Term
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Definition
| Facing away from the stem; the lower side of a dicot leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of growth in epidermal cells. Produces pavement cells. Growth in response to neighboring cells. Can have characteristics similar to diffuse or tip growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stain by infiltration, and wash out easily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjacent to the stem axis; the upper side of a dicot leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
"Nourish"
A cell type of phloem tissue, found only in gymnosperms. A sieve element. Generally elongated in shape. Has primary cell wall. Living at maturity, associated with sieve cells, but generally not clonal with sieve cells. Rich in cytoplasm, and nourish adjacent cells. Has numerous plasmodesmata connections with sieve cells. Plays a role in delivery of substances to and from sieve cells, including informational molecules and ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonvascular plants. Can move around like animals, but contain chloroplasts; defies classification. Some secrete a cell wall, allowing them to stick together in a colony of up to thousands of individuals. When you leave water exposed, algae are some of the first organisms to appear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare type of vascular bundle. Phloem entirely surrounds the xylem. Found in the rhizomes of Pteridium aquilinum and other basal plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare type of vascular bundle. Xylem entirely surrounds the phloem. Found in the rhizomes of Acorus sp., sweet flag. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plastid containing starch. |
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Term
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Definition
"To dissect"
Aspects of an organism that you cannot see; inner structures. Often associated with human anatomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collenchyma cells with thickenings in corners at right angles, with no intercellular spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to cellulose or callose. Callose stains blue under white or UV light. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stomatal pattern. Stomata are surrounded by three subsidiary cells, all of different sizes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stomatal pattern. Epidermal cells around the guard cells all look similar. There no well-defined pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divisions that occur parallel to the radial plane of the plant tissue. Cell wall forms perpendicular to the epidermis. Increases the number of cells in pre-existing layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1674, described green charophyte algae Spirogyra as "green streaks, spirally wound serpent-wise", and Vorticella ciliates as "little animals fashioned like a bell". Called his microscope an "aalkijeker" meaning "eel viewer". He was not a scientist; he merely had a hobby of grinding high-quality lenses and using them to view microorganisms. Wrote many descriptions and letters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristems found at the apices of the shoot and root. Generates primary meristems. The shoot and root apical meristems are connected by ground tissue in higher plants. |
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Term
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Definition
"Outside plasma"
Movement of water and solutes outside of the plasma membrane and protoplasts, in cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A star-shaped sclereid with branches or arms radiating from a central body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell which does not give rise to a root hair. Rows alternate between trichoblasts and atrichoblasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The generation of fluorescence due to endogenous metabolites and fluorescent compounds present in specimens. In plant cells it derives principally from chlorophyll (red fluorescence) and lignin (green fluorescecne). Emission is greatest when live cells are examined with blue or UV excitation wavelengths. Many cellular components and matabolites in plants have autofluorescence, including the inner walls of guard cells, lignified secondary cell walls, suberin, and the cuticle. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you are trying to visualize something smaller than the limit of resolution, a halo of fluorescence forms that is larger than the actual object. |
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Term
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Definition
| A coloured filter. Transmits light only within a defined spectral band ranging from less than one to many nanometers wide. May be used to protect the eyes from certain wavelengths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Longpass and shrotpass filters. Transmit only above or below certain "cut-on" or "cut-off" wavelengths, and continues to transmit a wide energy band. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stain by chemical absorption. Higher pH leads to more intense staining. Adheres to acidic components. Includes TBO. |
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Term
| Berberine hemisulphate (FeCL3) |
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain suberinized cell walls. Secondary cell walls, suberin, and the cuticle stain blue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of vascular bundle. There is primary phloem on both sides of the xylem; external phloem and internal phloem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-visible wavelengths of light hit an object, and reflect back in a visible wavelength, making it seem that the object is emitting light. Can give things an odd colour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when objects are out of focus. Gives the impression of depth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pit where secondary cell wall overarches the membrane, formign appearance of a border. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Preparation of tissues.
2. Use of microscope and related equipment for critical study and interpretation of material.
3. Clear and concise description.
4. Recording and illustrating. |
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Term
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Definition
Stone cell
A short, and roughly isodiametric sclereid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The specimen is illuminated from below. This is the most common form of microscopy. |
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Term
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Definition
Axillary bud
Found in leaf axils. Resemble the SAM, but are dormant due to SAM-induced apical dominance and auxin and strigolactone signalling. If the SAM is removed, the bud primordia are released from dormancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second step of root hair devleopment. A bulge forms on the trichoblast. |
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Term
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Definition
Motor cells
Thin-walled epidermal cells of grass that are larger and more inflated than neighboring cells. Create bands that run parallel to the long axis of the leaf. During drought, they allow grass leaves to close as the two sides of the blade fold up towards each other. Movement of the leaf blade is regulated by loss and uptake of water in bulliform cells. When rain comes, the leaves unfold and turn green again. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain cellulose cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of cell walls. A carbohydrate that hydrolyzes to glucose residues. A linear glucan deposited between plasma membrane and existing cellulosic cell walls. Deposited very rapidly in response to wounding, sealing plasmodesmata and isolating cells from the phloem. Found on sieve plates, in phloem, in pollen tubes, and sometimes in parenchyma cells. In winter phloem fills with callose plugs, which dissolve in the springtime. May be stained with aniline blue, which stains it blue under white or UV light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Undifferentiated plant cells that form from de-differentiation in medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristems that carry out periclinal divisions so that cells are arranged in radial files, and contribute in two directions. Located between the phloem and xylem in primary tissue. In older cells, especially at the base of the stem, the cambium can expand. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the same family as poison ivy. Poisonous, but the poison is removed with processing. |
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Term
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Definition
Casparian band
A thickened layer in the endodermis surrounding the cortex and endodermal cells. Breaks the apoplastic flow of water towards the xylem, stopping water and photosynthates from leaking out of the vascular system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cavities in the vessel column, resulting in its breaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deals with the structure and functioning at the cellular and sub-cellular level. |
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Term
| Cell plate assembly matrix (CPAM) |
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Definition
