Term
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Definition
| An essential element that is required in very small amounts for normal plant growth. the micronutrients (trace minerals): boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se). |
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Term
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Definition
| An essential element that is required in a fairly large amount for normal plant growth. the three primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). the three secondary macronutrients:calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg). |
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Term
| How do you know if a nutrient is essential? |
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Definition
| All nutrients have been identified by culturing plants in the absence of soil using a simple solution or hydroponic approach. Using this approach they can grow plants in a solution that has all essential nutrients except the one to be tested. If the plant cannot complete its life cycle, the element may be essential. The very nature of micronutrients makes it difficult to establish their importance to plants. At trace amounts, it is much easier to establish that an element is essential than that it is not essential |
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Term
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Definition
| A macronutrient fertilizer containing Nitrogen, Phophorus and Potassium |
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Term
| Know the symptoms of nutrient deficiency. |
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Definition
| Lack of iron results in loss of chlorophyll and chlorosis. In severe cases, new leaves may appear white. |
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Definition
| The surface layer of Earth's crust, consisting primarily of fragmented and weather grains of rocks, supports terrestrial plants as well as many animals and microorganisms. |
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Definition
| Largest Soil Particles (.002 to 2 millimeters) |
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Term
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Definition
| Medium-Sized Soil Particles (.002 to .02 millimeters) |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest Soil Particles (less than .002 millimeters) |
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Definition
| Negatively charged mineral ions like nitrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ideal agricultural soil with an optimal combination of different-sized soil particles. |
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Definition
| Partly decayed organic portion of the soil. |
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Term
| What is the function of the xylem? |
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Definition
| The basic function is to transport water but it also transports some nutrients through the plant. |
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Term
| What is the function of the phloem? |
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Definition
| Phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients in particular, sucrose to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark. The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. |
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Term
| 2. What cell types are in the xylem? |
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Definition
| Xylem-(dead cells)- tracheids. vessel elements and parenchyma. |
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Term
| 2. What cell types are in the phloem? Know the characteristics of these different cells. |
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Definition
Phleom cells-
The sieve-tube cells lack a nucleus, have very few vacuoles, but contain other organelles such as ribosomes. The sieve tube is an elongated rank of individual cells, called sieve-tube members, arranged end to end. The endoplasmic reticulum is concentrated at the lateral walls. Sieve-tube members are joined end to end to form a tube that conducts food materials throughout the plant. The end walls of these cells have many small pores and are called sieve plates and have enlarged plasmodesmata.
The survival of sieve-tube members depends on a close association with the companion cells. All of the cellular functions of a sieve-tube element are carried out by the (much smaller) companion cell, a typical plant cell, except the companion cell usually has a larger number of ribosomes and mitochondria. This is because the companion cell is more metabolically active than a 'typical' plant cell. The cytoplasm of a companion cell is connected to the sieve-tube element by plasmodesmata. |
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Term
| What are the theories of water movement |
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Definition
| capillarity, root pressure and cohesion tension |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of liquid to flow against gravity where liquid spontaneously rises in a narrow space such as a thin tube, or in porous materials such as paper or in some non-porous materials such as liquified carbon fibre. This effect can cause liquids to flow against the force of gravity or the magnetic field induction. It occurs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces; If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and forces of adhesion between the liquid and container act to lift the liquid.[ |
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Term
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Definition
| The xylem sap is pushed through pores, hydathodes, at ends of veins. While root pressure occurs in small plants under specific conditions, it disappears during hot summer days. This is the time when a plant really needs water transported to the leaves! |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of water from the leaf as water vapor. This loss can be significant. A large tree can loose 60 gallons of water an hour. One corn plant can loose 4 gallons of water a week and an acre of corn 350,000 gallon sover a 100 day growing period. Plants lose this much water because it evaporates through open stomata in the leaves. Transpiration occurs at high rates during the day as the plant is actively photosynthesizing |
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Term
| How do sugars move through plants |
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Definition
| Translocation…In the phloem, sugars move through sieve cells or sieve tube elements. These cells are alive but are missing many organelles, including the nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the source? A sink? |
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Definition
| The movement of sucrose in the phloem is a tissue called the source to a tissue called the sink. A source is often a mature leaf that is actively photosynthesizing and produces more carbohydrate than it can use itself. A sink is another tissue in the plant that needs carbohydrates to meet its energy requirements. A sink may be a root, an apical meristem, a fruit or seed. Some sinks, like roots, act as storage organs. Notice that a sink may be positioned above or below a source. |
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Term
| Know the part of a flower |
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Definition
| sepals, petals, stamens, carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| often green and leaf-like in shape. They cover and protect the flower bud. As the flower opens, the sepals fold back to reveal the petals. The collective term for all of the sepals is calyx. Not all sepals are green. In this daylily the sepals and petals are both colored yellow. It makes the flower more conspicuous. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collective term for all of the sepals |
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Term
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Definition
of flowers are often brightly colored to attract pollinators.
