Term
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Definition
| The lower surface of a leaf. Transpirational water loss, and respiratory gas exchange. This side is further from the meristem in the leaf primordia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A model of gene activity that organizes formation of floral whorls in a flower. Gene A produces the calyx. Genes A and B produce the corolla. Genes B and C produce the androecium. Gene C produces the gynoecium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fruit composed of floral parts other than the carpels. Includes apples and strawberries. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic solvent that has a dehydrating effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| An indehiscent dry fruit. The pericarp is tight, attached to one seed at a single location, and iseasily separated from the seed coat. Includes sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is needle shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dry fruit. A nut with a cap of overlapping scales. |
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Term
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Definition
"Pointed"
Towards the tip. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf tapers into a long point. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper surface of a leaf. Harvests light. This side is closer to the meristem in the leaf primordia. |
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Term
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Definition
Mature leaf
Foliage of an plant that is older than juvenile leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that arise not in their usual site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristems that arise in unusual locations. |
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Term
| Aeonium kornelius-helmsii |
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Definition
| A plant with succulent leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenchyma with large intercellular air spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adventitious roots that develop from aerial tissues at nodes. Have a central stele, cortex with endodermal layer, and an outer thick-walled exodermis. May have velamen. Root tips are green and photosynthetic. Common in epiphytes, and in plants that grow in semi-submerged boggy habitats. Found in Pandanu and Ficus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark, resinous heartwood that forms in the trees Aquilaria and Gyrinops following infection of a fungus. A secondary metabolite is produced in the heartwood. The infection is common and takes a long time to grow. The wood is made into decorative boxes and other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fruit formed from several separate carpels of a single flower. Each ovary matures into a fruitlet, and the receptacle or other accessory tissues may become fleshy. Includes strawberries, magnolias, and raspberries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place in the leaf where air circulates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that takes moisture from the air. It only needs a drop of water every six months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaves are formed one at a time. There is one leaf at each node, and on opposite sides of the stem. Occurs in rice and other grasses. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ilex opaca
A dioecious plant. |
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Term
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Definition
"Around stem"
A stipule that surrounds or clasps a twig. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relate to changes in basic plant structure that allow a plant to thrive well in an ecological niche. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the internal structure of an organism. Related to the natural habitat it occupies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A whorl of a flower containing stamens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants which are pollinated by the wind. Includes many monoecious plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the stamen. It is held up by the filament. It is dual-lobed, divided into pollen sacs lined with endothecium. Produces pollen grains. Dehisces open at the stomium, or when the endothecium has differential shrinkage. Includes tetrasporangiate anthers. |
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Term
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Definition
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
A large water-soluble glycoprotein produced by animal lymphocytes in response to antigens. To get it past the cuticle and cell wall of a plant cell, you could use a protoplast, macerate, permeabilization agent, or carbon filament. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that is recognized by B or T cell receptors and stimulates the formation of antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of meristematic cells at the apex of the shoot and root. Lays down the primary plant body. Produces protoderm, ground meristem, and procambim. Zonation includes central zone, peripheral zone, and rib zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower with free carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant which may produce agarwood if infected with a fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One of the oldest organisms. The oldest one lives in Utah. Reproduces by making new trees from roots, so many trees may be considered one connected organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is completely unsymmetrical. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sample is fed for 24 hours with [3H] thymidine, a radioactive compound which specifically labels the DNA in nuclei of active, dividing cells. A photographic plate is used to show where the nuclei are active. An autoradiograph of the RAM shows that the cells of the quiescent centre are inactive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ponited tip of a lemma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce by fusiform initials. Cells which are parallel to the axis of elongation. Elongated tracheary elements with primary pits, fibres, sieve elemnts, and parenchyma cells. |
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Term
| Axillary bud apical meristem |
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Definition
| The axillary meristem once there is a leaf, and it is obviously a bud. It is dormant until the SAM is damaged. If you damage a shoot tip, the plant will become bushy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Present in the leaf axil. Produces a leaf primordia. Small, and develops into the axillary bud apical meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant with fibres that can be used to make clothing. The leaves can be used as eco-friendly disposable plates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The periderm and secondary phloem. An extra mantle around the wood of plants. Comes from the cork cambium. Suberized cells make the plant water-resistant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristem cells that divide mostly transversely, and enlarge and divide again, pushing cells above them upwards. Cells remain meristematic until they reach a certain level, then they stop dividing, elongate into fibres, and lignify the secondary cell wall. Produce spines. |
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Term
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Definition
"Basal"
Towards the base. |
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Term
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Definition
| The National Swim Centre in China. Its architecture is inspired by plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant which has ovaries with free central placentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fleshy fruit with a pulpy mesocarp and a skin-like exocarp. Two or more seeds develop from a single ovary. Includes pepos and hespiridiums. |
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Term
|
Definition
Isobilateral leaf
A leaf with palisade and parenchyma on both sides. Includes Easter lilies. |
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Term
|
Definition
Zygomorphic symmetry
Floral parts vary in size, shape, and location. There is only one axis where you can draw a line and produce mirror images. Includes orchids, legumes, and snapdragons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syncarpous flower with two locules. Includes beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains energy from recent carbon fixation. Removal or conversion of lignin is a main issue. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| With two levels of petioles with segments that are sessile. |
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Term
|
Definition
Betula papyrifera
A tree with bark that can be peeled off and used as paper, which is durable. |
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Term
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Definition
Lamina
The main part of a leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tropical plant with bracts that are highly coloured, and may be mistaken for petals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf-like organ associated with an inflorescence. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pneumatophore
Aerial roots that allow a mangrove tree to survive in conditions of minimal aeration. Contain a highly developed system that enables rapid transport of gases through pneumatic tissue and air ducts that connect the aerial roots with the main root system. |
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Term
| British Natural History Museum |
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Definition
| They have a 1300 year old section of a giant sequoia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tree in Central America which has thorns. |
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Term
|
Definition
Hinge cell
A large cell which enables a plant to fold its leaves during times of drought. |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more layers of parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma cells surounding vascular bundles. The Calvin cycle occurs here. In C4 plants it is Kranz anatomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spiny or prickly, usually dry fruit. Occurs singly or in clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that relies on the Calvin cycle for synthesis of sugars, starch, amino acids, and fatty acids. Has the advantage in cooler climates where average temperatures do not exceed 25ºC. Includes soybean, wheat, rye, oats, and rice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant in which a CO2 molecule is used to convert phosphoenolpyruvate into oxaloacetate, then into malate. Malate is transported to Kranz anatomy to provide CO2 for the Calvin cycle; these two reactions are separated spatially. This arrangement reduces losses from photorespiration. Stomata are present on both leaf surfaces. Large cells in the leaf may contain druses. Has the advantage in drier conditions, in temperatures higher than 25ºC. Includes corn, sugarcane, and crabgrass. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Three CO2 molecules are consumed, and three molecules of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate are turned into one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecule. Occurs in the bundle sheath cells in C3 plants, and in the Kranz anatomy in C3 plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A whorl of a flower containing sepals. A component of the perianth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant which has glandular trichomes on flowers that produce THC. Favoured in hot dry climates. |
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Term
|
Definition
Couroupita guianensis
A tree native to South America. Has a saucer-shaped flower, almost sessile to the tree, with a colourful fold of stamens. The flowers are long-lived and thousands are open every day of the year. The fruit takes years to develop and weighs several kilograms, and falls from the tree like a cannonball, bursting upon impact. |
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Term
|
Definition
False fig
The male plant of Ficus carica. The synconium has female flowers with short styles and male flowers with 1 - 5 stamens. The plant does not produce fruit, but the synconium is sometimes fed to goats. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of two or more carpels. Has variable opening and release of seeds. Includes circumscissiles and siliques. Includes poppies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to get an antibody into a plant cell. The filaments make tiny holes in the plant cell wall, through which antibodies can enter without disrupting the plant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A unit of the pistil, consiting of a single modified leaf. Consists of the ovary, style, and stigma. |
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Term
|
Definition
Casparian strip
Lignified strips in the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis and exodermis. Prevents salts and other non-essential ions from entering the root, and from passing between individual cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
G1: Gap phase 1
S: Synthesis
G2: Gap phase 2. The cell checks to make sure everything is ready for mitosis.
