Term
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Definition
| Constitutive Na+ resorption because mutant epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) cannot be internalized from the apical surface of renal tubular cells --> hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial toxin inhibits Na/H antiporter in intestinal villus cells; activates chloride efflux by stimulating Cl channels in crypt cells. Loss of Cl to lumen and inability to absorb Na from lumen lead to water and electrolyte loss. --> Diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylates Giα, which prevents Giα from binding. GTPase activity is blocked, hydrolysis does not occur, and adenylate cyclase stays constitutively active. --> whooping cough |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholera toxin ADP-ribosylates Gsα, which prevents Gsα. GTPase activity is blocked, hydrolysis does not occur, and adenylate cyclase stays constitutively active. --> diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine pathway mutation in embryogenesis --> Abnormal bone growth, skin pigmentation, premature puberty, hormone imbalances |
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Term
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Definition
o Sensed by cardiovascular sense receptors & baroreceptors
o Activates nervous signals
o Increases Na+ retaining hormones (Angiotensin II & Aldosterone)
o Increases sympathetic nervous system → increases Na+ reabsorption by kidneys
o Thirst stimulated by brain → restores volume |
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Term
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Definition
o Sensed by atrial stretch receptors
o Releases atrial natriuretic peptide from same atrial cells
o Inhibits renal Na+ and volume reabsorption → increases urine output
o GI tract → releases factors that increases Na+ excretion |
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Term
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Definition
o Increase renal K+ reabsortption
o Transfer K+ out of muscle ICF |
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Term
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Definition
o Increase insulin
o Acute increase in Na+ pump activity in muscle & fat → K+ pumped into ICF from ECF |
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Term
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Definition
o Increase K+ secretion in urine bc of cellular gradient change
o Increase aldosterone → increases K+ channel activity |
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Term
| High ECF osmolality (sweating) |
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Definition
o Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus sends action potential
o Increases ADH
o Produces concentrated urine
o Osmoreceptor stimulates thirst |
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Term
| Low ECF osmolality (drank too much water) |
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Definition
o No release of ADH/vasopressin
o Dilute urine (up to 50 mOsm) |
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Term
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Definition
o Insulin released from beta cells (pancreas)
o Activates cell glucose uptake
o Forms glycogen, protein, triglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
o Pancreas releases glucagon from alpha cells
o Raises substrate availability by proteolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis
o Glucose transfer from ICF to ECF |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits Na/K/2Cl transport |
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Term
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Definition
| cardioglycoside - inhibits Na/K ATPase |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits Cl/HCO3 antiport |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits Na+ channel
Inhibits Na/H antiport |
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Term
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Definition
plasma (ECF) + RBC (ICF)
= plasma + (hct)BV |
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