In some flowers, the petals fuse to form a long tube. The collective term for all the petals is corolla.
Just inside the petals are the stamens, the male reproductive organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collective term for all the petals |
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Term
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Definition
| made of a long filament, or stalk, on top of which is the anther. Pollen grains develop in the anthers. |
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Term
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Definition
inside the stamens, the female reproductive organs. Flowers may have one or more carpels. Carpels may be separated or fused into a single structure.
Complex organ |
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Term
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Definition
| Have three sections: the stigma, where the pollen grains land, the style, a structure though which the pollen grain grows and the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ovary contains one or more ovules, or eggs. The eggs will develop into seeds; the ovary will develop into a fruit. |
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Term
| How do the flowers of monocots and dicots differ? |
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Definition
| Angiosperms are divided into two groups; dicotyledons and monocotyledons. è Among the angiosperms, dicots make up the largest number of species. Many of the fruits we eat come from dicot.è In terms of their importance to humans, the monocots are the more important food source.è The seeds of monocots have a well developed endosperm. It is this feature that makes wheat, corn, rice and other monocots so important to us. |
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Term
| The flower parts of dicots are in multiples of???? |
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Definition
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Term
| The flower parts of monocots are in groups of??? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Has both stamens and carpels. It may be complete or incomplete! |
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Term
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Definition
| has stamens or carpels but not both. |
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Term
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Definition
| POLLINATION occurs when pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollination is within the same flower or a different flower on the same plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when pollen is transferred from a flower on one plant to a flower on another plant of the same species.- |
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Term
| Plants have evolved different mechanisms to attract various animals that pollinate their flowers. What are some? |
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Definition
| Color, fragrance, and food |
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Term
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Definition
| a sugary solution, to attract pollinators. It is stored in nectarines and is an energy rich food for pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
| Many flowers have markings that serve as nectar guides - The nectar guides on this iris direct a bumblebee down between the sepal and the style arm.- Insects also see ultraviolet light, which we cannot. Many flowers have special markings in this wavelength of light to indicate the center of the flower |
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Term
| Be able to name examples of plant types that are wind pollinate |
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Definition
| Plants that use wind for pollination usually have small, inconspicuous flowers that lack both odor and nectar. Trees, like this oak, flower in the early Spring before new leaves emerge. This avoids problems with leaves that might interfere with pollination. The stigma of a wind pollinated plant is often large and feathery to help capture pollen grains as they pass by. The grasses are wind pollinated and have small flowers near the top of the plant d. |
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Term
| What is double fertilization? What is the eventual product of each fertilization event? |
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Definition