M: Mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| A zone of the SAM. Cells are a pool of undifferentiated stem cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Towards the outside. The vascular cambium adds secondary phloem in this direction. The cork cambium produces cork in this direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Towards the inside. The vascular cambium adds secondary xylem in this direction. The cork cambium produces phelloderm in this direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of the ovule and the seed oppsotie to the micropyle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| After the nuclear disaster, they looked for plants and monitored their anatomy, looking for radioactivity in sections. Plants can be used to sequester radioactive substances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cactus with cladodes. Cuttings can be broken off to propagate it. It produces beautiful flowers at Christmas time. |
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Term
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Definition
| As a seedling grows, it waves in a circle. Occurs in roots and shoots. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A dry fruit. A capsule that opens at a circular horizontal line, creating a lid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tree with thorns. Some trees are bred to lack thorns. The petiole may be winged. The spots on leaves are filled with essential oils. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A flattened stem that takes on a photosynthetic role. Includes phylloclades. Found in Christmas cacti. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The more common organization of a RAM. The root cap, cortex, and vascular cylinder each have dedicated initials. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to be the best clearing agent. It has a strong smell. It gives immediate relief of toothaches. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is shaped like a shell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant with opposite phyllotaxy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Leaf veins that have adaxial xylem and abaxial phloem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The central part of a root cap in which cells are arranged in longitudinal files. |
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Term
| Compartmentalization of decay in trees (CODIT) |
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Definition
| When there is a fungal or bacterial infection in a tree, it creates discolouration of the wood, but CODIT stops the infection from spreading. This can create a beautiful design for a wooden table. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A flower which has all four floral whorls. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf with a stipule and a petiole. |
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Term
| Complex organic substance |
|
Definition
| A volatile, liquid, or amorphous gum, resin, latex, mucilage, alkaloid, or glycoside. Secreted in trichomes, idioblasts, laticifers, necatries, hydathodes, or stigmas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf with multiple leaflets, each with their own petiolule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A syncarpous ovary with more than one locule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pistil consisting of more than one fused carpel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reaction wood of conifers. Occurs on the lower side of a branch where compressive stresses are high. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gymnosperm trees. Have narrow tracheids, which have lateral movement of water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Roots that swell and shrink to create space around the plant, allowing it to remain at a particular level in the soil. Found at the base of a bulb or corm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dinosaur feces. It may be analysed for forensic botany. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is heart shaped. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells interior to the mantle in the SAM of gymnosperms. |
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Term
|
Definition
Sclerphyllous
Leaves with increased sclerenchyma tissue. May be leathery, and turgor pressure cannot always be maintained. Have more structural material and lignin. Includes xenomorphic leaves. |
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Term
|
Definition
Phellem
The outermost layer of bark. A multi-layer component of the periderm. A mixture of dead and living cells. Produced by the cork cambim in the centrifugal direction. Cells contain suberin and waxes important for water and gas retention. Its hydrophobicity prevents unnecessary loss of water. Has lenticels. |
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Term
|
Definition
Phellogen
The generative component of the periderm. A lateral meristem found in gymnosperms, monocots, and eudicots. Originates from the parenchyma cells of the cortex, beneath the epidermis or close to secondary phloem in shoots. Originates from the pericycle in roots. Contributes to increase in thickness of the plant, producing bark. Produces cork in the centrifugal direction, and phelloderm in the centripetal direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant which produces cork that is used for making wine bottle corks and corkboard. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A whorl of a flower containing petals. A component of the perianth. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Body"
The inner layer of the SAM. Includes the third layer of cells and lower. Has multi-directional divisions, increasing volume of the apical meristem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A ground tissue. Produces the cork cambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary tissue. Originates from the ground meristem. A multilayered area between the epidermis and vascular cylinder. Ground tissue composed mostly of unmodified parenchyma and the endodermis. It is replaced by the periderm with secondary growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A main type of trichome. May be branched. Typically has terminal cells. Deters herbivores, filters UV light, and reduces water loss. |
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Term
| Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) |
|
Definition
| A variation of C4 photosynthesis in which the C4 pathway and Calvin cycle are separated temporally. Production of malate occurs at night, and the Calvin cycle occurs in the day, and both processes occur in mesophyll cells. Stomata are open at night, and closed in the day. Provides tolerance to extremely arid environments, but the plant can only grow very slowly. Common in xerophytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is wedge shaped. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A holoparasitic plant that has almost no chlorophyll. Can cover entire trees. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A layer of cutin and wax monomers that covers the outermost walls of all epidermal cell types. Has hydrophobic properties, and prevents the leaf from desiccating. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A flower cluster in a cup-shaped involucre with petaloid nectar glands. Has unisexual, apetalous male and female flowers. Male flowers have a single stamen. Female flowers have a single ovary on a long stalk. Found in Euphorbia cyparissias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sympodial inflorescence which is compounding. It can appear similar to an umbel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A dry fruit that splits open and releases seeds when mature. Includes follicles, legumes, and capsules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The science of dating with tree-rings. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A permeabilization agent. Non-selective and may result in extracting proteins as well as lipids. Includes saponin, Triton X-100, and Tween-20. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When xylem is arranged in two ridges in a eudicot root. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sympodial inflorescence which has two secondary axes. |
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Term
|
Definition
Dumbcane
An aroid plant that has raphides. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of wood in angiosperms. The diameters of all tracheary elements are fairly uniform in size and distribution. Occurs in regions where there is not much difference in temperature between winter and summer. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants which have either male or female imperfect flowers. Male plants cannot produce fruits. Female plants cannot produce fruits without pollen from a male plant. Includes American holly, papaya, willow, and hemp. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunostaining using a primary antibody with a detectable probe. It is costly, and you will soon run out of colours to use for fluorescence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unique to angiosperms. The pollen tube enters the micropyle of the ovary and releases two sperm cells. One fuses with the egg, forming a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo. The other fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. |
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Term
| Double-stranded DNA probe (dsDNA) |
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Definition
| A probe that can be used for in situ hybridization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that possesses medicinal value, is psychoactive, or is poisonous to a degree. |
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Term
|
Definition
Stone fruit
A fleshy fruit with one seed, a thin skin-like exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, and stony endocarp. May be pulpy. Includes peaches. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Simple fruits which have a dry or non-fleshy fruit wall at maturity. May be dehiscent or indehiscent. Includes achenes, capsules, follicles, circumscissiles, legumes, loments, acorns, samaras, schizocarps, silicles, and siliques. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease which had an endemic in Europe 1910 - 1927, then in the UK in 1967. Causes blockage of the xylem vessels of the tree Ulmus by the fungus Ophiostoma. Transmitted by the beetle Scolytus multistriatus. Causes wilting and eventual death of the tree. Infected bark has dark discolouration in newly formed early growth rings. There is increased deposition of gum and formation of tyloses. Leaves in young branches wither and yellow. It spreads to the rest of the tree, and roots start to die. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first part of a growth layer, characterized by low cell density and large cells. Contributes to growth rings. Thin-walled cells produced during the spring. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The relationship between an organism and its environment. The environment may have pollution, metal contamination, insecticides, herbicides, diseases, disease resistance, radiation, and radioactive contamination. In response, there may be changes in leaf thickness, stomatal index, callose deposition, cell shrinkage, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, lesions, damage to the SAM, increases in abscission, or loss of chlorophyll. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The female plant of Ficus carica. The synconium has female flowers with long styles. It produces edible fruit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant with a narrow shoot apex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is notched at the end. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of the seed. Develops from the zygote, the fertilized egg cell. Includes the plumule and radicle. Cells can divide throughout the plant at first, but as it develops division becomes limited to meristems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The megagametophyte of flowering plants. Has eight haploid cells and is found within the nucellus in the ovule. One of the cells is a haploid egg, and one cell contains two polar nuclei. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inner layer of the pericarp. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inner layer of the cortex. Surrounds the vascular cylinder in a eudicot root, and the poles and pith of a monocot root. Modified parenchyma. Contains Casparian bands and suberin lamellae. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of the seed. Triploid. Develops from the fertilized polar nuclei. Acts as a nutrient source for the embryo. Many plants do not have an endosperm, or have a thin endosperm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inner lining of a pollen sac in the anther. Has strips of secondary wall thickenings, which have differential shrinkage, promoting anther dehiscence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stain used for prepared slides. Stains the nuclei. A non-specific stain for light microscopy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary tissue. Originates from the protoderm. It is replaced by the periderm with secondary growth. The outermost tissue layer on all primary plant organs, including adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Typically one cell layer thick, and most cells do not have chloroplasts, but do have leucoplasts. On leaves, cell types include pavement cells, trichomes, guard cells, and subsidiary cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
