Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are Androgen Receptor antagonists used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 Androgen Receptor Antagonists? |
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Definition
| Flutamide and Bicalutamide |
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Term
| What are some ways endocrine drugs can be used? |
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Definition
| Repair Deficiency, Produce a supraphysiological response, Correct over secretion of hormone, or to test the responsiveness of the endocrine system |
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Term
| The hypothalamus secretes peptides to which gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do hormones released from the pituitary act? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are levels of circulating hormone controlled? |
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Definition
| Negative Feedback to the hypothalamus or Pituitary |
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Term
| What happens if someone is treated with a synthetic glucocorticoid? |
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Definition
| The endogenous CRH/ACTH/Cortisol secretion pathway is shut down |
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Term
| What are the main endocrine products of the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and Prolactin |
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Term
| What are the main endocrine products of the Hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| GRH, Somatostatin, CRN, TRH, GnRH, PIN (Dopamine), and PRH |
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Term
| What is PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone) thought to be composed of? |
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Definition
| TRH and VIP (Vasoactive Intestional Peptide) Combonation |
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Term
| What structural type of pepetide is released from the pitutary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structural type of hormone is typically produced by target organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of hormone is Insulin and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Peptide hormone produced by the Beta cells of the pancreas |
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Term
| What type of hormone is Calcitonin and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Peptide hormone produced by the C cells of the Thyroid Gland |
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Term
| What type of hormone is Somatostatin and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Peptide Hormone produced all over the body |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a peptide Hormone? |
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Definition
| Shorter Plasma Half-life, Poorly Bound to Carrier Proteins, Water Soluble |
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Term
| Where are the receptors for peptide hormones located? |
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Definition
| All Peptide receptors are on the outside of the cell |
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Term
| Are Peptide Hormones orally active or bioavailable? |
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Definition
| No they must be administered IM or Subcutaneously |
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Term
| Which peptide hormone can be administered intrnasally? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| Estradiol, Testosterone, Vitamin D, and Thyroid Hormones |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Steroid Hormones? |
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Definition
| Long Plasma Half-life, Extensively Bound to Carrier Proteins, Fat Soluble |
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Term
| Where are the receptors located for Steroid Hormones? |
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Definition
| Intracellular Receptors that act in the nucleus, Steroid Hormones easily cross the plasma membrane due to lipid solubility |
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Term
| Once a receptor is bound by a Peptide hormone is the signalling pathway slow or rapid? |
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Definition
| Rapid onset, also rapid off |
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Term
| Once a recpetor is bound by a Steroid Hormone is the signalling pathway slow or rapid? |
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Definition
| Slow onset, cause increase in transcription of specific genes |
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Term
| Are Steroid Hormones orally active? |
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Definition
| Yes, think of Oral Contraceptives |
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Term
| What are the two Single Chain Peptide Hormones? |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone and Prolactin |
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Term
| Which Hormones are Two Chain Peptide Hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the precursor molecule for ACTH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is thyrotropin homrone used pharmacologically? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Peptide hormones are used for fertility induction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for GH and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Somatotropin and the Pituitary Gland |
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Term
| What hormones control the relaese of GH from the Pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| GHRH which increases production and Somatostatin which decreases release, both are products of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| When is GH release increased? |
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Definition
| 1 hour after falling asleep and during stress |
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Term
| Why is it hard to test athletes for GH abuse? |
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Definition
| Short Half-life of only 20 minutes |
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Term
| What is the longer acting effect of GH? |
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Definition
| Increases production and release of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 in the liver |
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Term
| What are the two effects of GH and IGF-1? |
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Definition
| They stimulate the production of cartilage and skeletal muscle, while having an anti-insulin effect resulting in more utilization of fat |