| Microtubules of the phragmoplast terminate in the CPAM, and direct Golgi-derived vesicles to teh cell plate during telophase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first step of root hair development. Cells differentiate into trichoblasts and atrichoblasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defining characteristic of plant cells. Surrounds and anchors the protoplast. Has complexity and architecture which dictates and reflects on cell function. Found in plant cells, bacteria cells, fungi cells, and in some animal cells (choral polyps). It is an extracellular matrix secreted by the cell. Components include cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, callose, lignin, cutin, and suberin. |
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Term
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Definition
Calcofluor white M2R
A dye which makes cellulosic components such as primary cell walls fluoresce blue-white under UV light. Enhances the property of autofluorescene. |
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Term
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Definition
(C6H10O5)n
The primary component of cell walls. A polysaccharide of beta (1→4) linked glucose monomers. A linear chain whcih forms microfibrils with spaces between them ranging from 5 - 30 nm. The most common compounds in plants. May be stained with fast green, aniline blue, or calcofluor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not found in higher plants, but found in animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that plants could think, and that their brains were located in the roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| After the nuclear disaster, people evacuated the area to avoid radiation. Plants remained behind and were able to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algae which resembles chloroplasts, and may share a common ancestor with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts. Green in colour. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "green slave" of a plant. A green plastid that can move around inside the cell in response to light. Pleomorphic, and can have stromules. Have characteristic grana. Not all plant cells have chloroplasts. They can have binary fission, but they never fuse together. All chloroplasts are slightly different. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plastid with vibrant colour. Found in flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both plant and animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in some reproductive plant cells, as well as in complex animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| As seedlings emerge, growth in the stem is not equal, and causes circling, or waving motion of the seedling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originating from the same parent cell. Companion cells are clonal with sieve-tube cells, but albuminous cells are not clonal with sieve cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drives movement in xylem. Water in transported along a water potential gradient, assisted by strong cohesion of water molecules due to hydrogen bonding, and tension in tracheary elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common type of vascular bundle. The eustele has xylem towards the inner side, and phloem towards the outer side. Typical of dicots. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of ground tissue. Located at the periphery of some aerial organs; in young elongating stems, and in ribs along veins of some leaves. Provide mechanical support to elongating organs. Elongated shape, with unevenly thickened cell walls, lacking lignin but rich in pectin. Living when functional. Types include angular, lacunar, and lamellar. |
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Term
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Definition
Collar
The junction where the shoot meets the root. |
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Term
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Definition
Collar hair
A root hair that grows on the collet. Grow synchronously with each other. There is no differentiation between hair files. The collet cells of a seedling expand, bringing their nuclei with them, anchoring the plant in the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multicellular appendage that produces sticky secretions. Common on buds and young leaves. Sundews have them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of phloem tissue, found only in angiosperms. A sieve element. Variable shape, generally elongated. Has primary cell wall. Living at maturity. Closely associated and clonal with sieve-tube elements, connected with numerous branched pore-plasmodesmata. Metabolically active, nucleate parenchyma cells. Movement of organic material relies on physiological interaction between sieve-tube elements and companion cells. Plays a role in delivery of substances to the sieve-tube element, including informatinal molecules and ATP. Loads sugars into the sieve tube element in source tissues, and unloads sugars in sink tissues. Some have transfer cells. |
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Term
| Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) |
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Definition
| A microscope that uses lasers, and allows for optical sectioning. With electronic additions, it allows digial image acquisition. A pinhole is conjugate to the focal point of the pens:a confocal pinhole. The focal point of the objective lens forms an image where the pinhole is, and these two points are known as conjugate points. Removes out of focus light. Does not provide a complete 3D image at once, but can provide a stack of images that can then be collapsed to reconstruct the complete scanned object, built into a 3D projection. It can read a book without opening it, scanning layer by layer! |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to see something which is different from its background. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inner layer of the SAM. Divides periclinally, adding new layers to the corpus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The layer of cells between the cambium and epidermis. Usually parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Peripheral zones can be collenchyma, in strands or layers Inner zones may have a starch sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stain that enhances the contrast of an image by colouring the background rather than the specimen. Makes structures more visible when not adequately highlighted by the primary stain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A forest in Poland where the trees are all bent in the same direction. Someone might have pulled the trees down into that shape. Sows how plant cell walls have both plastic and elastic properties; the trees can bend, and then harden into the shape they are bent into. Or it might be proof of aliens! |
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Term
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Definition
"Freezing-cutting"
An instrument which cuts very thin slices of materials in a liquid nitrogen environment. Produces a snapshot of what is happening, however ice crystals can damage cell membranes. Sugar improves plant structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crystals of substances can form inside plant cells, especially in large vacuoles. May be salt crystals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain lignified cell walls or cutinized cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin, waxy layer of non-cellular material, coating the exterior surface of the epidermis. Covers the outer surface of the primary shoot. Appears as a transparent, colourless, or pale grey layer. Separated from the epidermal cells with a pectinaceous layer. Composed of cutin and epicuticular waxes. An essential feature of aerial portions of plants, limiting water loss, protecting the plant from environmental stresses including insects, and reflecting harmful radiation. May be stained with Sudan III/IV. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the cell wall. Insoluble, hydrophobic lipid polymer. Synthsized by hydroxylation and esterification of fatty acids. Forms a matrix in which waxes are embedded to prevent loss of water. A component of the cuticle. May be stained with erythrosine or crystal violet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant cutting will produce adventitious roots which grow into the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A knobby, stalked concretion of minerals, usually calcium carbonate, that occurs in lithocysts. Often is attached to the edge of the cell by a cellulosic peg, and projects into the lumen of the cell. May completely fill the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be stained with eosin-Y, erythrosine-B, or fluorescein isothiocyanate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyclic flow of the cytosol while the cell undergoes physical processes. Carries organelles and vesicles around the cell. Helps in dispersal of nutrients. Prevents local build-up of harmful cellular by-products. Responsive to light, heat, pH, and ionic gradients. Involves the cytoskeleton. Leads to exudation of secretions. Can be readily observed in many epidermal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
A botanical stain used to stain nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant cells are placed on medium, and proliferate into a callus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by light. Cotyledons open, expand, and turn green. Leaves develop, and hypocotyl growth rate is reduced. Etioplasts turn into chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fancy word for throwing something or someone out of a window! |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance between the nearest and farthest object that appears sharp in the image. |
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Term
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Definition
Atriplex sp.