Inferior ovary
A flower with perianth and androecium situated above the gynoecium. Includes strawberries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of an antigen recognized by the antigen receptor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A short, linear, reduced leaf form. Thin, stiff, needle-shaped leaves. There are stomatal grooves that run the entire length of the abaxial surface. Xenomorphic leaves are often ericoid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A volatile complex organic substance. Originates from secretory cavities on the leaves and fruit peels of many plants including citrus and eucalyptus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has a taproot. In the root, xylem and phloem are in a vascular cylinder: xylem is arranged in ridges, and phloem is between ridges. Xylem is in a diarch, triarch, or tetrarch. Trees have wood with broader vessels than conifers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant that has a cyathium. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs on a very slow time scale. This is why plants will survive global warming. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The outer wall of a pollen grain. It is characteristic to the plant species, and may have apertures and colpi furrows that allow shrinking, swelling, and rupture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The outer layer of the pericarp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer layer of the cortex. Modified parenchyma. Contains Casparian bands and suberin lamellae. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf without a stipule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is curved like a sickle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Originates from undifferentiated procambium. A component of the vascular cambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
Rubber tree
May be an ornamental. A plant with aerial prop roots that grow towards the ground and grow thick to suppor the trunk. Produces latex that is used to make rubber. |
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Term
|
Definition
Fig
A plant with a synconium. Males are caprifigs and females are edible figs. It is a symbol of fertility. The plant produces a sticky latex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A minute wasp which pollinates the synconiums of Ficus carica. The female enters through the ostiole of the synconium to mate, and lays her eggs inside. Male wasps do not have wings and live their entire lives inside the synconium and are eventually digested by its juices. The wasps are specific to particular fig species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the stamen. A stalk which holds the anther. Often nectaries are located at its base. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is fan shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple fruit which has a fleshy fruit wall at maturity. Includes aggregate fruits, berries, drupes, and pomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perhaps one of the most important organs of angiosperms, directly related to their rapid rise and dominance of plant life on Earth. Function in sexual reproduction and the production and dissemination of seeds. Morphology is diverse, often co-evolving with pollinators or pollen strategies. May have radial or bilateral symmetry. An assemblage of sterile and fertile organs borne on the receptacle. It is a modified stem with compressed internodes, with whorls of modified leaves organized due to activity of specific genes in the ABC model. A determinate structure. Production of flowers is based on light periods. The floral meristem is similar to the SAM. Whorls include gynoecium, androecium, corolla, and calyx. |
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Term
| Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) |
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Definition
| A non-radioactive label for in situ hybridization. Can be used for karyotyping. Includes SKY and M-FISH, which differ only in the method used to measure the spectral characeteristics of each pixel in the image. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell wall polysaccharides, tannins, and chlorophyll can interfere with it when it is used as a marker for immunostaining. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dehiscent dry fruit that splits open along a single suture or area of weakness. Includes milkweed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fruits, seeds, diet source, or toxins may be involved in death. The origin of food, nicotine, or drugs, or the sawdust of bombs, may be investigated. Analysing coprolite. It was used in the 1932 - 1935 Lindbergh abduction case. |
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Term
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Definition
| Matures from the gynoecium and surrounding accessory tissues of the flower. A ripened ovary and its contents. Consists of a pericarp, and other adjoining structures that enclose a seed or multiple seeds. Can develop concurrently with seeds following double fertilization, or can be parthenocarpic. Acts as a vehicle for seed dispersal. May float on water, attach to animals, or be ingested by animals. Includes simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory fruits. In everyday speech, a fruit is any plant-based food you might eat for breakfast, and this definiation may not include foods which are botanically considered fruits. |
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Term
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Definition
Funiculus
A thin stalk attaching the ovule or seed to the placenta. The part closer to the ovule is the raphe, and the part closer to the placenta is the hilum. |
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Term
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Definition
Axial initial
Meristem cells of the vascular cambium. Spindle-shaped, elongated vertically, pointed, and relatively large. Have overlapping ends. Divide periclinally to produce vertically-arranged axial cells of the secondary xylem or secondary phloem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf with whorled phyllotaxy. |
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Term
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Definition
| In higher plants, it is the egg sac (female) and pollen grain (male), which are haploid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place where the water rises up and down every day. There are tigers, cobras, fish, and mangrove trees that have prop roots and breathing roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tree that is a "living fossil" with dichotomous veinage. |
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Term
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Definition
Secretory trichome
A main type of trichome. Usually shorter than covering trichomes. Has a head cell containing essential oils or volatile compounds, which may be aromatic and deter herbivores. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is used in immunogold labeling. It is heavy and electron dense, and appears as black dots in the image. |
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Term
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Definition
| A line divided into two segments so that the ratio of the two segment is the same as the ratio of the whole line to the larger segment. In spiral phyllotaxy, the angle of leaf formation dissects the apex by the golden ratio. It is a pleasing ratio used by artists and architects. It is used to make the golden rectangle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rectangle where the lengths of the sides differ by the golden ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process through which two plants are joined in such a way that they grow as an anatomically and physiologically linked single individual. Possible only when there is good compatibility and vascular cambium. Based on induction of wound response. The scion is joined to the stock. Knowledge of plant anatomy is important for making a successful graft. Always graft above a node, so you can tell the graft has worked when the axillary buds responds. |
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Term
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Definition
Caryopsis
An indehiscent dry fruit. There is one seed, and the pericarp is fused to the seed coat over the whole surface. Includes corn. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception of gravitational force. Statoliths are invovled. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutant rose which produces only sepals in all of its floral whorls. It is vegetatively propagated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary meristem. Originates from the apical meristem. Produces ground tissue in stems and cortex in roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary tissue. Originates from the ground meristem. Includes cortex and pith rays. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rings in the secondary xylem caused by different dividing activities in initials of the vascular cambium in the summer and winter. Each ring often represents a year's growth. Results from alternation of early wood and late wood. Vary in width. Occurs especially in plants in temperate regions where there is difference in temperature between winter and summer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of the epidermis. A component of a stomatal complex. Two guard cells open and close stomata in response to environmental conditions. To open the stomata, turgor pressure increases due to water inflow driven by pumping ions into the cell, mainly potassium. In monocots they are shaped like dumbells, and in eudicots they are kidney or crescent shaped. May be assited by subsidiary cells. Contain chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A whorl of a flower containing pistils. It matures into the fruit. Ovules develop into seeds, and the rest of the gynoecium forms the pericarp. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant which may produce agarwood if infected with a fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pure resin of the trichomes of Cannabis. It contains THC and may be smoked. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is halberd shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monopodial inflorescence that occurs on a stem head, in a capitulum. Includes sunflowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Older wood which is non-functional, infiltrated by tannins, gums, resins, tyloses, and/or oils. Found in the core of the tree. Occurs when parenchyma die. There are no living cells. Darker in colour, and more solid. Often has tyloses. Most wood used for making furniture is heartwood. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ivy that has adventitious meristems that form roots along the stem, enabling the plant to stick to walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from leaves or flowers of a herbaceous plant. Usually has a mild flavour. Fresh or dried. Often green. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants whose flowers have both male and female parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A berry with a thick exocarp and mesocarp, like a peel with pith, which is easily separated from internal edible parts. The carpels each produce a locule in the mature ovary, and develop into a segmented endocarp that contains seeds and juice sacs. Includes oranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a plant exhibits major differences between juvenile and adult leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having leaves of different sizes and/or shapes. Sometimes a plant will produce differently shaped leaves depending on its environment. One plant makes dissected leaves only when it grows in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant with a hypogynous flower. There is a staminal column of five filaments, making a tube, with a style in the centre. |
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Term
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Definition
Humulus lupulus