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Term
| WHy would athletes abuse GH? |
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Definition
| Stimulates muscle growth while increases fat loss |
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Term
| What signalling pathway does GH utilize? |
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Definition
| Jak-Stat which activates STAT transcription factors |
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Term
| What Hormone is used to treat reduced muscle mass in Conditions like Turner's Syndrome |
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Definition
| Chronic Kidney DIsease, or Idiopathic Short Stature?,GH |
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Term
| Which hormone is used to treat muscle wasting in AIDS or Burn Patients? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Subcuatneous, peptide hormones are not orally bioavailiable |
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Term
| What are the side effects of GH? |
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Definition
| Hyperglycemia, Glucosuria, Gyneocomastia, Fluid Rentention so Swollen Feet and Increased ICP |
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Term
| Which hormone can cause gynecomastia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the hold up on GH treatment? |
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Definition
| Price, Tens of Thousands a year |
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Term
| What is a cheaper alternative to GH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MOA of Sermorelin Acetate? |
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Definition
| It is a Synthetic form of GHRH, so can stimulate functional Somatotrophs to release GH |
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Term
| When is Sermorelin Acetate not effective? |
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Definition
| When the defect is in the production of GH, but works well when the problem is release |
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Term
| What hormone is important for mammary gland development and lactation during breast feeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is prolactin production increased? |
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Definition
| During sleep, stress, pregnancy, and with suckling |
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Term
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Definition
| VIP, and Estrogen stimulate the release of?,Prolactin by the Pituitary Gland |
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Term
| What hormone prevents Prolaction production in the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| Dopamine released from the Hypothalamus |
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Term
| Is Prolactin used pharmacologically? |
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Definition
| Nope only applicable due to conditions causing Hyperprolactemia |
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Term
| What are infertile patients first screened for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone condition can cause infertility? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conditions can cause Hyperprolactinemia? |
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Definition
| Pituitary Tumor, Pregnancy, Estrogen replaemement therapy, and Oral Contraceptives that contain Estrogen |
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Term
| If dopamine is is blocked from the pituitary gland what will happen to prolactin levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drugs can block Dopamine causing Hyperprolactenemia? |
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Definition
| Phenzothiazines, Sulpride, Metoclopramide, and Haloperidol |
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Term
| Which drugs can deplete dopamine from nerve terminals causing hyperporlactenimia? |
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Definition
| Reserpine or Alpha Methyl Dopa |
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Term
| A 12 year old is diagnosed with GH deficiency and treated with recombinant GH. The plasma level of what peptide is a senstitive measure of treatment efficacy? |
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Definition
| C. Insulin LIke Growth Factor 1 |
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Term
| If Insulin like Growth Factor 1 is administered to an individual |
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Definition
| plasma levels of growth hormone will likely?,C. Decrease: exogenous hormone treatment shuts down endogenous production |
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Term
| What is the main regulator of Prolactin secretion? |
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Definition
| Dopamine blocks Prolactin secretions |
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Term
| What is the treatment for hyperprolactenimia? |
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Definition
| Bromocriptine, dopamine D2 receptor agonist |
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Term
| Why isnt dopamine used to treat hyperprolatimenia? |
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Definition
| Due to its short half life it would have to be constantly infused |
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Term
| What is bromocriptine aderivative of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two Ergot Derivatives? |
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Definition
| Bromocriptine and Ergonovine |
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Term
| Where does Ergonovine have active effects? |
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Definition
| Stimulates Uterine Contractility |
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Term
| What drug is used to treat hyperprolactenimia and Amenhorrea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug has weak antagonistic alpha-recpetor activity? |
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Definition
| Bromocriptine will cause postural hypotension |
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Term
| Which drug is used to stop milk production after a miscarriage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug can reduce the size of a prolactin secreting pituitary tumor before surgery? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is bromocriptine used in acromegaly due to GH secreting tumors? |
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Definition
| It can decrease the size of the Pituitary tumor |
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Term