Halophytes which secrete salt from their salt glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stomatal pattern. There are two subsidiary cells at a right angle to the pore axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mirror that reflects light shorter than a certain wavelength, and passes light longer than that wavelength. |
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Term
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Definition
Eudicot
A type of flowering plant that has branchign leaf veins, two cotyledons, and vascualr bundles arranged in a ring around the pith. Walls near the stoma pore of guard cells are thicker. |
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Term
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Definition
Golgi body
Disappear from the sieve element protoplast. |
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Term
| Differential interference contrast (DIC) |
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Definition
| A form of microscopy which uses interference of light to produce contrast. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell develops structures different from other cells. After full differentiation, plant cells cannot divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of growth in epidermal cells. Equal growth on all sides of the cell, expanding into a sphere. Can also include elongation of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell divides and becomes two. Includes periclinal and anticlinal divisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases contrast, and can label specific components. Unlike a stain it is permanent. May be used to create a small stain. Includes basic and acidic dyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A property of the primary cell wall. Returns to its original size after deformation. Necessary for the plant to grow the right way. Decreases as the cell wall thickens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blockage of the conduit with air and vapour or ice, making a vessel dysfunctional. May be caused by sudden change in temperature leading to change of state of the water within the vessel: freezing or evaporation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protoxylem cells are found towards the centre of the tissue in comparison to metaxylem. There is centrifugal maturation; adding from the inner side. Smaller cells are seen in the centre. Typical of stems. |
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Term
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Definition
"Inner skin"
A layer of cells which surrounds the stele in the root. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both plant and animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be stained with FM 4-65. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Very long chain fatty acid derivatives. A component of the cuticle. Synthesized from fatty caids, and secreted by epidermal cells. Appears as a glaucous layer in some plants. Can form as cracked wax crystals, wax chimneys around stomata, wax tubules, or wax platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells of the epidermis. Produce and secrete epicuticular waxes to form the cuticle. Undergo division and differentiation. Exhibit diffuse, tip, and accommodative growth. Large cells in which cytoplasmic streaming can readily be observed. Many lack chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
"Upon skin"
Dermal tissue system. A primary tissue. The outermost layer of cells on the primary plant body. Arises from the outermost cell layer of the apical meristem; the protoderm. Usually it is one cell layer thick, but sometimes multiseriate. Coated by the cuticle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of microscopy where the image comprises of rays from multiple points on the object. Some rays are in sharp focus, and others less so. A certain degree of blurriness is always associated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Open, arenchymatous parenchyma which form the bulk of the glandular tissue of a hydathode. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-living materials within or around the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain cutinized cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plastid. It is whitish in colour. Occurs when the plant is elongating, and is etiolated. Becomes a chloroplast when the seedling de-etiolates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest form of stele. The primary phloem and primary xylem arranged along the same radius. Has one area of phloem, and one area of xylem. May be collateral or bicollateral. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vital stain excluded by living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metaxylem cells are found towads the centre of the tissue in comparison to protoxylem. There is centripetal maturation; adding to the outer side. Larger cells are seen in the centre. Typical of roots and seed plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy needed to excite a molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
Growth
The third step of root hair development. Includes a stage of slow extension, followed by a stage of rapid extension. |
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Term
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Definition
| In plants, most organell movement occurs along F-actin. Organelle motility appears erratic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain cellulose cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sclerenchyma cells that are long and narrow with a thick secondary cell wall. Not always dead when functional. Located in the cortex of stems, often associated with xylem and phloem, and in the leaves of monocots. Function in support. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cell type of phloem tissue. Generally elongated. Has primary and secondary cell wall; lignified and pitted. Dead when functional. Functions in mechanical support. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cell type of xylem tissue. Elongated and tapering in shape. Has thick primary and secondary cell wall, lignified, and with bordered pits. Dead when functional. Functions in mechanical support. The main woody cells of making up xylem are fibres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dead tissues which do not respond. Usually the tissue is soaked in chemicals to kill the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in some reproductive plant cells, as well as in complex animal cells. |
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Term
| Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) |
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Definition
| A fluorescent probe used to stain cytoplasm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Emission of light after absorption of light or other forms of radiation. Allows you to see different things in microscopy. A short wavelength of light is absorbed, and a quickly re-emitted. Energy is lost, and a lower wavelength is emitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relies on excitation of fluorescent molecules with a specific wavelength region to produce an image generated by the secondary fluorescence emission at longer wavelengths. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces high signal to noise ratio. Includes organic dyes, biological fluorophores, and quantum dots. New fluorescent probes are produced as needed. They remain stable after induction, and maintain clear imaging parameters. Can be incorporated into existing infrastructure. Includes GFP. |
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Term
|
Definition
N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl) pyridinium dibromide
A membrane-selective permeant fluorescent probe dye used to stain plamsa membrane, endosomes, and tonoplasts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small junctions between animal cells. Analogous to plasmodesmata. |
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Term
| Genetically modified organisms (GMO) |
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Definition
| Can be used in research to learn about plants. Structures in living cells can be seen in fluorescent protein transgenic organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trichomes with unicellular or multicellular heads. The heads may be filled with secondary metabolites harmful to insects. Found on cannabis and tobacco leaves. In tobacco, the heads are filled with nicotine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A waxy cuticle secretion which is shiny from certain angles. Appears as a blue-purple covering on the skin of fruit such as plums and grapes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in plant cells, but not animal cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in both plant and animal cells. In plant cells there are many Golgi bodies; they are needed to make material to create the cell wall. In animal cells there is normally just one Golgi body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stacks of thylakoids found in chloroplasts. The first part of photosynthesis occurs here. |
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Term
| Green fluorescent protein (GFP) |
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Definition
