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| the production of organic food from inorganic molecules (co2 and water) with the use of light energy |
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| a material composed of linked sugar units, that which plant cell walls are composed of |
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| a major constituent of wood, contributing to wood's strength and decay-resistant properties |
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| a substance composed of only one kind of atom |
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| composed of the subatomic particles known as protons, neutrons and electrons. smallest possible unit of an element that has all the chemical and physical properties of that element |
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| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, potassium, magnesium. plants require larger quantities of these elements than others |
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| defined by the presence of carbon: of which all living things are composed |
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| trace elements/ micronutrients |
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| other elements in plants, required in small amounts |
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| when an electron absorbs energy and jumps into a higher shell. the mechanism by which an atom absorbs energy from its surroundings |
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| the change in atomic mass of an element by adding extra neutrons. (Ex: add a neutron= heavy form of hydrogen) |
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| the combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements (Ex: H2) |
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| a chemical substance that contains two or more different elements in definite proportions (Ex: H20) |
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| a charged atom formed when an atom loses or gains electrons |
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| occurs when two ions have opposite charges and they attract and join by ionic bond. Ex: salt |
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| any substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+ or protons) in water |
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| when dissolved in water, releases negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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| pure water- pH of 7, anything less than 7 is acidic and anything greater than 7 is alkaline |
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| occurs when two or more atoms of the same or different elemnets share electrons, stronger than ionic. join hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon to form organic molecules |
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| when atoms of different elements share electrons, the atoms differ in their ability to attract electrons and so are shared unequally. Ex: H2O, hydrogens have slight + charge, oxygen has slight - charge, so has distinct poles |
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| a compound with distinct poles. Ex: H2O |
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| attractions between the negatively charged pole to the positively charged poles of other polar molecules; slightly weaker than covalent bonds. allows polar organic substances to dissolve in water, makes them cohesive |
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| the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of that substance by 1 degree C. water has hig specific heat because of hydrogen bonds |
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| organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen--CH2O. function as energy molecules and structural components of plants. monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Ex: sugar, fruit, cereal, starch, cellulose, glucose, fructose |
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| simple sugars with 3-6 carbon atoms, basic building blocks of carbs. glucose is the most common 6-C sugar-- C6H12O6 |
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| made by linking together two monosaccharides. used for short-term energy storage. most common is sucrose (table sugar)- formed from glucose and fructose by dehydration synthesis |
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| hydrogen is removed from fructose and a hydroxyl group (OH) from glucose, leaving the two simple sugars joined by single covalent bonds to oxygen. a water molecule is formed. |
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| large numbers of monosaccharides become linked; formed by dehydration reactions. not water soluble. used for long-term energy storage (starch). also used as structural components (cellulose) |
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| most abundant plant structural polysaccharide. makes up most of the material in plant cell walls. made up of many linked glucose molecules, difficult to break down. only certain animals can digest |
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| important to plants as energy stores and in formation of protective surfaces on celss and leaves/stems/roots. ex: solid fats, vegetable oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids. oily texture, insoluble in water. primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon with small amount of oxygen |
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| 3-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl groups along one side. one of the building blocks of fats and oils |
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| long, unbranched chains of -CH2 groups with an acidic carboxyl (-COOH) group on the end. the abundance of these carbon-hydrogen bonds makes them energy rich. bonds store sunlight energy during photosynthesis |
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| not dissolvable in water. ex: fats and oils are non polar molecules, so cannot interact with |
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| all the carbon atoms of the fatty acid have the maximum number of hydrogens |
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| similar to fats and oils but the glycerol molecule is replaced by a long-chain carbon molecule with many hydroxyl groups along it, all fatty acids are saturated. provide waterproof coating over plant surfaces- reduces water loss and protects from injury |
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| have glycerol backbone and long fatty acid chains, saturated or unsaturated. contain phosphate group (-PO4) and an attached polar group. hydrophilic. when put in water, assembles into double layer, the basic component of cell membranes. |
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| composed of four carbon rings with various functional side groups. ex: digitalin |
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| used to store materials, build structures, perform movements, transport materials, and used as biochemical catalysts that facilitate essential chemical reactions |
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| any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up itself |
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| type of protein that acts as a biochemical catalyst and regulates the rates at which every biochemical process occurs in living plant cells |
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| complex organic molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. assembled from amino acids |
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| consist of a central carbon atom, an amino group containing nitrogen, an acidic carboxyl group, and a side chain which varies and determines the properties of the amino acid. linked by peptide bonds |
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| the energy which is required in all of the biochemical reactions that make up cellular metabolism |
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| cells that contain a nuclues and other membrane-enclosed structures collectively known as organelles |
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| defines the cytoplasms outer limit, composed of phospholipids, proteins, and other materials |
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| a watery solution that includes ribosomes and other cell structures |
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| composed of proteins and RNA, cell's protein synthesis machinery |
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| in cell membrane, bind to chemical messengers in their environments, transmit signals to cytoplasm. allows cells to sense their chemical environments and respond. ex: receiving hormone molecules |
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| embedded in cell membrane, passageways which allow molecules to travel into or out of cells. ex: transport ions or minerals |
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| the movemement of water across the cell membrane according to the relative concentration of dissolved substances in the watery solutions on the insides and outsides of cells |
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