Term
| Lipids are ________ in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids are composed of _______ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are esters of glycerol with fatty acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The essential fatty acids are _________, __________, and _________. |
|
Definition
| linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid |
|
|
Term
| ___________ contain phosphoric acid, esterified fatty acids, and alcohol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are nonphosphate containing combinations of carbohydrates and fatty acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are primarily stored in the _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In obesity, fat can be stored in ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The caloric value of triglycerides is __ Kcal/g. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The caloric value of proteins is __ Kcal/g. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The caloric value of carbohydrates is __ Kcal/g. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the simplest fatty acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ contain a single carboxyl group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saturated acids end in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated acids end in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In saturated fatty acids, increasing the chain length ________ the melting point. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saturated fatty acids are usually _______ at room temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In saturated fatty acids, increasing the chain length _________ the stability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intake of _________ fatty acids increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The melting points of unsaturated fatty acids _______ as chain length increases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The melting points of unsaturated fatty acids ________ according to unsaturation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ are liquid at room temperature but start to solidify at refrigerator temperatures. |
|
Definition
| Monounsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| _____________ are liquid at room temperature and in the refrigerator. |
|
Definition
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Arachidonic acid is important in which species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ easily combine with oxygen in the air to become rancid. |
|
Definition
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Essential fatty acids are precursors for ___________ synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linoleic acid is an __________ fatty acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linolenic acid is an __________ fatty acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is important for normal brain function and as a blood thinner. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency in __________ fatty acids has a negative effect on the circulatory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ are the principal storage fats. |
|
Definition
| Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) |
|
|
Term
| In the ___________, triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipase enzymes to _________ and __________. |
|
Definition
| digestive tract, glycerol, free fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| The structural backbone of phosphoglycerides (phospholipids) is ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ are pulmonary surfactants that reduce surface tension in the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphatidylinositol is cleaved into ___________ and ___________ upon stimulation by a first messenger. |
|
Definition
| diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate |
|
|
Term
| ________ hydrolyze fat, and _________ hydrolyze phospholipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase A1 cleaves at position __ and is present in many mammalian tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase A2 cleaves on position __ and is present in _________, _________, and _________. |
|
Definition
| 2, pancreatic juice, snake venom, bee venom |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the precursor of the prostaglandins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase A2 acts on _____________ to release arachidonic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase A2 is inhibited by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase C cleaves on positon __ and is present in _________ and the alpha-toxin of Clostridia and other bacilli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids must be broken down and absorbed in the _____________ in order for the body to use them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which enzyme is responsible for this reaction?
Triglycerides --> 2 monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which enzyme is responsible for this reaction?
Phospholipids --> lysophospholipids + fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which enzyme is responsible for this reaction?
Cholesterol ester --> free cholesterol + fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell in the gut is called a/an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by enterocytes, they travel to the _______________ where triglycerides are formed. |
|
Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Where do lipids and proteins combine to form lipoprotein particles? |
|
Definition
| inside the ER of the enterocyte |
|
|
Term
| Lipoproteins have a __________ core and a __________ surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are responsible for the transport of lipids through the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You can differentiate the different lipoproteins based on their ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipoproteins can be separated by __________ based on densities or __________ based on charges. |
|
Definition
| ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis |
|
|
Term
| In the enterocyte, cholesterol is esterified into _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons cannot go directly into the bloodstream, but instead go into the _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are _____________ by the recombination of fatty acids and glycerol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VLDL are made in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HDL are made in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you draw blood from an animal that has recently eaten and you find triglycerides, those tryglycerides come from _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you draw blood from an animal that has been starving/fasted and you find triglycerides, those triglycerides are from ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons give a _______ appearance to plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Chylomicrons cannot pass through the capillary endothelial layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Chylomicrons deliver ~80% of exogenous products to the liver. |
|
Definition
False:
They deliver ~20% to the liver and ~80% to adipose tissue, heart, muscle, and peripheral tissues |
|
|
Term
| Lipoprotein lipase resides on the ___________ of most tissues, especially of the _______ tissue and _______ and ________ muscles. |
|
Definition
| capillary walls, adipose, cardiac, skeletal |
|
|
Term
| _________ hydrolyzes triacylglycerol to yield fatty acids and glycerol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipoprotein lipase is activated by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After triglycerides are hydrolyzed by LPL, the fatty acids go to the _______ and the glycerol goes to the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ increases the synthesis and translocation of LPL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicron remnants are removed from circulation by the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the carrier of fatty acids through the blood stream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ breaks down fatty acids inside cells so that they can exit the cell to be useful. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main purpose of VLDL is to transport _________ to tissues. |
|
Definition
| endogenous triacylglycerides |
|
|
Term
| _____ carries lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LDL is produced from VLDL in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is present during the transition from VLDL to LDL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
IDL's can be taken up by cells |
|
Definition
| True: through receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| _________ occurs when there is an imbalance between hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis and the secretion of VLDL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LDL brings _______ to tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the only apolipoprotein on LDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The uptake of LDL occurs predominantly in the ______, _______, and _______ tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ and __________ increase the binding of LDL to liver cells. |
|
Definition
| insulin, tri-iodothyronine (T3) |
|
|
Term
| ________ decrease the binding of LDL to liver cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dogs and cats have very low levels of ______, causing higher levels of HDL. This is most likely the reason we do not see much ___________ in these species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ returns cholesterol from periphery to liver or steroidogenic organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does CETP stand for? |
|
Definition
| cholesterol ester transfer protein |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA is converted to _________ by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the fed state, there is excess ________, which can be used to synthesize fats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the fed state, excess citrate is cleaved into ________ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the precursor for lipid biosynthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conversion of _________ to _________ is an irreversible reaction and the rate limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once malonyl-CoA is synthesized, long carbon fatty acid chains can be assembled in a stepwise fashion; __ carbons are added at each step. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ is the process by which fatty acids, in the form of ________ molecules, are broken down in the mitochondria and/or in peroxisomes to generate _________, the entry molecule for the Krebs cycle. |
|
Definition
| Beta-oxidation, acyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
| Beta-oxidation occurs in the ___________ and/or ______________ |
|
Definition
| mitochondria, peroxisomes |
|
|
Term
| Lipid biosynthesis occurs in the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid chains with an odd number of carbons are broken down to yield the final products of __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
| propionyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
| The carnitine shuttle is regulated by ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the concentration of malonyl-CoA is high, then the entry of fatty acids into the mitochondria for acetyl-CoA production is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The buildup of acetyl-CoA during fasting or starvation leads to the production of ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The consumption of ___________ during gluconeogenesis lowers its cellular levels, which decreases its ability to act as an acceptor in the TCA cycle for the acetyl-CoA produced by beta-oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are a sign of ________ deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When insulin levels are high, ketone body production is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are produced when the body is an a/an ____________ state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically, ketone bodies are measured in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketostix measure acetoacetate, but they do not measure _____________, allowing for veterinarians to overlook that an animal may still be acidotic even if no acetoacetate is present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the production of ketone bodies, acetyl-CoA combines with itself to form ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________, __________, and __________ are ketone bodies. |
|
Definition
| acetoacetate, acetone, beta-hydroxybutyrate |
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies cannot be used in the ______ because it lacks the enzymes needed to use them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ is absent in the liver, making the liver incapable of using ketone bodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