A plant which has bracteoles and a perianth that secrete resin with lupulin. Will benefit from a warmer climate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic and wetland plants that live in hypoxic soils. Have aerenchyma with large intercellular spaces. Have heterophylly or leaf dimorphism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Roots adapted to living in water or hypoxic soils. Weakly lignified with reduced vasculature, especially in submerged roots. Only a few sieve tubes and vessels. Conducting tissues are arranged in an unusual pericyclic manner. Prominent cortical air spaces; oxygen diffuses into the roots. When deprived of water they dry out from the epidermis inwards, and the Casparian strip and suberized walls of the endodermis resist flow of water from the stele to the outer layers and the soil. Temporary flooding results in development of aerenchyma tissue in the root cortex and suberization of both exodermis and endoderims. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant adapted to aquatic environments. Live entirely or partially submerged in water. Most do not have a root cap, because roots grow into water, not soil. A few cells surround the RAM. Leaf adaptations include aerenchyma, stroma exclusively not on the adaxial surface of floating leaves, and reduced amounts of vascular tissue due to abundant water availability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell proliferation to produce foliar galls. Can be caused by pollution. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Superior ovary
A flower with perianth and androecium situated below the gynoecium. Includes hibiscuses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be used to make images of microtubular patterns in tomato cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Colloidal gold is attached to a secondary antibody which can be purchased. Can be used to show the close association of an OCP-GFP protein with the thylakoid membrane. Works for sections embedded in resin or plastic. |
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Term
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Definition
Immunocytochemistry
A technique that employs antibodies to target specific protein antigens in the cell/tissue via specific epitopes. A very common technique for detecting proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is essential that an easily visualized marker attaches to a primary antibody to show the place where the antigen is localized. This could be a fluorochrome. Incldues direct and indirect immunostaining. |
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Term
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Definition
Unisexual flower
A flower with only stamens or only carpels. Cannot self-fertilize. It must outcross. Includes monoecious and dioecious species. |
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Term
| In situ hybridization (ISH) |
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Definition
| A technique that allows for detection of the precise location of a specific portion of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, within a tissue or its thin section. Nucleic acids, if preserved in a tissue, can be detected using a complementary strand of nucleic acid linked to an easily detectable reporter molecule. Probes include dsDNA, ssDNA, RNA, and synthetic oligonucleotides. Labeling techniques include radioactive isotopes and non-radioactive labels. Can be used in whole mounts of embryos to detect mRNA expression. |
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Term
| Incipient primordium (I1) |
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Definition
| The leaf that will form next in spiral phyllotaxy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dry fruit that does not open when mature. Includes nuts, samaras, achenes, and grains. |
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Term
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Definition
Open growth
Growth which is not terminated. Vegetative shoots and monopodial inflorescences have indeterminate growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using an antigen detected by a primary antibody, and a secondary antibody with a conjugate that recognizes the primary antibody. It is a common technique. The secondary antibodies can be mass produced, and you can have more than one fluorescence colour for multiple primary antibodies. Works well for plant sections. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are out of place, not in their natural environment. They may press their leaves up against a window to get light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers arranged in a cluster. May have bracts. May be monopodial or sympodial. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer protective layer of an ovule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originates from pith rays of the pith. A component of the vascular cambium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner wall of a pollen grain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leaves of young plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that has adventitious meristems on the leaves. It forms offspring on its leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses FISH to stain different chromosomes different colours. Used in plant breeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place in the Netherlands where there are lots of flowers. There are tulips of every colour, including black! |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch stubs in wood. The grain of the wood deviates around knots, making a weak point in the wood. Includes tight knots and loose knots. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wreath-like bundle sheath of a C4 plant. Radially oriented, conspicuously enlarged parenchymatous cells which may be rich in organelles, especially starch-rich chloroplasts. Provides spatial separation between malate production in the mesophyll and the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath. Has high CO2 concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
Auriculate
A leaf shape. The leaf seems to have been torn, and has auricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant with aerial roots with velamen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is shaped like the head of a lance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary xylem in the later part of the growth layer. higher cell density and smaller cells. Contributes to growth rings. Small cells with thick walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes the vascular cambium, cork cambium, and secondary thickening meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
Branched roots
Roots that branch off of the main parent root. Have similar structure and function to the main root. Increase the surface area of the whole root system, better exploring the soil for water and nutrients. Initiates from the pericycle, and as it develops, the vascular cylinder of the main root branches into it, and the endodermis of the main root helps form its endodermis as it grows through the endodermis, cortex, and epidermis into the soil. As it emerges, the main root forms a tight sealing collar of suberized and lignified cells around it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral outgrowth of the shoot apical meristem. Usually has determinate growth. Vascularized, and usually photosynthetic. Most leaves have polarity, and differ in function and anatomy on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. There is always an axillary bud in the axil. The most pliable surface of a plant. Anatomical features which can adapt to ecological niche include shape, thickness, size, level of dissection, cuticle thickness, trichomes, and positioning of stomata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny, young leaves that surround the shoot apical meristem. Have inherent polarity because one side is closer to the meristem. Develops into bud scales which envelop and protect the axillary bud meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf-like structure in a compound leaf. It does not have an axillary bud in the axil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dehiscent dry fruit that splits open along two sutures. Includes beans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hardened modified stem which, with the palea, contains the flower of a spikelet. It is larger than the palea and may have an awn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized lenticular (lentil-shaped) openings in the periderm. Peeled regions of the cork, with large intercellular spaces. Loose, less suberized cells than surrounding impermeable cells of the periderm. Important for gaseous exchange. Insects can enter through lenticels to get under the bark. |
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Term
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Definition
| A woody creeping vine. A very successful plant; can compete with trees for light at the canopy level. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the biggest impediment for using plants to create biofuels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is long and narrow. |
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Term
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Definition
Stone plant
A plant that looks like a rock! Has thick leaves that resemble pebbles, and flowers only for a few weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bridge made over the course of 500 years by pulling young lianas across a stream, making the shape of a bridge. When the lianas harden and become woody it makes the bridge strong enough that people can use it to walk over the stream, and even place paving stones on it. The plants that make up the bridge are still living, and have roots on either side of the stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is divided into lobes. Also a lobed leaf margin. |
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Term
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Definition
"Chamber"
A chamber of a syncarpous ovary, in which ovules are attached to the placenta. There may be 1 - 5 locules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of a spikelet. It can shrink and expand, closing and opening the spikelet. |
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Term
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Definition
Encased knot
Knots in which stem growth encases the dead branch. May fall out upon lumber drying. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family of plants that are often parasitic plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex organic substance secreted by the bracteoles and perianth of hops. Adds flavour to beer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to get an antibody into a plant cell. Partial protoplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
Aponogeton madagascariensis
A hydromorphic plant. A model system for understanding programmed cell death in plants. In running water the leaves have holes so that water can run through. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fern with a shiny black rachis like hair. The leaves resemble those of Gingko bilboa but it is not related to it. There are sori on the abaxial surface of leaves, where spores form. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tree with breathing roots, prop roots, and vivipary. Lives in the Ganges Delta, in intertidal zones where water levels vary greatly each day. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "tunica" layer in the SAM of gymnosperms. The outer layer in a meristem that shows layered arrangement of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the SAM of gymnosperms. Cells in the outermost layer undergo periclinal divisions. There is a mantle instead of a tunica. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of resin from trichomes and assorted fragments of the inflorescence of Cannabis. Contains THC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells divide in various planes to increase tissue volume. Increases the volume of palm trees (monocots). |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristematic initials produce body cells. Includes apical, lateral, intercalary, mass, rib, plate, and basal meristems. Includes the SAM, RAM, leaf primordium, axillary meristem, and lateral roots. Derivatives develop new vasculature. |
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Term
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Definition
| The middle layer of the pericarp. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant adapted to where there is sufficient water available, and lower light intensity. Has a thin cuticle, large and thin leaves, and non-recessed stomata. Types of mesophyll are palisade and spongy, but these may be indistinguishable in some grass species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kranz anatomy with two layers of cells, with an outer sheath containing well-differentiated chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening in the integuments and nucellus of the ovule. The entry point for the pollen tube. When the ovule develops into a seed, it intakes water during imbibition, and the radicle emerges from the micropylar end of the seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A line dividing the leaf into two sections. |
