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Plant Anatomy Exam 1
Plant Anatomy Exam 1 UWSP
68
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 4
02/13/2011

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Term
Vascular Cambium
Definition
A one cell thick layer of meristematic cells, forms secondary xylem inward and secondary phloem outward.
Term
Primary Growth
Definition
Lengthens shoots and roots by the activity of apical meristems.
Term
Apical Meristem
Definition
Consists of meristems, or unspecialized dividing cells. Functions in primary growth.
Term
Lateral Meristem
Definition
Consists of meristems, or unspecialized dividing cells. Functions in secondary growth.
Term
Sclerenchyma cell
Definition
Have thick lignified secondary walls and function as the primary supporting elements of a plant. Lose their protoplasms and are dead at maturity. Contain fibers and sclereid cells.
Term
Parenchyma Cell
Definition
Most abundant least specialized cells, perform most metabolic functions, have thin primary walls, and no secondary walls. Can differentiate into other types of cells.
Term
Vessel Element
Definition
One of the cell types found in the xylem. Constitute the main water transport systems of the plant. Are dead at maturity but the lignified cell wall still exists.
Term
Collenchyma cell
Definition
Have unevenly thickened primary walls, occur in strands and cylinders, elongate as stems and leaves grow. Support young plants without restraining their growth. Maintain their protoplasms.
Term
Cork Cambium
Definition
Makes cork to protect the stem from surface damage and infection.
Term
Ground Tissue System
Definition
Consists of 3 types- Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma, and Collenchyma.
Term
Seive-tube element
Definition
Are a type of elongated parenchyma cells found in the phloem. Their primary function is to transport food up and down the plant. Are alive at maturity. Are each associated with a companion cell. Are a type of Parenchyma.
Term
Dermal Tissue System
Definition
Outer covering functions in protection.
Term
Secondary Growth
Definition
Thickens shoots and roots by the activity of the lateral meristems.
Term
Vascular Tissue System
Definition
Includes xylem and phloem. Involved in the transportation of food, water and minerals.
Term
Tracheid
Definition
One kind of cell type found in the xylem. Similar to vessel elements, transport water and minerals, and are dead at maturity. Also provide some structural support.
Term
Monocot
Definition
One Cotyledon, leaf veins parallel, vascular bundles in complex arrangement, floral parts in multiples of 3, fibrous root system. Orchids, palms, bamboos, most grain producing crops.
Term
Stroma
Definition
A homogenous (liquid) matrix found in the plastid.
Term
Tubular Chromoplast
Definition
Common in red fruits and petals. Carotenoid pigments are incorporated into filamentous tubules.
Term
Thylakoid
Definition
An internal membrane system found in the plastid surrounded by stroma. Many thylakoids form granum. Main site for photosynthetic light reactions.
Term
Plastid
Definition
The site of manufacturing and storage of starch and other important compounds important to the cell. Primary cells for photosynthesis. May have evolved by endosymbiosis. Three main type, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts. Are found in mesophyll cells.
Term
Membranous Chromoplast
Definition
Occurs in petals. Is characterized by concentric carotenoid containing membranes.
Term
Granum
Definition
Stacks of disk like thylakoids.
Term
Chromoplast
Definition
Are pigmented plastids. Lack chlorophyll but have carotenoid pigments. Are responsible for coors. Four main types: Globular, Membranous, Tubular and Crystalline.
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Occur in green plant parts, especially in leaves. Are found in mesophyll cells. The number of chloroplasts in a single mesophyll cell varies but is usually between 50-150.
Term
Leucoplast
Definition
Are nonpigmented plastids. Act as storage. Three main types, Amyloplasts, Proteinoplast, and Elaioplast.
Term
Crystalline Chromoplast
Definition
In Carrots and Tomatos. Contain crystalline inclusions of pure carotene.
Term
Amyloplast
Definition
Store starch grains. 2 types - simple and compound. A branched molecule which is less soluble in water than amylose.
Term
Proteinoplast
Definition
Contain Proteins.
Term
Elaioplast
Definition
Store Fats.
Term
Globular Chromoplast
Definition
Common in petals and yellow fruits. Carotenoid-bearing components are globular and in the peripheral stroma.
Term
Anthocyanins
Definition
Sites of pigment deposition. Are water soluble and are responsible for the colors of many fruits and flowers. Are also involved in the breakdown of macromolecules and the recycling of components within the cell, such as in leaves in autumn. Found throughout the plant but concentrated around the epidermis.
Term
Starch Grain
Definition
Formed in chloroplasts (during the day), than broken down into sugars (at night) which are than transported to storage cells. Broken down to glucose or fructose during ripening.