| What drug is used to treat Parkinson's Symptoms and has also been shown to improve Type II Diabetes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What drug can cross the BBB and cause Mental Disturbances |
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Definition
| Hallucinations, and Nightmares?,Bromocriptine |
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Term
| What is Parlodel LA and Cabergoline? |
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Definition
| Bromocriptine alternatives with fewer side effects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone decreases GH and TSH secretion? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Where is Somatostatin mainly produced? |
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Definition
| GI tract, but some production all over the body |
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Term
| What other effects does Somatostatin have other than decreasing GH and TSH secretion? |
|
Definition
| Reduces Gastric Acid Secretion, Gastric Emptying, BIle Flow, and Water Transport |
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Term
| Is somatostain typically inhibitory or stimulatory? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many amino acids compose somatostatin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which chain is physiologically active in TSH |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| LH, and TSH are antibodies made against?,Beta |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthetic Somatostatin with a longer half life |
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Term
| What is the half life of Octreotide compared to Somatostatin? |
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Definition
| 3-4 Hours instead of 3-4 Minutes |
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Term
| How is Octreotide administered? |
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Definition
| SubCue or IM (microspheres) but is still a peptide so not orally active |
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Term
| What drug is used in the treatment of TSH secreting pituitary tumors? |
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Definition
| Octreotide to reduce the size |
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Term
| What drug is used in carcinoid tumors that cause neuroendocrine hyper-function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common use of Octreotide? |
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Definition
| To treat Diahrrhea, so has a side effect of Constipaiton |
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Term
| What are the side effects of Octreonine? |
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Definition
| Constipation, Hypothyroidism, Sinus Bradycardia |
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Term
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Definition
| From the Hypothalamus in men and women |
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Term
| What hormone stimulates FSH production important for estrogen production? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What hormone stimulates LH secretion important in Testosterone production by Leydig Cells? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How does GnRH have to be realeased from the Hypothalamus in order to assure maximum receptor activity on Gonadotrophs? |
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Definition
| Pulsatile about every 30-60 minutes |
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Term
| What happens if GnRH is secreted in any other pattern than the Pulsatile? |
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Definition
| Initial increas in LH followed by long latent periods without LH due to downregulation of GnRH receptors on Gonadotrophs |
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Term
| What can cause shrunken gonads? |
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Definition
| GnRH hypersecretion or Exogenous Administration wihtout pulsatile administration |
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Term
| What is the Short-Acting GnRH analog given in pulsatile manner? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is Gonadorelin given in a pulsatile fashion used to treat? |
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Definition
| Hypogonadism, Delayed Puberty, Cryptorchidism, To determine if Pituitary is normally producing LH or FSH |
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Term
| What are the two longer acting GnRH analogs? |
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Definition
| Leuprolide and Goserelin, 25x more active then GnRH |
|
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Term
| What is the MOA of Leuprolide and Goserelin? |
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Definition
| GnRH Analog that lead to down regulation of LH and FSH receptors and production |
|
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat prostate cancer |
|
Definition
| breast cancer, endometriosis, and LH/FSH infertility?,Leuprolide and Goserelin, Long acting GnRH analogs |
|
|
Term
| What Drugs can cause Hot Flashes |
|
Definition
| Loss of Libido, Vaginal Dryness, and an intial Testoterone Surge?,Goserelin and Leuprolide |
|
|
Term
| What drugs produce a chemical castration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GnRH Anatagonist 4th Generation |
|
|
Term
| What is the main problem with GnRH Antagonist Drugs? |
|
Definition
| Cause release of a lot of Histamine leading to hypersensitivity reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is Degarelix used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a GnRH Antagonist lead to the down regulaiton of LH/FSH receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus releases GnRH whic causes release of? |
|
Definition
| LH by the Pituitary Gonadotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testoterone production from the Testis |
|
|
Term
| Once testosterone is circulatind what can happen? |
|
Definition
| It can be 5-alpha Reduced into Dihydrotestosterone which is more potent androgen |
|
|
Term
| Which androgen is given to a man to cause a Negative feedback reduction in LH/FSH production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is estrogen used to treat in male patients? |
|
Definition
| Prostate Cancer, Negative Feedback on LH/FSH |
|
|
Term
| What are Flutamide and Bicalutimide? |
|
Definition
| Androgen Receptor Antagonists |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are used to block the testoterone initial flair up caused by GnRH analogs? |
|
Definition
| Flutamide and Bicalutamide |
|
|
Term
| Which drug inhibits 5-Alpha-Reductase and prevents the formation of Dihydrotestosterone (more potent form of Testoterone)? |
|
Definition
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