| A fluorescent probe originally isolated from a jellyfish; this work won a Nobel Prize. The gene can be coded and inserted into other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary meristem. Produces ground tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary tissue. Includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Produced by the ground meristem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of the stomatal complex. Swelling is regulated by turgor pressure generated by K+ ions, for opening and closing of stomata. Symplastically isolated, with thicker inner cell wall. Fluoresce yellow-orange under UV or blue light. May be at the same level as epidermal cells, or sunken in stomatal crypts. Has chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irreversible increase in cell size. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of secreting excess water. Normal in some plants. Cells of the epithem absorb mineral nutrients from xylem sap, and transfer them to the leaf tissues. Excess water accumulates in intercellular spaces, and is forced out through the hydathode water pores. Often occurs in the morning, especially in indoor plants. Usually occurs in plants which have leavs with tapers. Microbes can enter the plant from the water droplets. Common in over-watered houseplants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plasmodesmata which form on the epidermal layer, where there are no neighboring cells to connect with. The channel is half-formed, and is plugged with callose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plant that grows in a saline habitat. Includes the desert saltbush. Has salt glands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A portion of the plasma membrane which stretches between protoplast and cell wall when a cell is plasmolyzed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of cell walls. Composed of various sugar monomers. A heterogenous group of non-crystalline glycans including xyloglycans, glucuronoarabinoxylans, xylans, and glucomannans. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Water hole"
A structure which discharges water and dissolved substances to the leaf surface during guttatioin. The bulk of glandular tissue is epithem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region below the cotyledon(s) and above the root. Primary walls are able to stretch considerably with no extra wall formation. Stretches to find light before de-etiolation. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Below skin"
The layer of cells just below the epidermis. Thickenings in this layer may give off yellowish autofluorescence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cell in the cortex or pith that differs markedly in form, size, or content from surrounding cells. May be a sclereid, or have crystals or silica grains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Every point of light has a sharp focal point, and they all dissolve together to form an image. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has pits in the lateral cell wall. Tracheids have imperforate cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light from above which the specimen absorbs or reflects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A coat, or covering of fine hair. Types include velvety, pubescent, silky, felted, tomentose, woolly, villous, pilose, ciliate, and fibreate. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an insect damages plant materials, the wounds fill with callose. This can prevent some of the cells from communicating with the rest of the plant, and the cells start to grow independently, and can form a gall. Many pathogens can cause this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristems derived from apical meristems, and inserted between tissues that are no longer meristematic. |
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Term
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Definition
| They can be large; there are thin cell walls, surrounding air spaces. Can be useful for a floating hydrophyte. |
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Term
| Iodine-potassium iodide (I2KI) |
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain starch grains. Stains starch grains purple or bluish-black. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain middle lamella. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain species can be fluorescent under blue or green light. GFP was originally isolated from a jellyfish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to relieve pain from scorpion stings and poison ivy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collenchyma cells with walls thickened in the corners of cells, with intercellular air spaces in the tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collenchyma cells with a thin layer along tangential walls. Inner and outer tangential walls are thickened. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meristems parallel within an axis. Includes the vascular and cork cambium. Meristematic cells are deposited at intervals within the roots, and can develop into lateral roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develop into leaves with proliferation of epidermal and ground tissue cells, as well as branching of the stem's procambium into each leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually refers to visual light, but is actually a very wide spectrum of wavelengths, of which visual light is a small fraction. White light is a mixture of all visible colours. With visual light, the limit of resolution is 200 nm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of cell walls. A phenolic polymer. A binding agent with compressive strength. Lignification is an irreversible process; a hydrophobic filler replaces the cell wall water. Found in cells with secondary cell wall thickenings, such as mature sclerenchyma fibres, and xylem tracheary elements, such as in wood. May be stained with safranin, crystal violet, TBO, or phloroglucinol. TBO stains it blue or green. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depends on the wavelength of light. If you decrease wavelength, you increase the limit of resolution. The limit of resolution is generally about half the wavelength of light. If you try to look at something smaller than the limit of resolution, there is ballooning effect. |
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Term
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Definition
"Stone cell"
A cell which contains a cystolith. The epidermal cells of certain plants. Sequesters calcium carbonate. Often found in plants growing in alkaline soils high in calcium salts. Causes the grittiness of ficus leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| A floating hydrophyte which sinks below the water at night, and rises up and opens on the surface of the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in plant cells as a type of vacuole, and are common in animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| To tear apart. A way to prepare tissues. Used for succulent tissue; it is crushed or smeared into a thin layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coils of microfibrils. 0.5 μm in diameter, and 4 - 7 μm in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elongated, columnar or rod-shaped sclereid with uneven secondary wall thickenings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making an image appear larger. Achieved through use of a lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| When tapping for maple syrup, a tap is drilled about an inch deep into a maple tree, into the xylem of the tree, not the phloem as is commonly thought. Sugary water is brought up from the roots in the spring through the xylem, for energy for growing leaves. Warm temperatures melt the fluid in the xylem, and sugar prevents damage from freeze-thaw fluctuations. |
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Term
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Definition
Ammophila arenaria
A plant with bulliform cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large mitochondria present when the body has no oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces differential colouring to allow behaviour of similar organelles to be investigated. Probes for plants include plasma membrane, cytosol, cytoskeleton, nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vacuoles, peroxisomes, autophagosomes, and endosomes. Specific gene promoters of fluorescent proteins can be expressed in precisely defined locations, and anatomical details become fluorescently highlighted in stable transgenic plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas in the body of a plant where there is addition of new cells. Localized regions of actively dividing cells. Produce new cells and organs. Can be apical or lateral. Growing leaves have some meristematic activity. Meristems can form in tissue culture, due to a plant disease, or for wound healing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, nearly isodiametric cells. Cytoplasmically rich, with small vacuoles. Have thin walls, little storage material, and pro-plastids. The nucleus takes up most of the space inside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| In an experiment, mesophyll cells from a non-woody plant were turned into woody tracheary cells by alternating hormone balance; this is transdifferentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dye which produces more than one colour, depending on the properties of the specimen. Includes TBO. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary xylem that develops after the protoxylem. Forms wider vessels and tracheids. Tracheids are generally longer than protoxylem tracheids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chains of cellulose. Coil around one another to form macrofibrils. Embedded in a cross-linked matrix of non-cellulosic molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument that cuts very thin slices of plant materials embedded in paraffin wax. The razor must be sharpened regularly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first part of the true cell wall layer to develop. Very thin, located between adjoining cells. Consists of hydrated pectinaceous substances. Optically isotropic; under a light microscope it is usually at the limits of resolution, and appears as a black line. May be stained with ruthenium red or iron hematoxylin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both plant and animal cells. Organelles that create and manage energy gradients. 0.1 - 1.0 μm in diameter. They are smaller when the organism has sugars, and larger and longer when the organism is in a state of low energy such as when it is hungry or sleeping; size and number are controlled by fusion and fission. Canf form mega mitochondria May be stained with rhodamine 1,2,3 or mitotracker. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluorescent probe used to stain mitochondria. |
