Study of the relationship between the brain and behavior and 

Brain and cognition 

Reducionist - reductionism 

- breaking things down into small particles 

[image]

In the nucleus 

Dentrites 

[image]

- Looks like banches 

* Picks up signals from other nuerons 

 * a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

Located on dentric 

* Recpetors - picks p signals from other nerons 

* After signal is picked up they are tran transferd to the SOMA

Electrical Signals 
 

a. Locat Potential 

b. Graded Potential 

Axon Hillock

 [image]

Where the axon and the the soma meets 

 * is located at the end of the soma and controls the firing of the neuron 

* there is enough electricity reaching the the axon hillicks  it sends the signal down 

* if not it the axon hillocks wipes all of the electricity 

* there is enough electricity reaching the the axon hillicks  it sends the signal down 

* if not it the axon hillocks wipes all of the electricity 

Axon 

[image]

- Pink tube like 

- used to electrical messages with in or from Soma to axon terminal 

What is the process of the Axon 

1. membrane opens and closes 

2. ion comes in and out of axon

3. leads to electrical signals 

1. Potassium - inside axon

2. sodium - outside of axon 

When the membrane opens up

a. sodium flows in

b. Potasium flows out 

Neurons 

[image]

1

 The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and that facilitates thetransmission of nerve impulses,

a.       Adapted

b.      Around nerve cells

c.       Comes from glia cells

                                                              i.      Support cells

d.      Wrap around axons and help propagate signals around the axon

                                                              i.      Makes signals go faster

e.       There are gaps between myelin sheaths

                                                              i.      Nodes of Ranvier

                                                            ii.      Go from one node to another which causes signals to be faster

f.       Saltatory Conductor 

a.       There are gaps between myelin sheaths

                                                              i.      Nodes of Ranvier

                                                            ii.      Go from one node to another which causes signals to be faster

       Saltatory Conductor

nal

2.     1. Calcium ion flows in at the axon terminal

a.       (2) Vesicles (containers) – holding neurotransmitter go to the membrane

b.      (3) Vesicles open and the neurotransmitter diffused from them into a small gap between the axon terminal of one cell and dendrites of another cell

                                                              i.      Gap is called synapse

                                                            ii.      Reacts with receptors

Vesicles (containers) –

Describe the the process of the vesticle container 

 Vesicles open and the neurotransmitter diffused from them into a small gap between the axon terminal of one cell and dendrites of another cell

             Gap is called synapse

  - THEY  Reacts with receptors

a. Brain makes connection during the early stage of infancy 

b. beurns that make connections survive, those that don't die 

i. Apaptosis

a. sherringhton Law

b. Classical Transmitter 

c. Acetylcjoline 

d. Lock and key method 

e. Epinephrine 

f. Drugs 

g. Norepinephrine

h. Dopamine

i.serotonin

j. GABA

1.       

                                                              i.      Sherrington’s Law

1.      Each neuron, there is only one neurotransmitter

a.       Classical neurotransmitter

a.       Acetylcholine

a.       Acetylcholine

                                                              i.      Peripheral nervous system

1.      All neurons that go through the central system

2.      Neuromuscular junction

a.       Lock and key method 

neurotransmitter can only affect postsynaptic receptors sites that have the correct shape for that particular molecule

a.       Drugs can influence the transmit of neurotransmitters

  i.      Agonist – increases activity or neurotransmitter

                                                            ii.      Antagonist – decrease the amount of activity of a certain neurotransmitter

                                                          iii.      Curare – block receptors found on motor cells so they can’t pick up receptions from the acetylcholine

  i.      Agonist –

                    increases activity or neurotransmitter

                                                           i.      Antagonist

                                                             Curare 

  Paralysis results from  ....

                                                            Curare – block receptors found on motor cells so they can’t pick up receptions from the acetylcholine

                                                              Drugs mostly come from plants

a.       Epinephrine – adrenaline

   i.      Endocrine system

                                                         ii.      hormone system – when released through adrenal gland

                                                       iii.      Neurotransmitter – when travel through neurons

                                                       iv.      Excitatory and inhibitory – neurotransmitter reacts with a receptor that makes other cell’s synapse more active or less active

                                                           when travel through neurons

a.       Norepinephrine

                                                                                       Found in the brain

                                                         ii.      Lead to the onset of rem sleep – rapid eye movement

                                                       iii.      Leads to feeling of reward – reward pathway

– rapid eye movement 

iii. Leads to feeling of reward – reward pathway

a.       Dopamine

                                                           i.      Motor pathway – controls your movement

                                                         ii.      Meso-limbic – schizophrenia

                                                       iii.      Found in great quantity in the reward pathway

  i.  

                                            iii.      Found in great quantity in the reward pathway

                   Motor pathway – controls your movement

                        ii.      Meso-limbic – schizophrenia

                                Motor pathway 

– controls your movement

                                                           i.      Dopamine Agonist

1.      Methamphetamine

2.      Cocaine

3.      Tolerance

 a.       Homeostasis – balance in the body

b.      Neurons dry out the receptors and can’t receive anything from the neurotransmitter

c.    The more you take the drug, the more the neurons shrivel up

d.      Withdraw – depression; experiencing agony 

       Serotonin

                                                           i.      Non- rem sleep

                                                         ii.      Modern anti-depressant drugs – serotonin antagonists

                                                       iii.      Psychedelic drugs

                       GABA

(gamma-aminobutyric acid)

 functions as the major chemical messenger that slows and stops

chemical reactions throughout the central nervous system

                                                           i.      Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

                                                         ii.      Exerts inhibition

                                                           i.      Drinking alcohol results in disinhibition 

                                 -  remove someone’s inhibition

Act out things that people want to do, but is inhibited to do so

                                                           i.      Opium 

                         piston stamen

*   Morphine and codeine

                                                            Endorphines

    Endogenous morphine

Inhibit pain signals from the body