Term
Moral Point of View (MPofV) (1)
Four characteristics |
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Definition
1) meet publicly acknowledged retinol standards
2) satisfy conditions of universality
3) be self-critical rather than ideological
4) promote generalized empathy and respect |
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| background shapes the foreground (2) |
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| psychological capacity (often used as a defense) that allows a person to assume that an external reality embodies the same feelings, qualities, traits, beliefs, etc. that are found inside the person. |
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| bodily procedures allow us to do things automatically without reflection or conscious awareness. |
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| declarative knowledge (5) |
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| expressed consciously in symbolic form using words and signs. |
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| primarily a genetic disability with a fierce degree of sensitivity to stimulation, to where they can’t stand many typical human interactions even though they may desire them. |
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| standard person problem (11) |
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| assumes without reflection that its beliefs can accurately serve as a standard for judging everyone else’s experience as well, just because historically the group’s particular beliefs have always worked well for it. |
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| critical, self-reflective dialogue (11) |
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| to engage in critical dialogue with those who have opposing points of view, so that their own background assumptions will be evaluated at the same time that they are being used to analyze and judge all the other background assumptions that are used to attribute meaning to human experience |
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| the historical heritage of a language community that makes the world seem “always already familiar.” |
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| metaphorical extensions (16) |
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| carry meaning from one level or domain of experience to another. |
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| process of training a person to become a fit member of a social group. |
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| “process of being educated into a way of life” [anthropologists term] |
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| unconsciously internalize values that originated externally |
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| fundamental moral beliefs are treated as so sacred that ordinary citizens are prohibited from evaluating or judging them |
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| assume that the values are of the same logical type so that it is appropriate to lump them together in an “absolute bag” to be obeyed without question. |
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| there are no independent reasons that can explain and justify the values. |
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| any rule-governed relationship |
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| all the special duties (and rights) that apply to people who move into an institutional setting to take responsibility for the specific roles defined in the settings’ code. |
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| the way these settings function is determined by the shared expectations of everyone in the setting |
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| functional members develop shared intersubjective procedural expectations about how a person who performs social actions in the setting out to behave. |
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| published rules and principles that regulate the behavior of office holders within particular institutional settings |
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| Latin "other things being equal" |
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| prescribe intersubjective reasons for acting. They both explain and justify rules and actions to other members of the community |
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| exists temporarily when a tribal member enters a rite of passage that allows him or her to take on a new tribal role |
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| the perfect state of affairs that tribal members think should exist when things are what they ought to be |
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| metaphysical society (25) |
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| relies on a common system of beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality and the place of citizens in that reality |
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| groups (or tribes) with different lifestyles, metaphysical beliefs, and moral points of view are living in the same political space |
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| "post" metaphysical age (27) |
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| consensus on background moral principles has to be reached without relying on the assumption that everyone conceives of the ultimate nature of the world in the same way |
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| the space between cultures |
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| a significant number of the tribe’s members begin to challenge the legitimacy of the tribe’s basic institutions |
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| what is morally right (29) |
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| try to organize abstract concepts into rational frameworks that can provide the broad background intersubjective value contexts people will need to formulate universal justifications under conditions of pluralism |
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| a discipline that engages in self-critical, public dialogue about the adequacy of the belief systems that communities use to give meaning to their experiences |
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| normative discipline (31) |
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| not only describes the norms that serve as the foundation for various belief systems, but it also makes prescriptive judgments about the validity of the norms and belief systems |
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| a dialogical academic discipline that tries to understand in a rational, self-critical manner how we ought to resolve various kinds of value conflicts |
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| commitments we hold that make us think of some things as right and other things as wrong or some things as morally good and others as morally bad |
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| a system of shared intersubjective norms that give all members of a specific community mutually understood expectations of how they ought to treat one another |
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| written for specific groups within a society and involve the fairly concrete rues and principles needed to govern institutions and their officeholders |
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| prescribes rights and duties for everyone, no matter what their station or what community they inhabit |
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| can justify the claim that there are moral values that have universal validity |
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| standpoint that is impartial |
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| foundational principles (33) |
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| indicate which values ought to be given top priority in all our moral decisions |
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| abstract, morally binding statements ought to lead to local actions that will make concrete changes in the real world |
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| human strength or skill that helps us live like we ought to |
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| highest ideals or forms of conduct in a particular life-world |
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| those traits of character (virtues) that help moral agents function well in situations calling for moral judgment |
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| have the capacity to judge wisely in a variety of practical situations; that is, they are virtuous |
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| attempts to answer questions about the nature of a moral point of view, the nature of moral theories, the meaning of moral terms, and the types of reasons that can serve as justifications in morality |
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| philosophical ethics (38) |
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| have focused on evaluating the various arguments that are used to justify background ideals expressed in universal principles |
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| investigate how theoretically justified abstract ideals expressed in foundational principles can be applied at lower and lower concrete levels to help resolve the kinds of value conflicts that arise in local contexts |
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| justification discourse (38) |
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| intersubjective attempt to find a theoretical justification of the universal ideals prescribed in foundation principles. (ideal theory) |
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| application discourse (38) |
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| figure out how to intelligently apply background ideals to diverse concrete situations. (theory of implementation) |
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| obligation for which there is a strong but not always conclusive reason for doing whatever the obligation requires |
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| to come up with good reasons that can demonstrate that the ceteris paribus qualification does not hold in a particular situation |
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| give a moral reason why a prima facie principle that would normally govern does not have priority in a special circumstance |
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| application discourse (39) |
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| when all things are considered, which of the universally valid prima facie norms previously justified under the ceteris paribus condition seems most appropriate in “this” case right now? |
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