| Each pollen grain has 2 cells: POLLEN TUBE cell and a GENERATIVE cell.- The generative cell will divide to form 2 sperm nuclei. Once pollination occurs, the tube cell grows a long, thin pollen tube down through the style to reach the ovules within the ovary. Each pollen tube is one, long, long cell.- There are signals within the style to direct the pollen tube to individual ovules.- Each ovule contains several cells. The ones that have a direct role in fertilization are the EGG CELL and a central cell that has 2 nuclei called the POLAR NUCLEI.- Plants undergo a unique fertilization that is very different from animals. 2 sperm nuclei are delivered to the ovule from a single pollen grain.- In a process known as DOUBLE FERTILIZATION, both of these sperm nuclei will fuse with nuclei within the ovule. One sperm nucleus will fuse with the egg cell. This produces a zygote that will develop into an EMBRYO. (and eventually a seed)- The second sperm nuclei fuses with the 2 polar nuclei. The cell resulting from the 3 fused nuclei develops into the ENDOSPERM.- The ENDOSPERM nourishes the developing embryo. In monocots, it also supports the young seedling just after germination. - |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers with a short night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers with a long night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers regardless of night length. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesized hormone-like molecules responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering in plants. Florigen is produced in the leaves and acts in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips |
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Term
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Definition
| the compound pyrethrin is made by plants in the chrysanthemum/daisy family. It acts as a neurotoxin in insects (acts as an insecticide) |
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Term
| Know what essential oils are and be able to name plants that make essential oils. How do they function? How are they stored? |
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Definition
Many plants, like basil, synthesize essential oils These oils act as insect repellants and are highly volatile. This accounts for the smell and taste we associate with these plants.
Many of the herbs we use to season our food come from plants that synthesize essential oils. We use the leaves of those plants as herbs. These oils are stored in a specialized trichome, modified epidermal cells, leaf hairs. These specialized trichomes are glandular trichomes. They have a cap-like structure.
Some other plants that make their own unique essential oils include: Cedarwood, geranium, lemongrass, mints, sage, and tea tree. Not all plants that make essential oils store them in trichomes, some secrete these oils in ducts. Citrus fruits have fragrant essential oils in their skins that deter insects from feeding on them. Pine trees defend against pine beetles by secreting resin that contains turpentine. Resin is secreted when a beetle makes a hole in the tree and the beetle is killed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cap is a very prominent feature and advertises the toxic nature of the stored chemicals so insects learn to avoid these caps. |
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Term
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Definition
| the leaves of those plants that produce essential oils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spices are bar, roots, seeds or fruits of plants. |
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Term
| Know what plant has been the traditional source of rubber and what plants may be alternative sources in the future. |
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Definition
| Rubber is harvested from the Brazilian rubber tree. It occurs as a latex emulsion secreted in special phloem cells called laticifers. The Russian dandelion produces latex in its root. The FDA recently approved the first medical product made from guayule, the Yulex natural rubber examination glove. |
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Term
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Definition
| A laticifer is a type of elongated secretory cell found in the leaves and/or stems of plants that produce latex and rubber as secondary metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| an effective treatment for “dropsy” Foxglove is the source of digitalis, a drug used to treat heart disease. It restores regular heat beats and strengthens the contractions. Goes by the names Digoxin and Digitoxin. |
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Term
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Definition
| an effective treatment for “dropsy” Foxglove is the source of digitalis, a drug used to treat heart disease. It restores regular heat beats and strengthens the contractions. Goes by the names Digoxin and Digitoxin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Milkweed produces it in its latex. The cardenolide is toxic to most insects and protects the plant. Very poisonous to insects/animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| plant that makes cardenolides. Milkweed produces it in its latex. The cardenolide is toxic to most insects and protects the plant. Very poisonous to insects/animals. |
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Term
| Pacific Yew tree (Tacus brevifolia) |
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Definition
Taxol was discovered. It is purified from the bark of the Pacific Yew tree (Tacus brevifolia). And is very effective.
Taxol works by inhibiting the cell cycle at the G2-M phase (most anti-cancer drugs act on the G1-S phase). It blocks progression through mitosis by stabilizing microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
It is purified from the bark of the Pacific Yew tree (Tacus brevifolia). And is very effective.
