Term
| Major layers of the Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral and chemical composition of the crust and mantle |
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Definition
Mantle: mafic minerals(peridotite-olivine), Magnesium(Mg) & Iron (Fe)
Crust: Mafic minerals (basalts & gabbrons - olivine & pyoxene), silicon (Si) & oxygen (O) |
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Term
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Definition
N = natural
S = solids
C = crystal (shape)
L = lattize (atomic structure of the minteral)
I = inorganic |
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Term
| The three different types of bonds that were discussed in class |
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Definition
| Iconic bonds: opposites attract, lose or gain electrons to become stable Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons Metallic bonds: negatives + positives, jump like jellybeans |
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Term
| Silicate minerals: why is something classified as a silicate mineral? |
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Definition
Based on SiO4 (silicon tetrahedron), based on covalent bonding (sharing of electrons).
(All 4 oxygens in the silica tetrahedron are shared) |
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Term
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Definition
Felsic mineral.
Bi-pyramidal Hexagon: has 6 sides and pyramids at the end of both sides |
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Term
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Definition
Independent tetrahedrons
Small green crystals |
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Term
| What are the two types of tetrahedron configurations we focused on? |
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Definition
Independent tetrahedron
Silica tetrahedron |
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Term
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Definition
| All rocks have a formation history and a destruction history. |
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Term
| Types/examples of weathering |
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Definition
| The breakdown of preexisting rock. Physical (erosion & gravity), chemical weathering (avalanches & acid rain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary |
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Term
| What are the differences between rocks and minerals? |
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Definition
| A rock is an aggregate of minerals. (Minerals are a natural crystalline solid with a specific chemical composition, rocks are more than one minerals formed together through one of the formation histories (igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary). |
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Term
| Formational history of sandstone and granite |
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Definition
Sandstone: weathering from wind/water, creates cement - cohesive and glued together
Granite: weathering from the cooling of molten lava, became dense and hard. |
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Term
| Composition of sandstone and granite |
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Definition
Sandstone: quartz & feldspar
Granite: quartz, mica, & feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock that has cooled below the surface od the earth (ex. granite) |
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Term
| What types of plate settings are associated with volcanism |
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Definition
Intra-plate igneous activity (in the middle or within a plate)
Subduction yields a volcanic arc
Melting occurs beneath a continental rift(continental & oceanic settings) |
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Term
| Architectural parts of a volcano |
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Definition
Vents(flank vents): network of pipes that bring molten rock to the surface, and extrudes onto the surface as magma
Flanks: steep sides of the mountainous area
Summit: (central, main vent) very wide, carries a lot of molten rock up to the surface during eruption, extrudes at the peak of the volcano which is called the summit
Crater: wide circular opening in which the main summit vent extrudes
All volcanoes have these 4 parts. |
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Term
| Fractional crystallization |
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Definition
| fraction of soldification that goes on in the magma chamber (taking a fraction of molten rock and crystallizing it over time) |
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Term
| What are two mafic and two felsic minerals we discussed? |
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Definition
Mafic: olivine, pyroxene (basalts)
felsic: quartz, feldspar |
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Term
| How are these minerals relatable to Bowen's reaction series? |
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Definition
| Bowen Reaction Series: consequence of fractional crystallization predicts what kind of rocks and crystals will form over time (mafic forms before felsic) |
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Term
| How are these minerals relatable to volcanoes? |
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Definition
| You can access how explosive a volcano will be based on its chemistry |
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Term
| What are the different volcanoes we discussed? |
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Definition
| Shield volcanoes. Strato-type volcanoes(Lava domes). |
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Term
| What makes these volcanoes different? |
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Definition
They have a unique set of characteristics that make them different.
Shield: low-lying, hot, has lava rivers
Strato: steep & cold |
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Term
| Pressure and temperature as factors of metamorphism |
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Definition
Change from one rock type to another
ex. sandstone + pressure/temp = quartzite
limestone + pressure/temp = marble
granite + pressure/temp = gneiss |
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Term
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Definition
| "rock starting point" original rock before metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
a change in crystal shape but not in mineral type
become angular, squished |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of new minerals |
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Term
| Conglomerate & meta-conglomerate |
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Definition
Conglomerate is a series of boulders cemented together, distorted into rocks
Conglomerate + pressure = meta-conglomerate (a conglomerate rock that has under gone metamorphism) |
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Term
| Protoliths for the metamorphic rocks |
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Definition
| Sandstone, limestone, granite, claytene |
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Term
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Definition
| When hot temperatures contact rock and changes it |
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Term
| Six pathways to metamorphic rock |
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Definition
1. igneous - metamorphic
2. sedimentary - metamorphic
3. metamorphic - metamorphic
4. coeval changes in pressure & temp
5. increasing temp
6. increasing pressure |
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Term
| What are the different types of sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
| Limestone, sandstone, conglomerates, mudstones |
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Term
| How does a clastic sedimentary rock form? |
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Definition
| Form from the chemical and physical weathering of mountains (acid rain/carbonic acid) where it is very rainy, then it runs down a river that goes down the mountain that serves as a transportation/connector and temporary storage, then deposits into a body of water (ocean). |
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Term
| What are the different types of sandstones? |
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Definition
| Arcose, Lithic, Arenite, Wacke |
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Term
| What is a sedimentary basin? |
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Definition
| Areas where sedimentary rock accumulates |
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Term
| Why are they (sedimentary basins) important to society? |
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Definition
| They make some of the world's most important products such as fossil fuels. |
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Term
| What are the different fault systems that can form sedimentary basins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different parts of these faults (of sedimentary basins)? |
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Definition
| Normal: hoarse grabbon hoarse Half grabbon: foot wall, hanging wall |
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Term
| How do the fault systems and basins of East Africa differ from the American Southwest? |
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Definition
East Africa: half grabbon
American Southwest: normal |
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Term
| What types of sedimentary rocks do you find in basins? |
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Definition
Conglomerates & sandstones
Mudstones
Limestones |
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Term
| How do these sedimentary rocks different from each other? |
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Definition
Conglomerates & sandstones: high permability but low porosity (allow liquid and gas to escape)
Mudstones: high porosity and low permability (hold a lot of gas & blocks it in)
Limestones: high porosity & high permeability (bleeds oil because it holds so much) |
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Term
| What are the limitations on where in the world and when in time fossil fuels can be found? |
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Definition
Without the proper mixture of time and organics, fossil feuls cant be made
ex. Saudi Arabia has the largest
Marcellus shale: mudstone that natural gas is taken out of by fracking |
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