Term
| what are the functions of integral proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of peripherial proteins |
|
Definition
| enzymes, intracellular signaling molecules |
|
|
Term
| tight junctions: transmembrane, plaque, connection |
|
Definition
occludin, claudin
ZO, cingulin, symplekin, 7H6
connect to actin cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| adherin junctions: transmembrane, plaque, connection |
|
Definition
cadherin
catenin, plakoglobin
connect to actin cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| desmosome junctions: transmembrane, plaque, connection |
|
Definition
desmocollins, desmoclein
desmoplakins, plakoglobin
connect to intermediate cytoskeleton and iCF keratin |
|
|
Term
| hemidesmosome junctions: transmembrane, plaque, connection |
|
Definition
integrin, BPAG2
BPAG1, plectin
connect to intermediate cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| focal adhesion junctions: transmembrane, plaque, connection |
|
Definition
integrin
vinculin, talin, actinin
connect to actin cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| where are adherins located |
|
Definition
| cardiac and epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| how is the plaque organized in adherins |
|
Definition
| cadherin extracellular segments bind to eachother and intracellular segments bind to cetenins which are connected to actin |
|
|
Term
| what happens if adherins are dysfunctional |
|
Definition
| stomach or colon cancer and metastsis |
|
|
Term
| what can a dysfunction in desmosomes cause |
|
Definition
| metastaszing or carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| what are the hydrolases of the lysosome |
|
Definition
| phosphatases, nucleases, proteases, lipases, lysozymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ganglioside (made in development and degraded) builds up in tissues and nerve cells because beta hexosaminidase is deficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucocerebroside accumulates in spleen, lier, lungs, marrow, and sometimes brain because there is no glucocerebrosidase |
|
|
Term
| what are the differences in the different types of goucher's disease |
|
Definition
type 1: most common. no brain involvement
type 2: liver and spleen enlargement, early onset and death via brain damage
type 3: seizures, brain involvement |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of secretatory lysosomes |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, mast cells, melanocytes |
|
|
Term
| name a peroxisome dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name mitochondrial disease |
|
Definition
| leigh syndrome, kearns-sryre syndrome, mitochondrial encephalomopathy, myoclonic epilepsy with raged red fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are microtubules made of, what are their function |
|
Definition
alpha and beta tubulin.
cel structure, movement of materials, core of cilia flagilla |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
| withstand mechanical stress, insoluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anticipates change. primairly CNS muscle control |
|
|
Term
| explain positive feedback in action potential |
|
Definition
| cell depolarization leads to increased Na permability and a Na influx and a decreased membrane potential. the change in potential causes the Na permability to decrease |
|
|
Term
| what percent of the body is total body water, how is this then divided |
|
Definition
| 60% total: 40% ICF, 20% ECF (16% IF, 4% plasma) |
|
|
Term
| explain factors that can change the amount of total body water |
|
Definition
| elderly have less, children have more, males have more |
|
|
Term
| how do you go from pounds to kg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is most water lost from the body |
|
Definition
| urine and respiratory and insensible perspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma contains more cation and iF more anion but these slight differences are usually ignored |
|
|
Term
| explain hypertonic and hypotonic |
|
Definition
hypertonic: solute in ECF > solute in ICF ----> cell srinking
hypotnic: solute in iCF > solute in ECF ----> cell lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute concentration. high osmolarity = more solutes there |
|
|
Term
| what are normal Na levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) |
|
Definition
| filtration, pushes water out of the capillary |
|
|
Term
| blood capillary colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) |
|
Definition
| pulls water into the capillary |
|
|
Term
| interstitial hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) |
|
Definition
| push water into the capillary. due to movement of IF into lymph capillaries |
|
|
Term
| iF colloidal osmotic pressure (IFOP) |
|
Definition
| pull water out of the capillary. increase in situations that increase capillary permability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| starlings law of capillaries |
|
Definition
| volume resorbed approx equal volume filtered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 = impermeable capillary
0 = freely permeable capillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| size and pores in capillary wall and surface area of capillary involved. big Kf = very permeable, large holes and surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased capillary filtration pressure, decrease in capillary colloidal osmotic pressure, increase in capillary permability, obstruction of lymph flow |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between pitting and non-pitting edema |
|
Definition
pitting: pressure forces fluid out of the area
non-pitting: pressure does not displace fluid because it has been taken up by the cells or has clotted with fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain osmotic pressure, control water distribution, maintain RMP, transmit nerve impulses, maintain acid base calance (Na/H antiporter, Na/HCO3 symporter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RMP, cell volume regulation, cell division and growth, acid base regulation (H/K exchanger), tissue buffering |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal range of K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysrythmia, cardiac arrest, weaness, thirst, polyurea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow HR, cardiac arrest, weakness, GI |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