Taxol works by inhibiting the cell cycle at the G2-M phase (most anti-cancer drugs act on the G1-S phase). It blocks progression through mitosis by stabilizing microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a precursor to taxol in the needles, a renewable source. This is harvested and used by chemists to synthesize taxol. |
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Term
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Definition
| a source of cancer-fighting drugs. It is originally from Madagascar, and came to the attention of Western scientists during WWII. |
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Definition
| a mildly toxic compound that gives newly-mown hay its distinctive, sweet smell. Derivatives of coumarin are highly toxic. |
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Term
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Definition
| The derivative is called dicoumarol , has a structure that is very similar to Vitamin K and interferes with Vitamin K activity. Vitamin K acticates the process that makes blood clot in wounds. Cattle fed contaminated hay develop a “bleeding disease.” They suffer from internal bleeding and often die. |
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Term
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Definition
| a synthetic coumarin that is used as rat poison. It causes intestinal bleeding in rodents. It has been described as a “terrible drug.” It has a very narrow range, meaning that the minimal useful dose is very close to the maximal safe dose. Patients must be monitored very closely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coffee is the most widely used drug in the world. Coffee contains the stimulant caffeine, an alkaloid compound that is very bitter. Humans are one of the few animals that like bitter tasting alkaloids. |
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Term
| opium poppy, papaver somniferum |
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Definition
| The drug opium, codeine, morphine, and heroin are all made from the opium poppy. Codeine is used to treat mild pain and to relieve coughs. It treats the symptoms, not the cause of the symptoms. In pain treatment, it changes the way the brain perceives pain. |
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Definition
| opium dissolved in alcohol and its consumption became very popular with Victorian ladies. |
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Definition
| isolated from opium in 1805. It was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any plant. Morphine is ten times as strong as opium and was first thought to be non-addictive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a derivative of morphine, was also thought to be non-addictive at one time. It was used widely for medicinal purposes in the early 1900’s. Heroin is however, highly addictive and very deadly. |
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Term
| Know how some animals are able to use toxic plant compounds for their own defense. |
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Definition
The monarch butterfly. These caterpillars dine exclusively on milkweed! They have evolved to use the toxins for own protection they are stored in its body.
The bright colors of both the adult and the caterpillar advertize that they are toxic. If a bird eats one, it is very bitter and the bird vomits. Birds quickly learn to avoid these insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positively charged mineral ions like potassium and magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
| A process where roots secrete protons which are exchanged for other positively charged mineral ions attracted to the surface of soil particles. |
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Definition
| Removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water |
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Term
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Definition
| The desposition of leached material in the lower layers of the soil. |
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Definition
| The net movement of water (the principal solvent in biological systems) by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Definition
| The concept that essential materials (like water, sunlight, etc.) in shortest supply usually limit plant growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of random motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| What atoms and molecules move along from higher to lower concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixture in which salts, sugars, and other materials are dissolved in water. |
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Definition
| The substances dissolved in water in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration higher than that within the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration lower than that within the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The internal pressure of water against the cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| when materials diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through special pathways in the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assisted movement of a substance from a lower concentration to a higher concentration of that substance. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Egg and Sperm cells within the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of the flower stalk |
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Term
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Definition
| the cluster of flowers where the peduncle terminates. |
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Term
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Definition
| the top of the peduncle that enlarges to form something to bear some or all of the flower parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| that which the sperm cells travel through to reach the ovule. |
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Term
| Female Gametophyte- (or Embryo Sac) |
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Definition
| where the female egg and 2 polar nuclei develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic condition in which pollen grains are ineffective in fertilizing the same flower or other flowers on the same individual plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| When 2 species interact so closely that they become increasingly adapted to each other as each undergoes evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| A young plant embryo complete with stored nutrients which develops from the ovule after fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tough, protective layer derived from the outermost layers of the ovule enclosed within a fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
| the short embryonic root in the mature embryo within a seed |
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Term
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Definition
| The seed leaf of a plant embryo that often contains food stored for germination |
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Term
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Definition
| The shoot apex above the point of attachment of the cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
| In flowering plants, a mature, ripened ovary that often provides protection and dispersal for the enclosed seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fruit that develops from one or several united carpels. |
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