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Term
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Definition
Viscum album
An obligate hemi-parasitic plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower with one carpel. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sympodial inflorescence which has one secondary axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the root, xylem and phloem are arranged in alternating poles, sometimes around a central pith. Roots are shallow, thin, and fibrous. Often live in dense populations. Leaves are initiated lower on the meristem, and are derived of a ring of cells around the meristem. Leaves harvest moisture; water runs down leaves into the sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants which have separate male and female imperfect flowers on the same plant. Many are anemophilous. Includes corn, birch, pine, and oak. |
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Term
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Definition
Racemose
An inflorescence which has indeterminate growth. A terminal bud forms, forming lateral flowers. Includes racemes, panicles, heads, spikes, spaidces, and umbels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cactus that has spines produced by basal meristems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can have "leaves" which are one cell layer thick. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spiny cactus shaped like a cushion. It has a very wide SAM, and you can see how the spines develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide slime produced by some seeds upon imbibition. Serves in water uptake, and aids germination. Creates coating through which protects agains microbes. In ancient times mucilage was used to treat cuts and injuries, producing no scar when healed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf has an extended central vein. |
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Term
| Multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A fruit of fused ovaries of separate flowers of an inflorescence, as well as accessory tissues. Includes mulberries, pineapples, and figs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Often located at the base of the filaments of stamens. |
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Term
|
Definition
Reticulate venation
The venation pattern found in eudicots. There is one or more large midvein, with smaller minor veins branching extensively in a net-like pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low nitrogen levels in the soil can cause increased lignification in the epidermis and non-vein sclerenchyma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A labeling technique that can be used for in situ hybridization. Includes biotin, digoxigenin, and FISH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood in which the vascular cambium fusiform initials and rays are not arranged in multiseriate horizontal tiers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner nutritive layer of the ovule, in which lies the embryo sac. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hard, indehiscent, one-seeded dry fruit with a hard pericarp. Includes nutlets and acorns. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small nut or achene, typically lacking an outer shell. |
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Term
|
Definition
Lotus
A flower which does not follow the ABC model. There is a gradual transition from petals to stamens. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf has an elongated shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf resembles an upside-down egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| The less common organization of a RAM. One group of initials divides to produce cells for root cap and cortex. There is no clear delineation between root body and cap. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ascomycetes fungus that causes Dutch elm disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Papaver somniferum
A plant which has capsules, and produces the drug opium in its latex. To harvest, tiny scratches are made on the capsules in the morning. Over the course of the day latex seeps out and is later scraped off. One opium poppy farm had a group of monkeys which would run through the field, getting latex on their fur and skin, in order to feel high on the opium. |
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Term
|
Definition
Leaves form two at a time, 180º apart at each node. Sometimes, pairs alternate by 90º at successive nodes.
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is circular. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the largest angiosperm families, with 880 genera and 27,800 species. Some orchids can only be pollinaed by a specific bee species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A permeabilization agent. Dissolves lipids from cell membranes and makes them permeable to antibodies. Coagulates proteins and can be used to fix and permeabilize cells simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cactus that grows as a ball. Has a single SAM. The shoot is very wide, adn not very tall. Older leaf primordia form beside younger ones, and there are spine primordia in the axillary buds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cactus with a large, wide apical meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pore in a synconium through which a fig wasp may enter for pollination. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is elliptical. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A part of a pistil. Contains ovules attached to placenta by the funicle. Develops into the fruit. Can be superior or inferior. Has one or more locules, depending on the number of carpels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is egg shaped. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A part of an ovary. An embryo sac surrounded by the nucellus and two integuments. Attached to the placenta tissue by the funicle. The pollen tube enters through the micropyle. Develops into the seed after fertilization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hardened modified stem which, with the lemma, contains the flower of a spikelet. It is smaller than the lemma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of mesophyll in mesophytes. Columnar cells, with a high concentration of chloroplasts, located beneath the adaxial epidermis. In xerophytes it occurs along adaxial and abaxial epidermises. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tall monocot trees. There is no secondary meristem, because vascular bundles are scattered. Mass meristems increase its girth, and leaves form together to form thickness in the stem. Includes date palms, oil palms, and bananas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Like the fingers of a hand spread open. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A palmate leaf with rounded lobes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Divided almost to the leaf margin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| With palmate veins and lobes split to the base of the blade. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the exines of pollen grains, especially pollen grains in fossils and in the sediments of lakes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant that lives in semi-submerged, boggy habitats, and has aerial roots. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is shaped like a violin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monopodial inflorescence that is compounding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dioecious plant, but some varieties are monoecious, and these are used as commercial varieties. Dioecious varieties must cross-pollinate to produce fruit. |
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Term
|
Definition
Cyperus papyrus
A plant which has fibres in the pith of the stem that can be used to make fabric, cord, and paper. Used by the ancient Egyptians to make paper. |
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Term
|
Definition
Striate venation
The venation pattern found in monocots. Large parallel veins run along the length of the leaf, converging at the apex, and smaller veins interconnect parallel veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that derives its nutrients from another plant, via modified roots called haustoria. Connects to the host vasculature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fruit which forms without fertilization of ovules. Has no seeds. Includes some bananas, citrus, pumpkins, and figs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the exodermis or endodermis that have Casparian bands but lack suberin lamellae. Typically adjacent to xylem poles. Act as low resistance pathways for water flow and mycorrhizae intrusion. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Palmately divided with lateral segments also divided. |
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Term
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Definition
Pedicel
The stem supporting the flower and fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower with five carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syncarpous flower with five locules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized berry with a thick rind-like exocarp that adheres tightly to the rest of the fruit wall. Common in the gourd family. Includes cucumbers. |
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Term
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Definition
Bisexual flower
A flower with both stamens and carpels. Can self-fertilize, producing seeds with less genetic diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
"Around anthers"
The corolla and calyx of a flower. |
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Term
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Definition
"Around carpels"
The fruit wall. Formed from the ovary and accessory tissues. Includes the exocarp, mesocarp, adn endocarp, which are distinct in fleshy fruits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the vascular cylinder. Surrounds the vascular cylinder in a eudicot root, and the poles and pith in a monocot root. It is not found in the shoot. A parenchyma cell layer located just inside the endodermis. Lateral root primordia are initiated in the pericycle cells with high concentrations of auxin. Cells are permanently in G2 phase, enabling them to divide when activated. Cell division is triggered, and there is rapid cell division forming a lateral root primordium. Produces cork cambium and contributes to the vascular cambium. |
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Term
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Definition
Outer bark
A component of bark. A protective layer formed by the cork cambium. Consists of the cork cambium, phelloderm, and phellem. Cells are suberized. Has lenticels. Replaces the epidermis, cortex, and endodermis in the root. As the plant increases in girth, tissues are pushed outwards and the periderm splits open, producing lenticels. It reforms every season. |
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Term
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Definition
Semi-inferior
A flower with perianth and androecium situated around the gynoecium at the same level. Includes roses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A zone of the SAM. Encircles other zones. Meristematic, dense protoplast. Cells proliferate and differentiate into lateral organs. Gives rise to leaf primordia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to get an antibody into a plant cell. Removal of lipids. Commonly an organic solvent or detergent is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sterile floral organ that forms the corolla. Has similar appearance and inner structures to leaves. Colourful and can have patterns that act as guides for pollinators. |
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Term
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Definition
Leaf stalk
The part of the leaf that is attached to the stem. It can be winged. |
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Term
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Definition
Secondary cortex
The inner layer of bark. Produced by the cork cambium in the centripetal direction. Arises in the cortex or epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conductive tissue that carries sap and other liquids. In the root, phloem occurs as isolated strands of tissue between the "arms" of the central core of the xylem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large cladode found in certain cacti. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flattened petiole that takes on a photosynthetic role. Somtimes the true leaves fall off. |
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Term