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Term
| Molecular cellular biology |
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Definition
| Attempts to understand details at the molecular level. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of flowering plant that has parallel leaf veins, one cotyledon, and vascular bundles distributed randomly throughout the ground tissue. End walls of guard cells are thicker, with a relatively thinner middle region. End portions of guard cells are bulbous, giving them a dumbell shape. Stomata open when bulbous ends are turgid, and guard cells are connected to each other by a pore in the bulbous polar regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of an organism that you can see. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consisting of multiple series, or layers of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shiny, changing colour when you move it, like mother-of-pearl. Sieve elements appear nacreous in fresh sections. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multicellular glandular structure that secretes sugary fluid. Includes floral and extrafloral nectaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A grey filter. Lowers the amount of light. Uniformly attentuates the intensity of light over a broad spectral range. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is not mentioned in this story if Noah brought plants along with him. Plants do not need to be saved; they can survive almost anything. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area where one or more leaves are attached to the stem. Leaf and bud primordia are located here. |
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Term
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Definition
Lower plants
Plants that lack a vascular system. "Lower plant" is inaccurate, because they co-exist with vascular plants, and have been evolving for as long. Includes algae and moss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both plant and animal cells. May be stained with DAPI, propidium iodide, SYTO dyes, or TBO. TBO stains it blue-green. |
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Term
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Definition
Defines the information-collecting capacity of any lens system. The upper limit of NA is set by the refractive index of the medium in which the optical system is operating.
NA = n sin u
n = the refractive index of the medium in which the optical system is operating (air, n = 1.0; water, n = 1.33)
u = the half-angle subtended by the aperture of the optical system |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluorescent proteins that are photo-convertible, photo-inducible, or photo-switchable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sectioning using light in a confocal laser scanning microscoe. Uses light rather than a razor. |
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Term
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Definition
Transparent
A substance with the same optical properties along all axes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bone-shaped sclereid with enlargements at the ends. |
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Term
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Definition
Slime plug
A proteinaceous substance formed by the sieve element protoplast. Forms tubular filaments that helps in plugging. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stomatal pattern. There are two subsidiary cells parallel to the pore axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A section which removes only the outermost cell layer from a plant organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| The water in plant cells is replaced with paraffin wax before being sectioned in a microtome; this takes a few days. The wax will melt and stick to the slide, and a series of alcohol washes removes the wax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of ground tissue. Located in all plant organs: pith, xylem, and phloem. Performs functions including storage, secretion, conduction, and wound healing and regeneration. Totipotent; have living protoplast and can regenerate the entire plant in suitable conditions. Living when functional. Can assume various shapes depending on location; commonly polyhedral. Cells have uniformly thin primary cell walls, usually lacking lignin. Some deposit a secondary cell wall which may become lignified, such as parenchyma cells in the pith and cortex of old roots and stems of monocots, and in xylem. Cell wall may contain lignin, suberin, or cutin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of phloem tissue. Variable in shape, usually polyhedral. Has thin primary cell wall. Functions in storage and transfer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of xylem tissue. Variable in shape, usually polyhedral. Cell wall is often lignified. Can become a tylose. Functions in storage and sealing of tracheary elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidermal cells which form most of the surface of a leaf or stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major component of cell walls. Forms a gel in which the cellulose-hemicellulose network is embedded. A diverse collection of polysaccharides secreted by the Golgi apparatus. Contains several structural proteins including glycoproteins, extensins, and arabinogalactan proteins. Rich in galacturonic acid. Found in primary cell walls of parenchyma, collenchyma, phloem sieve tube cells, and phloem companion cells. May be stained with TBO; it stains pink. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scale-like trichome. Helps the plant conserve water. Found on the leaves of olive trees. |
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Term
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Definition
Olea europeae
A plant with peltate trichomes on its leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area on the ends of vessel members. May be simple, with one large opening, or perforated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divisions that occur parallel to the tangential plane of the plant tissue. A cell wall forms parallel to the epidermis. Produces new series of cells, creating new layers of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of the endodermis in roots. |
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Term
| Peripheral growth zone (PGZ) |
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Definition
| The cell plate assembly matrix directs Golgi-derived vesicles to the cell plate. Vesicle fusion creates tubule-vesicular membrane network which expands outwards and fuses with parent cell walls during telophase. |
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Term
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Definition
| A zone of the SAM where cells divide frequently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common in plant and animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tissue of the vascular system. Transports sugars generated by photosynthesis from source tissues to sink tissues. Movement is driven by pressure-flow hypothesis. Except for fibres, all cells have thickened primary cell wall and no secondary cell wall, and are alive at maturity. Cell types include sieve cell, albuminous cells, sieve-tube elements, companion cells, fibres, and parenchyma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain which contains HCl, and is useful as a positive indicator of lignin. Stains lignin red or yellowish-red. Secondary cell walls stain red. |
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Term
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Definition
| An optical highlighter. Fluorescent, but changes colour permanently when exposed to light of a particular wavelength. |
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Term
|
Definition
Photo-activable
An optical highlighter. Not fluorescent until it is exposed to light of a particular wavelength. Without the light, you cannot know if the protein is present. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An optical highligher. Fluorescent, but changes colour when exposed to light of a particular wavelength, and changes back to its original colour when exposed to light of another particular wavelength. |
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Term
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Definition
Fading
The permanent loss of fluorescence by a molecule due to photon-induced chemical damage or covalent modification. Occurs when the speciment is exposed to too much light. To avoid, do imaging as quickly as possible, and let the sample recover from brief periods of light exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
"Fragmented"
