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Pinus and Basal Angiosperms
dendrology terms
22
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 3
04/13/2014

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Term
Pinus monticola
Definition
bark smooth and gray on young trees, forms plates/fissures on old trees to 1.5’ thick – not fire resistant
deep, wide spreading root system
•leaves persistent 3-4 years, glaucous, blue-green, stomatal lines on inner surfaces.
Seed cones 4-10” long, cone scales thin, somewhat reflexed, umbo unarmed, tan
apophysis with slightly pointed apex. Seed wings about ½” shorter than scales
Intermediate in shade tolerance – with Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
Occupies forests with ample moisture on the Pacific slope and Sierras and disjunct in the
northern Rockies. Typically a montane species
Severely impacted by white pine blister rus
Term
Pinus strobus
Definition
large tree native to the northeastern deciduous zone; leaves in fascicles of 5; seed cones ~6” long, cone scales thin, umbo terminal,
unarmed
Term
Pinus lambertiana
Definition
large tree common in the mid elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada; leaves in fascicles of 5, twisted; seed cones often ~15” long
Term
Pinus albicalus
Definition
subalpine/timberline tree; leaves in fascicles of 5; seed cones ~2” long, serotinous; seeds large and wingless
Term
Pinus resinosa
Definition
) medium to large tree with ovoid crown native to the northeastern deciduous zone; leaves in fascicles of 2, 4-6” long; bark
composed of reddish brown plates, flaky
Term
Pinus syvestris
Definition
cultivated tree native to Eurasia; bark gray and furrowed on lower trunk, papery-scaly and orange-brown on upper
trunk; leaves in fascicles of 2, 2-3” long; seed cones stalked, ~2” long, often pointing towards base of branch
Term
Pinus nigra
Definition
Native to Eurasia, mostly more southern latitudes
May reach 150’ tall, 2’ diameter.
Bark is gray brown, furrowed into irregularly shaped scaly plates
Leaves in fascicles of 2, 3.5”-6” long, stiff, dark green – do not “snap” like Pinus resinosa.
Seed cones 2-3” long, yellow-brown with keeled cone scales, umbo with deciduous prickle. Cones not serotinous and shed at maturity (not retained).
Term
Pinus ponderosa
Definition
large tree, widespread in western North America; leaves 5” long, mostly in fascicles of 3, but fascicle number is variable throughout its range; seed cones 3-5” long, apophysis armed with slender prickle.
Term
Pinus jeffreyi
Definition
Occupies slopes in the Siskyous and Sierras from 6000’-9000’
90’100’ tall and 3-5’ in diameter at maturity on favorable sites
• Bark composed of scaly, irregularly shaped plates diided by fissures and is cinnamon-red
to purple on mature trees.
• Leaves are blue-green with stomatal lines on all surfaces – fascicles of 3
Seed cones are 5-10” long, yellow-brown to red-brown. Scales with a thickened apophysis, transversely keeled, umbo armed with stout, incurved prickle (curved back towards cone axis)
Term
Pinus coulteri
Definition
mountain slopes of the southern California coast and Baja California, Mexico from 3500’ to 7000’
Shade intolerant and grows slowly
40’-50’ tall and 15-30” diameter.
bark dark gray, composed of scaly ridges divided by deep furrows
Leaves in fascicles of 3, 6-12” long, gray-green, rigid, sharp-pointed with stomatal bands on all sides. Persistent 3-4 years.
Seed cones 8-14” long, yellow-brown, persistent for several years. Cone scales thickened, 4-sided and keeled above (less so, and below), apophysis rhomboidal and terminates in very stout, flattened sharp claw.
seeds with very hard coat and long wing – ie, seed shorter than wing. Look for this character in the scar left by the seed and wing on the upper surface of scale.

The heaviest cone of any conifer 4-6 lbs when green.
Term
Pinus sabiniana
Definition
dry foothills and mountain slopes of the California coast ranges and the
west slope of the Sierras from 1000-3000’
pure, park-like stands
Fire intolerant
Native Americans harvested seeds and the sweet inner bark of the roots.
40-50’ tall and 1-2’ diameter at maturity
Typically forking trunk with open branching and an irregularly shaped, round topped crown.
Bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees but scaly, furrowed and red-brown on older trees
Leaves in fascicles of 3, 6-13” long, gray-green, many stoamatal bands, flexible, persistent 3-4 years
Seed cones 6-10” long, yellow-brown, persistent for several years. Cone scales thickened, 4-sided and keeled above, apophysis rhomboidal, terminating in stout, flattened, sharp claw
Seeds with hard coat and short wing – ie, seed longer than wing. Look for this character in the scar left by the seed and wing on the upper surface of scale
Term
Droupe
Definition
Fleshy, indehiscent, single seeded fruit (hard stoney ayer around seed)
Term
Achene
Definition
dry, single seeded, indehiscent, fruit and seed wall fused
Term
Samara
Definition
Dry, indehiscent, 1 carpel, with wing
Term
Follicle
Definition
Dry, dehiscent, 1 carpel, opens on 1 side
Term
Pinus aristata
Definition
Occupies rocky soils on exposed mountain slopes of the subalpine zone to timberline in Great Basin
May reach 20-40’ tall and 1-1.5’ in diameter on good sites, Appears more shrublike,twisted and stunted at higher elevations on exposed sites.
May live >2500 years or >5000
Leaves, blue-green, stout, blunt pointed, fascicles of 5 (mostly), stomata above, grooved
below, conspicuous white resin. Fascicles long persistent – 20 years – and arranged
on stem like hair on a fox’s tail – foxtail pine.
Seed cones 2.5”-3.75” long, brown with slender, round-based cone scales and bristled umbo
Term
Pinus edulis
Definition
small tree commonly associated with Juniperus spp. in the great basin; leaves in fascicles of 2; seed cones squat, 1.5” long; seeds
large and wingless.
Term
Pinus monophylla
Definition
small tree commonly associated with Juniperus osteosperma in northern Utah; leaves in fascicles of 1; seed cones squat,
1.5” long; seeds large and wingless
Term
Pinus contorta
Definition
100’ tree in the Rockies of Wyoming; leaves in fascicles of 2; seed cones ~2” long, asymmetrical, serotinous.
Term
Pinus banksiana
Definition
s mostly in pure stands and mixed with birches and aspens on dry, sandy, acidic soils
Very shade intolerant,
70-80’ tall, 12-15” diameter on best sites, but often stunted and scrubby on poor soils or open habitats.
Bark is reddish-brown to dark gray, scaly and divided into ridges.
Leaves in fascicles of 2, ¾”-2” long, yellow-green, stout, concave or flat on the inner surface – sometimes in fascicles of 3 near the leader.
Seed cones 1”-2.25” long, brown, curved with apex pointing toward limb tip.
Apophysis rounded with no or very minute prickle.
Seotinous in the northern part of
range
Term
Pinus virginiana
Definition
Appalachian species occurring on variable soils, but capable of colonizing poor soils of abandoned farmland and strip mines.
May reach 40’-70’ tall, 1’-1.5’ diameter at maturity. Retains branches.
Bark is thin and smooth on young trees, red-brown, scaly and plated on older trees.
Leaves in fascicles of 2, ¾” – 3” long, gray-green to yellow-green
Seed cones 1.25-2.75” long, light brown with reddish-brown apophysis and a prominent prickle. Not serotinous but may remain on tree for 3-4 years.
Term
Pinus flexilis
Definition
subalpine/timberline tree; leaves in fascicles of 5; seed cones open at maturity, ~4” long with gold colored apophyses
and terminal umbo; seed wells large.
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