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Plant Anatomy 331 Exam 2
Plant Anatomy 331 Exam 2 UWSP
58
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 4
03/14/2011

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Term
Apical Cell
Definition
Occur in the shoot apex. Usually pyramidal in shape. Usually is only one. Usually divide periclinally (parallel to the surface).
Term
Transitional Zone
Definition
The zone directly underneath the central mother zone, and above the rib meristem or pith.
Term
Dermatocalyptrogen
Definition
The common tier of the epidermis and the root cap.
Term
Central Mother Cell Zone
Definition
Large cells that divide in multiple directions to for the rib meristem.
Term
Peripheral Zone
Definition
Forms a short cylinder surrounding the rib meristem. Cells divide in all directions.
Term
Rib Meristem
Definition
The type of corpus directly below the central zone. Enlarges in volume and can form pith.
Term
Open Apical Meristem
Definition
Consists of a group of initials. No boundary with reference to the derivative regions.
Term
Tunica-corpus Theory
Definition
Two regions: Tunica and Corpus. They can be distinguished by their planes of division.
Term
Corpus
Definition
Contains the transitional zone. Less homogeneous than the tunica. Number of cell layers may not be constant. Devides in all directions, enlarges in volume.
Term
Tunica
Definition
Includes a single or multiple outermost layers of cells. Surrounds the corpus. Mostly anticlinal cell division.
Term
Quiescent Center
Definition
Is the region where cell division occurs infrequently. Size is variable but is hemispherical in shape and may contain 500-1000 cells. Excludes the initials for the root cap.
Term
Calyptrogen
Definition
The single tier forming the root cap is called the calyptrogen.
Term
Closed Apical Meristem
Definition
Contain 3 tiers. One at the apex of the central cylinder, one at the cortex tissue, and one directly beneath the rootcap. Become descrete immediately adjacent to the central cells.
Term
Epicuticular Wax
Definition
Covers the cuticle and is used to reduce water loss. Synthesized in the epidermal cells.
Term
Guard Cell
Definition
Surround the stoma. Open and close the stoma by increasing water potential and absorbing/losing water from/to the subsidiary cells surrounding the guard cells. Have chloroplasts.
Term
Multiple Epidermis
Definition
Has multiple cell layers. Covers the plant body protecting it from the external environment. Rare.
Term
Subsidiary Cell
Definition
Surround the guard cells. Lack chloroplasts. Aid in the opening and closing of the stoma.
Term
Trichomes
Definition
2 major types: glandular and non glandular. May function in insulation, salt removal, and defense.
Term
Cuticle
Definition
Occurs as a seperate layer on the outer surface of the epidermis.
Term
Silica Cell
Definition
Are filled with silica bodies that make the cell very hard.
Term
Mesogenous
Definition
Have a common origin with the guard cells.
Term
Cork Cell
Definition
Occur in pairs with silica cells and alternate with elongated epidermal cells. Secondary tissue formed by the cork cambium. Forms outer part of the periderm. Suberized cork cells are air and water proof. Reduce water loss and protect the plant.
Term
Guard Mother Cell
Definition
Devides to form the two guard cells.
Term
Perigenous
Definition
Do not have a common origin with the guard cells.
Term
Mesoperigenous
Definition
Partly related ontogenetically with the guard cells.
Term
Stomatal Meristemoid
Definition
Forms the guard mother cell.
Term
Scalariform pitting
Definition
Elongated perforations arranged in a parallel, ladder-like, series
Term
Axial Parenchyma Cells
Definition
Food storage and transport of various substances axially.
Term
Tracheary Elements
Definition
2 types: Vessel Elements and Tracheids
Term
Vessel element
Definition
Are elongated cells with lignified secondary walls and are dead at maturity. Have both pit pairs and perforations through which vessel elements are longitudinally connected, allowing water to move vertically as well as laterally. Are joined end on end to form vessels.
Term
Tylose
Definition
Outgrowths on parenchyma cells of the xylem. Respond to stressors like drought and infection to block up the tissues to prevent the spread of further damages.
Term
Perforation Plate
Definition
Simple and Multiple perforation plates. Allow water transport through the vessel elements in the xylem.