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Definition
| Floral parts and vegetative leavs. They have homology, with very similar basic structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of organ initiation at the SAM. Arrangement of leavs on the stem. Includes alternate, opposite, whorled, and spiral phyllotaxy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| With similar parts on each side of the central axis, with sessile leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female fertile floral organ that forms the gynoecium. Consists of one or many fused carpels. Includes simple and compound pistils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central tissue around which poles of xylem may be arranged in a monocot root. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ground tissue in between vascular bundles. Produces interfascicular cambium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue in the ovary to which ovules are attached by the funicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement of placentas in an ovule. Includes marginal, parietal, axial, free central, basal, and superficial placentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is useful for knowing about wood, forensics, paper, clothes, dyes, foraging, fuels, disease resistance, medicine, perfumery, cosmetics, rubber, terpenes, lubricants, foods, and spices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can include fungi and insects. They are of practical importance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel layers of cells dividing anticlinally in reference to the wide surface of tissue, into planes. Characteristic of ground meristems of flat forms such as leaves. Contribute to leaf thickness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the embryo that gives rise to the shoot system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elongated fruit. A legume or milkweed follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
Resurrection plant
A plant which has body structure and function which varies greatly with water availability. Desiccated leaves shrink and curl up. There is close union between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, and plasmodesmata are maintained. Xylem elements fold like an accordion. Rehydration allows for cytoplasmic streaming within an hour, and chloroplast rejuvination within a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Things happening differently on two sides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement of xylem in the roots of a monocot. Sometimes arranged around a central pith. |
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Term
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Definition
Microspore
The male gametophyte. Haploid. Produced in the locules of pollen sacs, in the anthers. Contains two haploid sperm cells for fertilization. Has two walls: exine and intine. It is the most durable thing that plants produce, and can last for millions of years. When it lands on receptive stigma, a pollen tube emerges and enters the stigmatic papilla of stigma cells. The pollen tube then grows down the style into the ovary and ovules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product for honey bees. A cake made from pollen of many plants including conifers. Rich in steroids and growth regulators for the bees. |
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Term
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Definition
Microsporangia
Part of the anther. Consists of wall layers lined with endothecium and tapetum, and a locule in which pollen is produced. At maturity it breaks open to release pollen into the air or onto pollinators. |
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Term
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Definition
| After germination out of a pollen grain, it grows down the style, into the locule, and through the micropyle, delivering sperm cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fleshy fruit from an inferior ovary with several locules. Most of the pericarp is composed of fleshy accessory tissues, and the endocarp is cartilaginous. Includes apples. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sharp, pointed projection for defense. An epidermal growth that lacks vasculature. Easily detached, and lacks axillary buds. Roses have prickles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary tissue. Originates from the procambium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary tissue. Originates from the procambium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The apical meristems of lateral roots. Initiated in pericycle cells with high concentrations of auxin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not developed into full form. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary tissue. Originates from the apical meristem. In between the existing xylem and phloem. Produces primary phloem, undifferentiated procambium, and primary xylem in stems. Produces the vascular cylinder in roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerial roots that hold up the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary meristem. Originates from the apical meristem. Produces epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to get an antibody into a plant cell. Use of a naked cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most important part of the RAM. Cells divide infrequently, but it is necessary for maintaining initials. Found in a central position, surrounded by stem cells and initials. In case something happens to the root, such as a mutation, they can divide, producing unaffected cells. Much research is being done on the quiescent centre. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monopodial inflorescence that is unbranched, with pedicellate flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut parallel to the radius. Cuts through the height of rays. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actinomorphic symmetry. Floral parts are similar in size and shape, equally distant from one another. If you draw a line down any axis, it will result in mirror images. Includes Arabidopsis, tulips, and hibiscus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the embryo that gives rise to the root system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A labeling technique that can be used for in situ hybridization. Includes 32P, 35S, and 3H. |
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Term
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Definition
| A needle-like crystal of calcium oxalate in the mucilage cells of some aroid plants such as Dieffenbachia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place in Ontario where they found corn pollen in the sediment of a lake. This is a sign of cultivation long ago. An example of palynology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggregations of radially extended parenchymatous cells, formed by ray initials. Responsible for radial movement of nutrients in the stem and root. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meristem cell of the vascular cambium. Cuboidal, small, and much shorter than fusiform initials. Produce the ray system: vascular rays of cells found within the secondary xylem and phloem. Occur in groups that respond to width and height of rays. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by ray initials. Traverses the axial system at right angles. Composed of rays which run parallel to radii that pass through the centre of the axis. Inactive xylem, consisting of short-living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood deformities due to coutneracting forces created by leaning, or crooked stems. In conifers it is compression wood, and in eudicots it is tension wood. Occurs in trees growing near water, or that have chronic abrasion or stress. The plant reacts to tensions and weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| An axis on which the flower grows. It is a modified stem with compressed internodes, on which whorls of a flower form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be used to highlight anatomy. Produces colour in the area where the gene is expressed when substrate or fluorescent protein is added. Can be used in a promoter construct to show where genes are active. Includes GUS-β-glucoronidase, and fluorescent proteins such as GFP and its derivatives and homologs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollowed wood or carved-pasted wood that is used as a musical instrument. Needs to be straight-grained wood, with pits and treatment. Includes string instruments and percussion instruments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells divide perpendicular to the long axis of an organ, and produce a complex oc parallel, vertical files. Common in ground meristem of cylindrical organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A zone of the SAM. Beneath the central zone. Produces pith. Cells proliferate and differentiate into the stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangements of xylem in the roots of a eudicot. Xylem may be arranged in two, three, or four ridges: diarch, triarch, and tetrarch, respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of wood in angiosperms. There is an obvious difference in the diameter of tracheary elements between early wood (larger) and late wood (smaller). A distinct zone of rings becomes defined. |
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Term
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Definition
Riboprobe
A probe that can be used for in situ hybridization. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subterranean organs of plants. Have numerous roles including acquiring water and dissolved minerals from te soil, and providing foundational support to the shoot. |
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Term
| Root apical meristem (RAM) |
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Definition
| The apical meristem of the root. A collection of stem cells at the tip of every growing root. The source of all the primary meristems that give rise to primary tissues of the root. Has closed or open organization. Parts include quiescent centre, root cap, cortex, and vascular cylinder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of a root tip. Distinct from the root. Protects the RAM from the soil as it grows. Sloughs off dead cells, and creates slime that makes the soil softer, facilitating root growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not to be confused with the RAM. Has a zone of division, elongation, and differentiation; the latter two overlap. Parts include the lateral root cap, columella root cap, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vasculature. The central cylinder produces a broad set of cells that develop into vascular tissues. Over 50 rows of cells wide. Tend to be smaller in eudicots. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified lateral root. Often found in xenomorphic roots. Includes yams and sweet potatoes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant which has prickles, not thorns. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wood that is popular in the East. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mild spice that comes from hand-plucked stamens of a flower. It is more expensive than gold. The plant also produces colchicine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is shaped like an arrowhead. |
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Term
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Definition
| An indehiscent dry fruit. An achene with wings. Includes maples. |
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Term
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Definition
Santalum album
A plant that starts off as a parasite. Has fragrant, heavy, yellow heartwood with a fine grain which can have scent even after hundreds of years. The tree grows very slowly and the wood is expensive. Trees can be smelled from far away, and snakes are attracted to the trees. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family of plants that are often parasitic plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A detergent that interacts with membrane cholesterol, selectively removing it and leaving holes in the membrane. It makes the surface more receptive to aqueous solutions. It comes from a plant with a soapy substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood which remains functional, conveying water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the tree. Xylem cells are dead when functional. Contains living cells, and reserve material. Most wood used for building is sapwood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The pillars in the Science Atrium at University of Guelph are based on trees. The angles can take on a great deal of weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monochasium which is compounding. Has a secondary axis on one side. |
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Term