Term
Ergastic Substance
Definition
Are compounds stored by plant cells such as storage products or waste. Include starch proteins oils tannins and crystals. Occur in several organelles. May appear, disappear and reappear at different times. Form visible structures.
Term
Aleurone Grain
Definition
Are common in fruits and seeds. Form the outermost endosperm layer in some cereals. Store proteins. Initially break up to small vacuoles which in turn are converted into protein bodies. When digested the small vacuoles may fuse to form a large one.
Term
Amyloplast
Definition
A type of starch grain. A branched molecule which is less soluble in water than amylose.
Term
Tannin
Definition
Function primarily as protection of unripened fruits and other plant tissue. They are broken down during ripening to glucose or fructose.
Term
Half-Bordered Pit-Pair
Definition
The combination of simple pit and bordered pit.
Term
Simple Pit
Definition
A pit without a border, in parenchyma, fibers, and sclereids.
Term
Calcium Oxalate Crystal
Definition
Usually develop in vacuoles but are also found in the cell wall and cuticle.
Term
Hemicellulose
Definition
Are a group of polysaccharides that hold cellulose microfibrils together by forming hydrogen bonds. Are found in the primary wall.
Term
Bordered Pit
Definition
A pit possessing an extension of secondary cell wall, or border, overarching the pit cavity.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
The principle component of plant walls. Are grouped into microfibrils, which are grouped into macrofibrils which compose the three layered secondary wall.
Term
Pectin
Definition
Are chemically diverse polysaccharides, are found in the primary wall.
Term
Primary Cell Wall
Definition
The wall formed first. Has randomly oriented microfibrils.
Term
Primary Pit-field
Definition
Depressions in primary cell walls. Contain Plasmodesmata.
Term
Microfibril
Definition
Comprised of cellulose molecules grouping together.
Term
Aerenchyma
Definition
A type of structural parenchyma which form large intercellular spaces important in aerating plants, particularly in waterlogged soils or aquatic habitats.
Term
Boundary Parenchyma
Definition
Form of the epidermis covering the primary plant body. Separates the internal tissue from the external environment. Also form the Endodermis which occurs between the cortex and the vascular tissue.
Term
Storage Parenchyma
Definition
The primary tissue involved in storing nutrients such as starch, proteins, and oils.
Term
Transport Parenchyma
Definition
Is the tissue involved in efficient nutrient transports. Contains transfer cells which make short distance nutrient transfer efficient.
Term
Secretory Parenchyma
Definition
Have dense protoplasts, and are rich in organelles related to synthesis of secreted substances such as gels.
Term
Angular Collenchyma
Definition
Wall thickenings are localized in the corners of the cell.
Term
Lamellar Collenchyma
Definition
Wall thickening occurs to the inner and outer tangential walls.
Term
Annular Collenchyma
Definition
Has relatively uniformly thickened walls. Common in stems of Labiatae and Umbelliferae and in the petioles of Araliaceae and Magnoliaceae.
Term
Chlorenchyma
Definition
Parenchyma leaves found in the mesophyll of leaves. Have chloroplasts.
Term
Lacunar Collenchyma
Definition
A modified form of angular collenchyma. Intercellular spaces are present and the wall thickenings are most pronounced adjacent to the intercellular spaces. Common in Asteraceae species.
Term
Brachysclereid
Definition
Usually isodiametric or a litle elongated in shape. Example: Stone cells (very hard).
Term
Osteosclereid
Definition
Bone Cells. Columnar with enlarged ends.
Term
Asterosclereid
Definition
Star cells. Have arms or lobes diverging from a central body. Thick cell walls.
Term
Trichosclereid
Definition
Internal hair-like sclereids with thin cell walls.
Term
Filiform Sclereid
Definition
Long slender cells resembling fibers.
Term
Intrusive growth
Definition
The branches may invade the intercellular spaces and/or force their ways between the walls of other cells.
Term
Soft Fiber
Definition
Phloem fibers of dicots. Examples: Hemp, Jute, Flax, Ramie.
Term
Hard Fiber
Definition
The fibers of monocots (usually from leaves). Examples: Manila hemp, Bowstring hemp, Sisal.
Term
Macrosclereid
Definition
Rod Cells. Elongated or columnar in shape.
Term
Extraxylary fibers
Definition
Include phloem fibers of the dicots and the fibers of the monocots.
Term
Coordinated Growth
Definition
The main body of a developing sclereid may grow at the same rate with it's neighboring cells.
Term
Scarophye
Definition
A type of Parenchyma that has secondary walls. Occurs between Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma.
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