A scaffold for cell plate assembly that leads to the separation of daughter cells during telophase. Initials arise within clusters of polar microtubules and actin filaments during late anaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cavity where primary cell wall is not covered by secondary cell wall. Gives a porous surface to sieve elements. Includes bordered pits. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the compouond middle lamella that traverses a pit. Permits intercellular transport of water and soluble materials. |
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Term
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Definition
Medulla
The tissue in the centre of the stem, surrounded by the cambium. Parenchyma cells; ground tissue of the stem. The internodes may be crushed with prominent intercellular spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A zone of the SAM where cells divide frequently. |
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Term
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Definition
Phytotomy
Involves preparation of tissues, observing, and describing the internal structures of plant organs. Linked to survival of the plant. Deals with the internal structure of the plant body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves observing and describing the external structures of a plant. Deals with whole plants, or intact organs. Linked to survival of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
Plasmalemma
Found in both plant and animal cells. May be stained with FM 4- 64. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercellular cytoplasmic channels that traverse cell walls. 30 - 50 nm thick. Spaces in the primary cell wall formed from site where strands of endoplasmic reticulum became trapped in the developing cell plate after mitosis. Allow for symplastic transport. May be distributed in primary cell walls uniformly or aggregated. Depending on cell type, may be found in thickened parts of the wlal, or in walls of farily uniform thickness. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a plant cell has lost water, and the protoplast shrinks. Hechtian strands connect the protoplast to the cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| A property of the primary cell wall. Becomes permanently deformed when subjected to change in shape or size. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defining characteristic of plant cells. Also found in bacterial cells, but not in animal cells. Plant plastids have two membranes. Organelles with various shapes, often relating to function and maturity of the cell, including chloroplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts, chromoplasts, and statoliths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having more than one shape. Chloroplasts are pleomorphic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restricted in the number of cell types that it can produce; usually region or mother tissue specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| Appears as airy diffraction patterns or airy disks. Dissolve to form the image. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has poisonous sap in stinging hairs, which gives a burning sensation. In the same family as cashew nut and mangoes. People who have sensitivity to poison ivy often also have allergic sensitivity to mango and cashew. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Appear as thin threads. May have callose plugs. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The first step of botanical microtechnique. Includes whole mounts, maceration, and sections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drives movement in the phloem. Dissolved photosynthates move passively along gradients of pressure and water potential. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first visible cell wall layer to develop. Composed of a continuously interconnected fortifying system of aggregated cellulosic microfibrils. Results from simultaneous polymerization and crystallization of cellulose molecules. A dynamic, thin structure that can grow, stretch and change with the cell and its needs. It has plasticity, elasticity, and tensile strength. 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectin, 5% protein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces primary tissues, and relates to the development of a plant as a whole. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Meristems with initials that are direct descendants of embryonic cells. Produced by apical meristems. Form the basic structure of the plant: the primary tissues. Includes protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary tissue of the vascular system. Produced by the procambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The outermost layer is the epidermis. However, secondary tissue may be added on top of the epidermis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced by the primary meristem. Includes the epidermis, ground tissue, primary xylem, and primary phloem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary tissue of the vascular system. Produced by the procambium. Includes protoxylem and metaxylem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary meristem. A thin layer in the embryo and SAM. Forms primary xylem and primary phloem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partly differentiated, but meristematic cells. Found in the central zone of the SAM, dividing infrequently; analogous to the quiescent centre. Includes the protoderm, procambium, and ground meristems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A vital stain used to stain nuclei. Excluded by living cells. Only enters dead cells, and can be used to indicate which cells are dead and which are living. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A primary meristem. The first epidermal cells, found in the plant embryo. Produces the epidermis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the plant cell within the plasma membrane. The entire living plant cell, without the cell wall. When separated from the cell wall, it takes the shape of a sphere. The protoplast swells to fill the shape of the cell wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primary xylem that develops before the metaxylem, usually before and during elongation of the axis. Forms narrower vessels and tracheids. Tracheids are generally smaller in diameter than metaxylem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of a root apex, where cell division is relatively infrequent. |
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Term
| Radial longitudinal section |
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Definition
| A section made parallel to the longitudinal axis, and through the radius of a plant organ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The theoretical limit of resolution at a given wavelength of light. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to resolve detail, distinguishing between two points in an image. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a mitochondrion's energy is too high or too low. It can fuse with another mitochondrion to re-establish an energy gradient. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fluorescent probe used to stain mitochondria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in both plant and animal cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Was a chair of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. Was a teacher and an observer. First saw cells of cork tissue, and they reminded him of small cramped quarters, so he called them "cells". |
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Term
| Root apical meristem (RAM) |
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Definition
| The most active part of a seedling. If it cannot grow downwards, it will circle until it overcomes obstacles. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Development includes cell specification, bulge formation, and extension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain middle lamella. |
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Term
|
Definition
Ficus religiosa
The leaves of this tree turn white, and leave hard tissue behind, forming a "skeletonized" leaf. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain lignified cell walls. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in halophytes. Regulates salt content of shoots. Have a large bladder containing a vacuole into which ions are secreted. |
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|
Term
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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Definition
| A microscope which uses electrons instead of light. Produces greyscale images. Creates a vacuum in the chamber; plant tissues can become dried out. |
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Term
|
Definition
Stone cells
Sclerenchyma cells that are thick, shorter than fibres, and variable in shape. Secondary cell wall is thick. May be living or dead when functional. Located throughout the plant. Provide mechanical support and protection. Includes astrosclereids, brachysclereids, macrosclereids, osteosclereids, and trichosclereids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell type of ground tissue. Located in all plant organs. Provide mechanical support. Have a secondary cell wall, which is lignified and pitted. Narrow and elongated cells. Normally dead at maturity. Includes fibres and sclereids. |
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|
Term
| Secondary cell wall (SCW) |
|
Definition