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Definition
| The elm bark beetle that transmits Dutch elm disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of tissues that arose from a secondary or lateral meristem. Many different cell types with lignified walls, often contributing to an increase in the girth of stems and roots. Such features provide structural and functional support to tall growing trees. Activity of the vascular cambium presss xylem into the interior. |
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Term
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Definition
Inner bark
A component of bark. Produced by the vascular cambium in the centrifugal direction. Sieve elements are typically functional only during the current season's growth. Phloem ray cells can remain alive for many years. |
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Term
| Secondary thickening meristem |
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Definition
| A lateral meristem found in some monocots such as palm trees in the Arecaceae family. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant with succulent leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from the ovule after fertilization. Includes the embryo and endosperm. Has a micropyle and chalaza end. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An environment where the soil is covered with water only sometimes, or the water is shallow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sterile floral organ that forms the calyx. Has simialr appearance and inner structure to leaves. May resemble petals. Protects the inner floral parts prior to opening. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sharp edged leaf margin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf without a petiole. The leaf blade attaches directly to the stem. Monocot leaves are all sessile, connecting to a leaf sheath surrounding the stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaves produced in low light. Large, thinner, with less mesophyll tissues, and lower density of stomata, veins, and chlorophyll compared to sun leaves. Fix carbon slower. May have large lower epidermis cells with chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the leaf that attaches the peiole to the stem. |
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Term
| Shoot apical meristem (SAM) |
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Definition
| Very small, usually 0.1 - 1.0 mm in diameter, and is usually hidden from view by leaf primordia. In seed plants it is multicellular, with a central zone, peripheral zone, and rib zone. Stratification includes the tunica and corpus. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you place a plant that is used to long days under short day conditions, it will begin to photosynthesize very quickly during light periods, and produce lots of starch to keep it through the night, stored in large fluffy leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized capsule in which frame-like placentae separate the two halves. Common in the mustard family. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fruit with a single carpel or multiple fused carpels without any attached floral parts. Includes dry and fleshy fruits. Includes beans, cherries, and tomatoes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf with one blade connected directly to the stem. May be sessile, or have a petiole. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pistil consisting of one carpel. |
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Term
| Single-stranded DNA probe (ssDNA) |
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Definition
| A probe that can be used for in situ hybridization. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| To make it, soybeans may be fermented for years. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of spike which is unbranched, non-pedicellate, with closely spaced flowers. The inflorescence is shielded by a bract called the spathe. Includes anthuriums. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from stems, seeds, or fruits of a woody plant. Usually has strong flavour. Added to food in tiny amounts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monopodial inflorescence that is unbranched, with non-pedicellate flowers. Includes spadices. |
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Term
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Definition
| The flower of grass, contained within the lemma and palea. The lodicules enable it to open and close. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaves form in a regular spiral pattern, about 137.5º apart; this angle dissects the apex by the golden ratio. A line through sequential leaves makes a spiral. The incipient primordium is the next leaf to form. The most common phyllotaxy. Occurs in succulents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf is shaped like a spatula. |
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Term
| Spectral karyotyping protocol (SKY) |
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Definition
| A type of FISH. Can be used to show normal interphase and metaphase in human cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified leaf or stipule, forming a sharp, pointed projection for defense. Found on cacti. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of mesophyll in mesophytes. Irregularly shaped cells, larger intercellular spaces, located closer to the abaxial epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| In higher plants, it is the dominant form, and is diploid or polyploid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The male fertile floral organs that form the androecium. Consists of a filament and anther. |
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Term
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Definition
| An energe storage molecule which is osmotically inactive. Plays no role in osmosis, preventing plasmolysis. Takes some energy to break down. Includes transition starch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starch grains in root cap cells which are involved in gravitropism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the plant that carries the leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Able to retain the entire potential of an organism. Used in the animal sense; not necessarily in the stem of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A swollen, fleshy, usually underground stem of a plant bearing buds from which new shoots may arise. The eyes are axillary buds. Includes potatoes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of a pistil. The tip of the style, where pollen grains land and germinate. Cells may be papillate, and exhibit tip growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small appendage at the base of the petiole, usually paired. May be leafy, aplexicaul, or a spine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the stomatal complex. A small opening in the epidermis of aerial parts of plants, on leaves, stems, and flowers. Plays a role in gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration. Opened and closed by two guard cells. May be hypostomatous, amphistomatous, or epistomatous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of a stoma, subsidiary cells, and two guard cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slit in the anther which forms when anthers dehisce. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood in which axial cells and/or rays are arranged in multiple horizontal layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of a pistil. Attaches the stigma to the ovary. The pollen tube grows through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid-rich coverings in the walls of the endodermis and exodermis, except for passage cells. Retains water and limits the influx of microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the stomatal complex. Adjacent to the guard cells of some species, helping them function. Variable in size, shape, number, content, and arrangement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf shape. The leaf ends in a point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants with spiral phyllotaxy and succulent leaves. When it rains, water funnels down the leaves into the roots. Adapted to areas where water is scarce, or only available for a short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fleshy leaves with mucilage and water. Large, thin-walled, with colourless cells. Typical to the Crassulaceae family. |
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Term
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Definition
| An energy storage molecule which is osmotically active, and plays a role in osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaves produced in bright light. Smaller, thicker, with more mesophyll tissue, and higher density of stomata, veins, and chlorophyll compared to shade leaves. Fix carbon faster. |
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Term
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Definition
Ipomea batatas
A plant which has a root tuber. |
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Term
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Definition
Cymose
An inflorescence which has determinate growth. A terminal flower grows, forming lateral flowers. The terminal flower forms and matures first. Includes dichasiums, cymes, monochasiums, and scirpoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower with united carpels. The ovary has locules, and may be unilocular, bilocular, trilocular, tetralocular, or pentalocular. |
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Term
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Definition
Fig
Hypanthodium
"Fruit without flower"
A hollow, spherical, flask-shaped inflorescence lined on the inside with minute, apetalous, unisexual flowers. Male flowers have 1 - 5 stamens, and are found in caprifigs. Female flowers have one pistil, which is short in caprifigs and long in edible figs. Pollinated by fig wasps which enter through the ostiole. Male wasps are digested by juices inside the inflorescence. The crunchy part of the fig is the seed, not wasp remnants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut perpendicular to a radius. Cuts a ray perpendicular to its horizontal extent, showing its height and width. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of nutritive cells that lines the pollen sac in an anther. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thick primary root of a eudicot. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner coat of the testa. Develops from the inner integument of the ovule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of a stem, leaf, or petiole, that becomes modified to a delicate, twisting, thread-like appendage. Able to photosynthesize. Help the plant climb. Found in cucurbits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction wood of eudicots. Formed on the upper side of a branch. Characterized by lack of lignification and high fibres. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sepal or petal of a flower when the corolla and calyx are not differentiated. Found in Amaryllis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seed coat. Includes the tegmen. |
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Term
| Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
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Definition
| An important narcotic. A complex organic substance which is secreted by the trichomes of Cannabis. It is a resinous substance, and may be found in marijuana or hashish. It is addictive to a certain extent. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syncarpous flower with four locules. |
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Term
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Definition
| When xylem is arranged in four ridges in a eudicot root. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anther with two locules, each in two lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sharp, ponited projection for defense. A short, rigid, woody, modified axillary branch. There are accessory buds on each side of the thorn. Contains vasculature. May be branched. Develops soft at first, then hardens. Found in citrus. |
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Term
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Definition
Intergrown knot
Knots in which living branches are incorporated into the stem. The knot is an integral part of the surrounding wood. |
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Term
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Definition
Localizing cellular and extracellular proteins by transferring them from a section onto nitro-cellulose paper. Gives information about protein expression at the tissue level. Limited to soluble proteins. Similar to a western blot, but without a gel. Can be used to show distribution of Rubisco in a fresh celery petiole.
