vacuoles

cell wall

chloroplasts

Atomic

Chemical

Concentration

Electrical

Positional

negatively;

carboxyl (-COOH);

calium ions (Ca²⁺)

light-dependent;

thylakoids; 

light-independent; 

stroma

NADPH

ATP

Oxygen (O₂)

protons (H⁺)

thylakoid

The resulting concentration difference across the membrane is then used by a large protein complex to synthesize _______. 

In the Calvin Cycle, the CO² is added to a ________ 

carbon acceptor to generate _______ carbon products.

5;

3

In C4 and C4-CAM plants, the fixation of CO₂

results in a ________ carbon product. 

Name three molecules that result from the “burning” of glucose during respiration

 (HINT: Two are “electron carriers”, one is sometimes called “cellular fuel”):

NADH

ATP

FADH₂

Epidermis

Cortex

Endodermis

Pericycle

Stele

plastids

nuclei

gogli bodies

amyloplasts

mitochondria

chromoplasts

chloroplasts;

cristae

The functions of the membranes include:

1. regulating the passage of water  

2. providing compartmentalization of certain chemical reactions  

3. selecting which solutes cross in which direction 

4. transporting material to various targets in the cell

performed by all higher organisms

&

done in any cell that has mitochondria (and oxygen)

~the chromosomes

~nucleolus

~the machinery to synthesize mRNA in the nucleus  

~  the machinery to replicate the DNA 

 Cell wall made of cellulos

plastids

vacuole

 Plasmadesmata

nucleus

chloroplasts

mitochondrion

chromoplasts

 amyloplast

 from high water potential to low water potential

&

 from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Hydrogen, lithium, sodium, and potassium are all placed in the same vertical file in the Periodic Table of 

Elements because (4):

 they have similar chemical properties,  

their ions can all form single ionic bond,  

they can all form ionic bonds with chlorine,  

they all have one electron in their outermost shelf

 the gain of an electron or hydrogen atom 

and

associated with a loss in the energy of the oxidized molecule

water

amino acids

fatty acids

sugars

polypetids

(not methane)

water

amino acids

polypetids

fatty acids

(not sugars, not methane)

 6 carbon atoms;

 uncharged at physiological pH

 differences in the orientation of a hydroxyl group in their subunits  

E. is because one is made of alpha-glucose and one is made of beta-glucose 

F. explain the differences in the digestibility of each 

G. differences in the ratio of fructose and glucose subunits 

 Cellulose chains can _______

and ____________.

B. photolysis of water occurs at photosystem II  

C. water replaces the electrons lost by chlorophyll 

D. protons are pumped into the thylakoid lumen  

E. electron transport is coupled to proton pumping 

NADPHreduced

and

 Reduced power in the form of a proton/hydrogen/electron carrier

A. make a reduced C3 sugar in the Calvin Cycle, in either day or night 

B. fix carbon into a C4 sugar 

C. phosphorylate sugars

A. a source of small amounts of chemical potential energy for biochemical reactions 

B. phosphate groups in order to reduce the activation energy of biochemical reactions 

C. phosphate groups for the phosphorylation of proteins

How many photons are required to produce one molecule of glucose, via C3 carbon fixation, if all of the 

ATP and NADPHreduced produced in the light reactions are used to fix and reduce carbon dioxide? 

A. it can fix carbon dioxide 

B. it can fix oxygen  

C. it uses a C5 acceptor molecule 

fixes carbon dioxide to a C3 molecule; 

 reduces water loss by first fixing carbon dioxide during the night; and 

 is followed by C3 photosynthesis in the same cell

. results in the net movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration;

at equilibrium results in a uniform concentration of the molecule 

 3 carbons and is decarboxylated to form Acetyl CoA and CO2 

B. allowing a proton concentration gradient to form as a result of transport through transporters 

C. allowing protons to diffuse, through an enzyme, from one compartment to another compartment

 The yield from one molecule of glucose, assuming that all the reduced electron carriers produced during 

glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are oxidized by electron transport, is about

D. regenerates NADoxidized so that glycolysis can provide an emergency supply of ATP

along the shorter axis, which is usually perpendicular to the long axis;

D. the axis around which you can turn and see the same tissue organization at any angle you look

A. it consists of phloem, xylem, parenchymal and schlerenchymal tissues 

C. it is found as an essential component in roots, stems, flowers and leaves  

D. it arises from procambial meristem tissue  

E. it transports water, minerals, and sucrose 

they do not make any repetitive structure;

 some of their daughter cells are displaced ahead of the meristem, instead of all of them being displaced 

behind the meristem

B. serve as protection to the root apical meristem  

C. may be the site where gravity is perceived in roots  

D. may attract beneficial microorganisms 

A. is the source of branch/lateral roots 

B. retains the ability to undergo cell division   

D. is a product of the procambium  

E. is part of the vascular cylinde

A. growth that occurs in all plants  

B. from apical meristems   

D. growth leading to increase in length 

B. ray initials  

C. secondary phloem  

D. cork 

E. primary xylem 

 the degree to which axillary meristems naturally grow out to make new vegetative and reproductive  

     shoots, respectively

trichomes

glands

guard cells

 composed of vessel members and/or tracheids;

 conducts water from roots to leaves

B. cohesion and adhesion 

C. transpiration providing a negative pressure

According to the adhesion-cohesion-tension model of water movement, the best simple way to 

describe how water gets to the top of a tall tree is that it is 

A. is involved in translocation of sugar in the phloem  

B. helps provide support for young plant parts  

C. results from net movement of water into plant cells by osmosis  

D. can also be called the pressure potential