Term
Tracheid
Definition
Are elongated cells with lignified secondary walls and are dead at maturity. Function in water transport. Only can transport water laterally (sideways) through bordered pit pairs in their common walls. Do not have perforation plates on the ends.
Term
Libriform Fibers
Definition
Has only simple pits. Is longer and has thicker walls than fiber-tracheids.
Term
Alternate Pitting
Definition
Crowded pits in diagonal rows.
Term
Fiber-tracheids
Definition
Is the intergradation between libriform fiber and tracheid. Has bordered pits with cavities smaller than those in tracheids or vessels. Act as support and storage of reserve materials when they turn into septate fibers.
Term
Ray Parenchyma Cells
Definition
Act in food storage and translocation of various substances radially.
Term
Opposite Pitting
Definition
Circular or Oval pits in horizontal pairs or short horizontal rows.
Term
Sieve area
Definition
The pores in the sieve element walls. Pores vary in size even on different walls of a same cell. Usually the largest pores occur on the end of the sieve plates.
Term
Sieve tube
Definition
Sieve plates on the end walls connect sieve tube elements into a longitudinal series forming sieve tubes.
Term
Callose
Definition
When sieve elements are dormant or die sieve pores are sealed by callose. Callose accumulates to restrict the interconnection through the pore as the sieve element ages. Respond to stress such as the spread of pathogens.
Term
Sieve Cell
Definition
Less specialized. Do not have sieve plates.
Term
Companion Cell
Definition
Carry out all of the cellular functions of the neighboring sieve tube elements.
Term
Sieve tube element
Definition
Have sieve plates which allow for a higher degree of specialization for longitudinal conduction than sieve cells. Many sieve tube elements form a sieve tube. Lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and a vacoule, but these are stored in the neighboring companion cells.
Term
Compound sieve plate
Definition
Have multiple sieve areas in a sieve plate.
Term
Sieve element
Definition
2 types of sieve elements: sieve cells and sieve tube elements. Sieve elements are interconnected by pores, have highly modified protoplasts, have restricted metabolic activities and have thick walls with cellulose and pectin but no lignin.
Term
Sieve plate
Definition
Highly specialized sieve areas on the end walls that provide a more complete interconnection between the sieve tube elements due to their larger pores. Have less sieve areas.
Term
Protoxylem
Definition
The first part of the primary xylem to develop. Can be found towards the center of the stem or root. Usually become stretched or destroyed with age in shoots. Can form collapsed protoxylem.
Term
Pitted tracheary element
Definition
Form the latest after the maturation of the metaxylem. Act as the primary transport cells in most plants.
Term
Metaxylem
Definition
The primary xylem formed later. Matures after the elongation of the surrounding tissues is completed. Usually contain intact tracheary elements, fibers and parenchyma cells. Remain functional until secondary growth.
Term
Reticulate Thickening
Definition
Found in metaxylem and secondary xylem due to the fact that they do not allow much elongation after maturation.
Term
Protophloem
Definition
Matures when the plant is elongating. Fibers occur on the periphery of the phloem. The sieve elements of the protophloem later become nonfunctional and than they may be obliterated.
Term
Metaphloem
Definition
Matures when the primary growth is completed. Have large more distinct sieve elements. Functions longer than protophloem and are the only conducting phloem in plants without secondary growth.
Term
Helical Thickening
Definition
Occur in the tracheary elements. Occur after annular thickenings occur. Allow elongation after maturation. Can be found in the metaxylem.
Term
Sclariform Thickening
Definition
Occur in metaxylem and secondary xylem due to the fact that they do not allow much elongation after maturation. Succeeded by Reticulate Thickenings.
Term
Annular Thickenings
Definition
Secondary walls may occur as rings in the earliest tracheary elements. Allow elongation after maturation.
Term
Primary Xylem
Definition
Are located throughout the plant body. Do not contain ray parenchyma. Contains protoxylem and metaxylem. Collapse after secondary xylem form.
Term
Secondary Xylem
Definition
Forms during secondary growth from the vascular cambium. First produces small cells.
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