1. Prepare a support membrane
2. Place freshly cut surface on the membrane
3. Dry the membrane and block
4. Add primary antibody
5. Add secondary antibody and enhance if required
6. Dry and observe
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Term
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| A poikilohydric moss that twists when it is desiccated. |
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| Starch made in the day and used at night. Helps sustain the plant while photosynthesis is not occurring. |
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Cross section
Cut at a right angle to the main axis. Cells of the axial system reveal their smallest dimension, and rays are exposed in their longitudinal extent. |
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| When xylem cells are arranged in three ridges in a eudicot root. |
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| A cell of the epidermsi. A unicellular or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis. Variable in size, shape, and function. Includes covering and glandular trichomes. May secrete complex organic substances. |
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Definition
| A compound leaf with three leaflets. |
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Definition
| A syncarpous flower with three locules. |
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Definition
| Divided into three parts. |
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Definition
| With three levels of petioles with segments that are sessile. |
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Liriodendron
A tree found in the arboretum. It belongs to Magnoliids, a primitive family. |
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"Coat"
The outer layer of the SAM. Sheetlike, including the first two layers of cells. Surrounds the corpus. Has anticlinal divisions, enlarging the surface of the apical meristem. |
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Definition
| Stratifications of the SAM distinguished by the plane of division. The meristem is differentiated into two regions based on the method of growth: peripheral-anticlinal divisions for surface growth, and interior corpus divisions in various planes for volume growth. |
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Definition
| Outgrowths of parenchyma cells from adjacent ray or axial cells that extend through a pit into a xylem vessel. Partially or completely block a vessel. May be thin-walled or thick-walled. Filled with gums and resins. Often found in heartwood. |
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Definition
| A tree affected by Dutch elm disease. |
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"Umbrella"
A monopodial inflorescence that has internode loss. It can appear similar to a cyme. Includes carrots and giant hogweed. |
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Term
| Undifferentiated procambium |
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Definition
| A primary tissue. Within vascular bundles. Originates from the procambium. Produces fascicular cambium in shoots, and contributes to the vascular cambium in roots. |
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Definition
| A syncarpous flower with onle locule. |
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Definition
| A leaf with two colours. The differently coloured regions have different chloroplasts, packed into cells differently. |
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Definition
Cambial zone
A bifacial lateral meristem found in the stems and roots of gymnosperms and eudicots. Lies under the periderm. Its fundamental organization is different from apical meristems. Produces tissues, not organs, contributing to thickness of the plant. Produces secondary xylem in the centripetal direction and secondary phloem in the centrifugal direction. With each division of cells, one cell remains in the vascular cambium while the other produces xylem or phloem. Active cells are highly vacuolated, including fusiform initials and ray initials. Cells divide frequently in the warm season and infrequently or not at all in the cold season; this periodic activity creates growth rings. Includes interfascicular cambium and fascicular cambium in the shoots, originating from pith rays and undifferentiated procambium, respectively. In the roots it originates from the pericycle and undifferentiated procambium between primary xylem and phloem. |
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Stele
A primary tissue. Originates from the procambium. Where xylem and phloem are located in a eudicot root. In the centre of the root. Includes the pericycle, undifferentiated procambium, primary phloem, and primary xylem. |
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Definition
| There is no botanical definition. In everyday speech it means any plant-based food you might eat for lunch or dinner. Many fruits (by the botanical definition) are considered vegetables, such as tomatoes, pumpkins, and gourds. |
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Definition
| Has indeterminate growth. |
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Definition
| A line dividing the leaf into sections, not completely. Cylindrical bundles of vascular tissue. |
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Definition
| Several layers of epidermis in aerial roots. Water-absorbing tissues that help the plant obtain moisture high in the tree canopy of tropical rainforests. Often found in epiphytic orchids. |
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Definition
| The vascular bundle organization in leaves. In eudicots, it is netted. In monocots, it is parallel. |
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Definition
| Development of a new plant while being attached to the mother plant, or germination of seeds while being parts of the ripening fruit. Occurs in mangrove trees, and can occur rarely in some crops, such as peppers, strawberries, and corn, causing yield loss. |
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Eichhornia crassipes
A hydromorphic plant with a pretty flower. Has modified leaves with swollen petioles with aerenchyma, allowing it to float on water. Breaking the plant produces two plants. Can reproduce and spread very quickly, clogging waterways and killing other organisms. |
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Definition
| A substance that can increase retention of sprays by changing the surface tension. |
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| A tree in Africa which has thorns, and a hollow storage organ at the base of the thorn where stinging ants may live. The ants and the thorns deter elephants from the tree. |
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Definition
| Leaves form three or more at a time at each node. Occurs in Galium odoratum. |
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Definition
| A plant which may be bent into furniture, a process that takes ten years. |
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Definition
Secondary xylem
Produced by the vascular cambium in the centripetal direction. Periods of growth and reproduction alternate with periods of relative non-activity in the winter. Produciton slows in the winter as tissues mature close to vascular cambium initials. In the spring, dormant vascular cambium is reactivated. Includes early and late, storied and non-storied, sapwood and heartwood, and ring-porous and diffuse-porous wood. It is used for construction, decorations, furniture, antiques, and musical instruments. |
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Definition
| Leaves designed to minimize water loss. They escape, evade, and endure times of drought. May have bulliform cells, or be ericoid, coriaceous, or succulent. |
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Definition
| Roots designed to find and store water in arid climates. Widely spreading and shallow. Form root tubers and clusters of succulent roots. Lack root hairs, but may be covered with layers of thick bark. Rapid formation of rain-induced roots. |
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Definition
| A plant adapted to arid regions where water is limited and light intensity is high. Leaf adaptations include sunken or recessed stomata in crypts, thick coverings of trichomes on one or both leaf surfaces, a thick cuticle, reduced leaf area, specialized water storage cells, and multiple epidermal layers. Palisade mesophyll can be positioned along both adaxial and abaxial epiderimses. Often have C4 or CAM metabolism. |
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Definition
| The water-conducting tissue. In the root it is usually arranged in a more or less cross-shaped or star-shaped configuration in the centre of the vascular cylinder. Forms wood. |
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Definition
| Never eat it uncooked, it will produce a rash. It needs to be soaked and cooked before being edible. |
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| Plants which are pollinated by animals, including insects. |
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