changes caused by changes in allele or genotype frequencies in a population over a few generations |
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Term
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Definition
| A random change in allele frequencies in a small breeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of alleles between local populations due to migration and subsequent interbreeding |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| The concept that a species consists of one or more populations whose members can interbreed to produce fertile offspring and cannot interbreed with individuals of other species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The situation in which reproductive barriers prevent members of a species from successfully interbreeding with members of another species |
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Definition
| The offspring of individuals belonging to different species |
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Definition
| Evolution of a new species that occurs when one population becomes geographically separated from the rest of the species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution of a new species that occurs within the parent species' geographic region. |
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Term
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Definition
| The situation in which and interspecific hybrid contains two or more sets of chromosomes from each of the parent species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolution of many related species from an ancestral species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The death of every member of a species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extinction of many species during a relatively short period of geologic time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of chromosome pair that are similar in size, shape, and genetic constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition of having two sets of chromosomes per nucleus. |
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