Term
Paracrine
Neurocrine
Endocrine |
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Definition
Paracrine- comm. cells that are close
Neurocrine- neuron comm., special kind of paracrine
Endocrine-long distance cell comm. |
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Term
| Protein/peptide/catecholamines are lipophobic. So... |
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Definition
-Can't pass through membrane
-Must bind to receptor on outside and activate second messenger |
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Term
| cAMP secondary messenger system: |
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Definition
-Adenylate cyclase catalyzes formation of cAMP from ATP
-cAMP activates PKA
-PKA phosphorylates proteins
-uses Gs and Gi |
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Term
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Definition
-uses Gq
-Gq->PLC->IP3->Ca that binds to proteins
-Gq->DAG->DAG->phosphorylation |
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Term
| Hydrophobic hormones work by: |
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Definition
| Stimulating transcription |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
-Come from Thoracic and Lumbar
-Short pre, long post ganglionic neurons
-Ach for pre and adrenergic for post |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
-Comes from midbrain,pons, medualla, Sacrum
-Long pre and short post ganglionic neuron
-Ach at both(nicotinic at pre and muscarinic at post) |
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Term
| Sympathetic adrenergic receptors |
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Definition
-Alpha 1-usually excitatory, Gq
-Alpha 2- usually inhibitory, Gi
-Beta 1-usually excitatory, Gs
-Beta 2- usually inhibitory,Gs
-Norepi for alpha, epi for both |
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Term
| Blood vessels do not have what innervation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Targets and their Receptors |
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Definition
-Pupil-alpha q
-Heart atrium/ventricle-Beta 1
-Blood vessels-Alpha 1
-Bronchioles-Beta 2 |
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Term
| Baroreceptors and Chemoreflexes |
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Definition
-Baro-blood pressure/heart rate
-Chemo- cardiovascular/pulmonary |
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Term
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Definition
-Cells that secrete catecholamines are called Chromaffin cells
-80% epi, 20% norepi |
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Term
| How does sympathetic stimuli affect the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
-Causes adrenal medulla to increase secretion of catecholamines
-Results in a longer lasting effect |
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Term
| Epi affect on beta receptors |
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Definition
-Increase glycogenolysis:glycogen to glucose
-Converts lactate to glucose(gluconegenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein/peptide- made of AA hydrophilic
AA derivatives- come from tyrosine -Thyroid-hydrophobic -Catecholamines-Hydrophilic
Steroid-hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
-Ant Pit
-Causes adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
-Maintains growth of adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH) |
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Definition
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Term
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) |
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Definition
-Ant Pit
-Glycoprotein
-Female: developes ovum, ovary->estrogen
-Male: spermatic maturation, testes to secrete inhibib |
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Term
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Definition
-Ant Pit
-Glycoprotein
-Female- maturation of ovum, maintains corpus luteum
-Male- testes-> testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
-Ant Pit
-Secreted from somatotropes
-Stimulates liver to secrete IGF-1
-Directly increases metabolism,
-Stimulated by stress |
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Term
| Ant Pit and Hypothalamus relationship |
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Definition
| Ant Pit gets its blood from hypothalamus, from long portal vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| release inhibitory neurons into blood in a pulsatile pattern |
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Term
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Definition
CRH-ACTH
TRH-TSH
GnRH-both LH and FSH
GRH(somatostatin)-GH
PRH-dopamine that inhibits prolactin |
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Term
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Definition
-Caused by dopamine antagonists, adenomas of ant pit
-Results in amenorrhea(no menstrual cycle), galactorrhea(too much milk) |
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Term
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Definition
-V1 receptors for vascular muscle
-V2 receptors for kidney
-Stimulated by increase in Osm and decrease in blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
Hyper: inc metabolism/heart rate(Graves)
Hypo: dec. metabolism/heart rate
Hypo is cretinism in children |
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Term
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Definition
-Glomerulosa-mineralcorticoids,aldosterone
-Fasciculata-Glucocorticoids, Cortisol
-Reticularis- Androgens, DHEA,
-Zona F&R regulated by ACTH |
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Term
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Definition
-Glucocorticoid
-Increases gluconeogenesis in liver
-Required to respond to stress |
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Term
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Definition
-Increases Na reabsorption and decreases K reabsorption
-Regulated by angiotensin II |
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Term
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Definition
-Called Conn's Syndrome
-hypernatremia, hypervolemia, hypertension, hypokalemia
-Usually caused by aldosterone secreting tumors |
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Term
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Definition
-Cortisol & aldosterone are decreased
-Weight loss, can't deal w/stresss, high ACTH causes hyperpigmentation |
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Term
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Definition
-Excess cortisol
-Fat torso, skinny arms and legs |
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Term
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Definition
Increases Ca reabsorbtion
Increases Phosphate excretion
Increases alpha-hydroxylase which actives vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects the small intestine where Ca and phosphate absorption is increased |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases both blood Ca and phosphate |
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Term
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hypoparathyroidism |
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Definition
-hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia
-hypoCa,hyperPhos, low Ca leads to unwanted tetany |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypocalcemia leads to increase of PTH
-Bone demineralizaion results |
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Term
| Factors that decrease gastric emptying |
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Definition
-Distension of duodenum, inc. sympathetic outflow of stomach
-Low pH of duodenal releases secretin which slows antral contractions and tightens pyloric sphincter
-Fatty acids in duodenum releases CCK which slows gastric emptying |
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Term
| H/K Pump in the parietal cells |
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Definition
H+ released when parietal cells stimulated by: Histamine, Ach, Gastrin
H+ inhibited by: somatostatin, prostaglandins |
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Term
Histamine blocked by:
Ach blocked by:
Gastrin inhibited by: |
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Definition
-H2 Blocker
-Atropine
-pH lower than 3, secretin & GIP
-Note atropin won't block gastrin |
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Term
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Definition
| -Secretion of bicarbonate by the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| All are broken down into single sugar units like galactose, glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
-Don't have to be single AA, can be di and tri peptides
-Once absorbed, they are broken down into single AA |
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