| Forms on the inside of the primary cell wall, after the cell stops growing. Stronger than primary cell wall. Some cells have multiple secondary cell wall layers, each with distinct characteristics. Usually develop in structural cells, and cells which transport water or sugars. Contributes to wood. It consists of cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, hemicellulose, and lignin. Secondary cell wall thickenings may be annular, annular/helical, double helical opposite curl or same curl, or pitted. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Additional growth that thickens the stem and root. Involves activity of the vascular cambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Meristems with initials that originated from cells that had differentiated and then resumed meristematic activity. Add tissues to the plant body after the primary meristem. Includes cork cambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Xylem which develops after the metaxylem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A way to prepare tissues. Used for complex, massive tissues. May be sectioned by hand using razor blades, or using embedded materials such as paraffin and a microtome, or freezing and a cryotome. Sections for ultrastructure use resin embedding. Includes transverse, radial longitudinal, tangential, and paradermal section. Can also include optical sectioning. |
|
|
Term
| Shoot apical meristem (SAM) |
|
Definition
| The apical meristem at the apex of the stem. A collection of stem cells just above the youngest leaf primordium. All primary tissues in the stem arise from the SAM. Can have tunica-corpus organization prior to flowering. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Areas at the ends of sieve cells where pits are concentrated. Walls with pores of variable diameter, through which protoplasts of vertically or laterally adjoining sieve elements are connected. Found in sieve elements. Sieve cell sare adjoined to each other at their sieve areas. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell type of phloem tissue, found only in gymnosperms. A sieve element. Elongated and tapering in shape. Has primary cell wall in most species with pitted sieve areas, and callose often associated with walls and pores. Living at maturity. Lacks or has remnants of a nucleus at maturity. Lacks distinction between vacuole and cytoplasm; contains large amounts of tubular endoplasmic reticulum. Lacks P-protein. Functions in long distance transport of photosynthates and molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to photosynthate-conducting cells and their modified parenchyma cells of the phloem. Lined with callose, which decreases when the phloem is active, re-establishing protoplast continuity. Vary in thickness, but are thicker than parenchyma. In fresh sections they appear nacreous. Connected by sieve areas or sieve plates. Includes sieve cells, albuminous cells, sieve-tube elements, and companion cells. |
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|
Term
| Sieve element protoplast (SEP) |
|
Definition
| Has sequential changes during development; nuclear degeneration, stacking of endoplasmic reticulum, protein and enzyme accumulation, and disappearance of dictysomes and ribosomes. Starch and protein-accumulating plastids and mitochondria remain. Plasma membrane persists, but the tonoplast breaks down. Forms P-protein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Areas at the ends of sieve-tube elements where there are noticeably larger pores than on radial or tangential walls. The dividing barriers between sieve tube elements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several sieve-tube elements in a vertical series. A photosynthate-conduction pipe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sieve tube member
A cell type of phloem tissue, found only in angiosperms. A sieve element. Elongated shape. Has primary cell wall with sieve areas on lateral walls and sieve plates on end walls. Callose is often associated with walls and pores. Living at maturity. Lacks or has remnants of a nucleus at maturity. Contains P-protein, except for some monocots. Line up to form the sieve tube. Functions in long distance transport of photosynthates and signalling molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue which requires sugars. Companion cells unload sugar from the phloem. In the summer storage organs such as roots are sink tissues, and in the spring growing leaf buds are sink tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A family of plants which have chemicals harmful to insects, produced in glandular trichomes. Includes tobacco, jimsonweed, and potatoes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any cell can be a sink or a soruce, depending on the relative sugar concentration. Even individual chloroplasts within a cell can be sources or sinks, due to unequal light incidence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue which produces sugars. Companion cells load sugar into the phloem. In the summer leaves are source tissues, and in the spring storage organs such as roots are source tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smallest surface area among all surfaces enclosing a given volume. A protoplast without a cell wall takes on the shape of a sphere because surface tension minimizes surface area. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Increases contrast, and can label specific components. Unlike a dye, it is temporary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide. 30% of sugar produced by a plant is converted into starch. Includes transient starch and storage starch. May be stained with iodine-potassium iodide. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inner layer of the cortex that is high in starch. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plastid found at the tip of roots. Govern direction of growth by sensing gravity. Found in statocyte cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The central part of the root of vascular plants. A rigid structure enclosed by endodermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for the structure and physiological support of above-ground organs including leaves, flowers, and fruits. Contain structural ground tissues that add girth and strength, as well as vascular tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism. Emergences of epidermal and sub-epidermal layers. Consists of a spherical tip, a neck, a shaft, and a base containing poisonous fluid. The tip gets broken off, and the broken neck acts as a needle that injects poison into the animal. Found on poison ivy and stinging nettle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has stinging hairs, and pink flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
"Mouth"
The pore between two guard cells, through which gas exchange occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two guard cells and the stoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A depression in the epidermis where stomatal complexes may be found. Protected by hairs. Common in plants in dry areas. Found on oleander leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of stomatal spacing can change in response to environmental conditions. Controlled by signalling. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formation of epicuticular wax found in some xerophytes and succulents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starch that is stored in tubers, or other storage organs. The plant may store energy in the form of starch for winter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stroma filled tubules that emerge from plastids, including chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the cell wall. Insoluble lipid polymers. A waxy, waterproof substance that forms a protective surface matrix in which waxes are embedded to prevent loss of water. A major component of secondary protective tissues such as cork and endodermis. Restricts apoplastic water movement. May be stained with berberine hemisulphate or Sudan red. Found in the Casparian strip. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spongy, fat, turgid tissue with juicy flesh. Macerations are used to visualize succulent structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain cuticle. Stain lipids red or orange-red. Suberin and the cuticle stain orange-red. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain used to stain suberinized cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A botanical stain which stains lipids red or orange-red. |
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Term
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Definition
| A natural antifreeze; lowers the freezing point of water. Sugary water is present in the xylem of trees during the winter, to protect against the cold. Sugar always travels down its concentration gradient in the phloem, from source to sink. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant with sticky colleters it uses to catch insects. The droplets look radiant in the sun. Includes Drosera rotundifolia and D. anglica. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect within the surface layer of a liquid which causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet. |
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Term
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Definition
"Inside plasma"
Transport of water and solutes from cell to cell through plasmodesmata and protoplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
SYTO 13/25
A nucleic acid stain used to stain the nucleus. This type of dye can be expensive, but it produces many colours. |
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Term
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Definition
| A longitudinal section made at a right angle to the radius of a plant organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new cell wall forms at the former metaphase plate, aided by the phragmoplast. |
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Term
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Definition
