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Physiology
Ex1: Slide set 6
26
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/09/2010

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what are the four types of first messengers?
Definition

1. autocrine: chemical signal that links local and similar cell types

2. paracrine: chemical signal that links two local and dissimilar cell types

3. endocrine: chemical that travels in the blood and links two distant and dissimilar cell types

neurocrine: aka neurotransmitters, chemical that links a neuron to another neuron or effector

Term

syncytiums

 

examples

Definition

electrical/ionic communication through gap junctions in two adjacent cells

 

contraction of cardiac and smooth muscles results from syncytiums

Term
types of autocrine agents
Definition
cytokines and growth factors
Term
describe the most common cytokine function
Definition

macrophages ingest something they percieve as an antigen

 

this causes the macrophage to release a type of cytokine called monokine (Interleukin 1)

 

IL 1 signals for Helper T-cells to come from the lymphnodes

 

Helper T cells stimulate the release of IL2, 4,5 and 6

 

IL2.4 and 5 stimulates formation of either cytotoxic or suppressor T cells

 

IL4, 5 and 6 induce B-cell production

 

B Cells are modified into plasma cells secrete antibodies that can neutralize antigens

 

Term
what are lymphokines and what are the types of them?
Definition

they are cytokines released by the lymphocytes

 

1. IL 2-6

2. interferons (antiviral proteins)

3. granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor

Term

when are cytokines produced?

Definition

ONLY when needed for immune response

Term
granulocyte? what's it produced by?
Definition

type of white blood cell

 

produced by the lyphokine, which is a type of cytokine, called th granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor.

Term
what is a growth factor? what is the most common example?
Definition

GFs induce cell growth and differentiation

 

ex. neurotrophins neurons influenced by neurotrophin grow and develop.

Term
what are
Definition
Term
what causes inflammation?
Definition
tissue irritaion/bacterial invasion
Term
body response to tissue irritation
Definition

irritation increases basophil (WBC) production

 

WBCs make and release histamine

 

histamine causes 1. arterioles to dialite and increase blood flow

2. capillary and venules to increase permeability to allow fluid to get to the site of irritation

 

in this fluid is: WBC and antibodies and interstitual fluid

Term
what molecule does histamine come from? how is it modified in order to become histamine?
Definition

comes from histidine

 

decarboxylated

Term
body response to bacterial infection
Definition

bacterial invasion causes increase in mast cell production

 

mast cells have granules (like basophils) that produce histamine, bradykinin and cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (CT) around blood vessels

 

CT  cells kill bacteria and brady kinin increases blood flow and circulatory permeability which allows tissue to be flooded with WBC, ISF and antibodies

Term
what type of molecule is bradykinin?
Definition
polypeptide
Term

PG

where are they produced?

 

where was the first one discovered?

 

how are they produced?

Definition

prostaglandins

 

produced in most cells

 

first discovered in prostate secretions

 

come from phosphoacylglycerol, then modified to arachidonic acid, then modified to the PG

 

 

Term
what are PGI2 and PGE2? what do they do?
Definition

they are types of prostaglandins

 

 dialate bronchioles and arterioles

increase capillary permeability

pain/fever response

 

Term
afferent neurons v. efferent neurons
Definition

afferent neurons relay sensory signals to the central nervous system

 

efferent neurons carry off sensory signals from the CNS

Term

describe the nervous system response (generally) to some deviation from a physiological set point.

 

use these words: sensory receptor, afferent pathway, integrator, interneuron, efferent pathway, effector, +/- feedback

Definition

1. stimulus fucks up physiological set point

 

2. sensory receptor (type of neuron) feels this change and sends message on an afferent pathway to the nervous system

 

3. the afferent message is accepted by an interneuron which converts it to an efferent message (away from central nervous system) which can be in the form of a hormone or just sent via neuron

 

4. an effector (what is EFFECTED by the signal) alters its activity

 

5. some effectors cause + feedback which increases the intensity of this whole process to do it MORE. other effectors cause -feedback slowing the response down or stopping it all together.

Term
describe, VERY generally the endocrine function
Definition

endocrine cell/gland secretes hormone into near by capillary

 

hormone travels into larger vessels and into a capillary near the target cell

 

released out of that capillary and sticks onto receptor molecules on the target cells.

Term

what are steriods derived from?

 

solubility of steroids?

 

what do they do?

Definition

cholesterol

 

water/plasma INsoluble

 

plasma membrane soluble

 

they initiate protein synthesis in target cells

Term
where are hormones produced?
Definition
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Term

what is the most common intermediate between cholesterol and steroid?

 

what steroids are derived from this molecule?

 

 

Definition

pregnenolone

 

testosterone, corticol, aldosterone

Term

corticoid

 

most common corticoid and its purpose

Definition

type of steroid from adrenal cortex that reduces immuno response.

 

 

aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid. mineralcorticoids act on mineral metabolism. aldosterone helps kidney to reabsorb Na+ into the blood keeping blood pressure constant

 

 

Term

glucocorticoids

 

three types

Definition

steroid that can RAISE level of blood sugar by stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver

 

also ANTI-inflammatory response

 

cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone

Term

sex steroids

 

what are they?

 

what are the main types?

 

where are they made?

 

what do they do?

Definition
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