| A property of the primary cell wall. The force require to pull something to the point where it breaks. Has practical implications, and is important for woody or climbing plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sac-like structure that is flat and has pigment, or is flat and close to the ground. Whole mounts may be used to visualize thallic structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides a record of cellular activities during development. Extends anatomical studies to an understanding of plant development. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of growth in epidermal cells. Produces collet and root hairs. Growth from one point on the surface of the cell, forming a hair. In some cells hairs can be forked. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of multiple cell types. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general basic stain, water soluble, which is metachromatic. Produces different colours depending on the binding site in the tissue, and pH of the solution. Unmodified cell walls stains purple. Pectin stains pink to reddish purple. Lignin stains blue to green. At high pH nuclei stain green-blue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates a 3D image by putting together several layers of scans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane of the large vacuole. May be stained with FM 4-64. |
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Term
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Definition
"Total potential"
Having the ability to produce the entire spectrum of cell types, even a complete plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water-conducting cells of the xylem. Elongated, thick-walled and lignified, dead at maturity. Can have pitted or helical secondary cell walls. Able to withstand functional tensions to aid in cohesion-tension theory of water movement. Includes tracheids and vessel members. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell type of xylem tissue. Found in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants, and some angiosperms. A tracheary element. Elongated and tapering in shape, pointed at both ends. Has primary and secondary cell wall, lignified with pits, but not perforations. Lack end walls, and are arranged for staggered sideways water transfer. Water passes through pit membranes. Similar-looking to fibres. Tracheids of conifers usually have bordered pits with a porous margo and thickened torus in the pit membrane, important for isolating air embolisms. Dead when functional. Function in water conduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differentiation of a plant cell without division. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that are wall ingrowths of some companion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starch that is made throughout the day. There is more transient starch in a plant in the daytime than there is at nighttime. |
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Term
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
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Definition
| A microscope with which you can see the inner structures of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light from below which the specimen blocks or allows through. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaporative loss of water through stomata. Drives transpirational pull. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the main forces that drives water movement in the xylem. Results from transpiration of water from leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
Cross section
A section made at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of a plant organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell which gives rise to a root hair. Rows alternate between trichoblasts and atrichoblasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hair on an aerial part of the plant. Produced by diffuse growth of epidermal cells. A single leaf may have trichomes at different stages of development. Protect the plant from insects. In Arabidopsis, trichomes are single-celled and three-pronged. Incldues glandular trichomes and peltate trichomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branched sclereid with slender hair-like projections into intercellular spaces, some reaching several milimeters in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vital stain excluded by living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two outer layers of the SAM. Divide anticlinally, maintaining the surface area of the SAM as the stem elongates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Induced outgrowths from paratracheal parenchyma cells. Block xylem vessels as a step in wound healing. Parenchyma cells that invade the lumen of tracheary elements through a pit. A special wall layer is placed on teh side of the parenchyma cell, forming the tylose. Occurs when the plant is wounded or has a fungal infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from the word for "expand". At university you do not just learn, you expand existing knowledge and produce new content. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is harmful to living cells, but can be used on dead cells when doing fluorescence microscopy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defining characteristic of plant cells. Very rarely found in animal cells. Highly variable in size, shape, and function. A large vesicle that can fill over 95% of plant cell volume, surrounded by the tonoplast. Filled with metabolites and other substances. Can occur in patches of membrane and tubules in living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A valley in the Himalayas. In May and June, there are so many flowers that they cover the hills; there is a high level of plant diversity. Shows that vascular plants can live high above sea level. |
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Term
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Definition
Fascicle
Discrete strands of phloem and xylem, located in shoot organs. Sheathed by one or more layers of bundle sheath cells made of parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma. Types of vascular bundles include collateral, bicollateral, amphicribal, and amphivasal. |
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Term
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Definition
Higher plants
Plants that have a vascular system. The vascular system allows them to rise above the water level and live on land. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of cells and tissues dedicated to transporting water and dissolved minerals. Vascular differentiation starts in the embryo. New vasculature develops continuously from derivatives of meristems as the plant grows. Tissues include phloem and xylem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multiseriate layer of the epidermis of aerophyte orchids. Allows aerial roots to absorb water from the air or rain. The tips of roots may be green. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vessel member cells in a vertical series. More efficient water conduits than tracheids. End walls are perforate. The wider and longer a vessel is, the higher its hydraulic conductivity. Water columns are susceptible to cavitation and embolisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Vessel element
A cell type of xylem tissue. Found only in angiosperms. A tracheary element. Elongated in shape, but shorter and wider than a tracheid. Constitute a vessel. Has primary and secondary cell wall, lignified with pits and perforations, and a perforation plate on end walls. Has longitudinal files connected through pores; forming chains of cells. Dead when functional. Functions in water conduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light between the wavelengths 400 nm and 700 nm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stain used on living cells. Must be able to permeate the living cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A colony of algae that forms a sphere. New volvox colonies form inside and are released when the parent colony breaks apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sticking together of water molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wavelength of light used to visualize a specimen is a major factor in the degree of resolution of the microscope. Shorter wavelengths can resolve details to a greater degree than longer wavelengths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesized from elongation and modification of fatty acids. Hydrophobic. Some waxes are deposited as continuous films or crusts, others as filaments, ribbons, dendritic structures, and platelets. Includes epicuticular wax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to prepare tissues. Used for unicellular, filamentous, or thalloid forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Xylem of trees. It can last for centuries; there are very old buildings made of wood, and some trees are up to 1,500 years old. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mechanism by which differentiated plant cells can be made into meristems. |
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Term
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Definition
"Wood"
A tissue of the vascular system. Transports water throughout the plant, according to cohesion-tension theory. Cells have thin primary cell walls and thick, lignified secondary cell walls, making tissue hydrophilic and mechanically strong. Except for parenchyma, cells are dead when functioning, lacking protoplasts. Cell types include tracheids, vessel members, fibres, and parenchyma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Zones form in the tip of growing root hairs. Tip growth is occurring here. There is a clear zone, a vesicle rich zone, in an apical region and subapical region. |
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