| hypoalbumiemia because Ca is transported on albumin and is lost without it |
|
|
Term
| what does hyperphosphatemia cause |
|
Definition
| hypocalcemia because it percipitates Ca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dyssrythmia, muscle spasm, confusion, seizures |
|
|
Term
| hypercalcemia PTH mediated |
|
Definition
| increased GI Ca absorption and PTH limits excretion |
|
|
Term
| hypercalcemia non-PTH mediated |
|
Definition
| excessive bone resorption, excess vitamin D, drug therapies, macrophage activity causes granulomatous disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nausea, abnormal mental, kidney stones, constipation, weakness, polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, coma, bradycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA and protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorlyation, glycolysis, stabilize DNA RNA, interferes with Ach and catecholamine release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inherited disorder, pancreatitis, malabsrption, osmotic diuresis, hypercalcemia, diruetics, kidney disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell structure, cell metabolism, regulation of cellular processes, acid base homeostasis in urinary buffering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased absorption, increased kidney loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| renal disease, increased catabolism, acidosis, hypoparathyroidism, poisoning. muscle cramps, seizures, laxatives, ischemic bowel, hypotension, cataracts |
|
|
Term
| what does vasodilation do to the IF volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does increase GFR do to Na excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does increase Na do to GFR |
|
Definition
| dilates afferent arterioles increasing GFR, decreasing Na resorption |
|
|
Term
| what is the main regulator of K levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased concentration leads to increased diffusion, increased distance leads to decreased diffusion |
|
|
Term
| how do you determine the diffusion coefficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you determine permability for a particular substrate |
|
Definition
KD / x (membrane width)
smaller molecules have a higher P |
|
|
Term
| how do you determine the flux |
|
Definition
J = PA (C-C)
A= surface area |
|
|
Term
| what ions always have gated ion channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an ionophore do |
|
Definition
| pick up molecules on one side of membrane and take them to another |
|
|
Term
| what determines the rate of facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
Vmax: saturation constant
K: affinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of pressure required to counter osmosis |
|
|
Term
| what abnormailities are associated with Na/K ATPase dysfunction |
|
Definition
| alzheimer's, bipolar, COPD, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the Na/K ATPase doing in E1 |
|
Definition
| binding site faces ICF, high Na affinity |
|
|
Term
| what is the Na/K ATPase doing in E2 |
|
Definition
| binding site faces ECF, high K affinity |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step in Na/K ATPase |
|
Definition
| synthesis of alpha subunit |
|
|
Term
| what do cardiac glycosides do |
|
Definition
| attach to alpha subunit of Na/K ATPase inhibiting it leading to an increase in intracellular Ca via Na/Ca exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of a charge to migrate from one point to another (so non membrane channels means no cunductance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force exterted on a particle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to store electrical charge due to the membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| what criteria does there need to be to develop a nernst potential |
|
Definition
| concentration gradient and selective permability |
|
|
Term
| if a membrane were only permiable to K what is the Vm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a membrane were only permiable to Na what is the Vm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calculating Vm with more than one ion involved |
|
Definition
| 60log ((permability x concentration for each molecule in the ECF) x (permability x concentration for each molecule in the iCF)) |
|
|
Term
| what is the resting membrane potential closest to |
|
Definition
| the equlibrium potential for the ion with the highest permability |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of juxtacrine communication |
|
Definition
| spatial regulation determined by cytokines and growth factors, notch signaling via adjacent proteins and phospolipids |
|
|
Term
| what is paracrine signaling used for |
|
Definition
| local growth, differentation, metabolism coordination |
|
|
Term
| what is autocrine signaling used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are protein or peptide ligands made |
|
Definition
| they are a single peptide prehormone then are cleaved of one peptide into a prohormone then are cleaved again in the golgi to become a ligand |
|
|
Term
| how is MCR related to serum half life |
|
Definition
| they are inversly proportional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological half life is within 30 min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bioloical half life is 30 d plus |
|
|
Term
| what happens in congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
|
Definition
| corticol synthesis deficiency because of a lack of P450 enzyme (21-hydroxylase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies block presynaptic Ca channels before ACh released. muscle weakness, blurred vision, dry mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how cells sense mechanical signals and convert them into a biochemical response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some ligands interact with several receptors, some receptors may compete for the ligand |
|
|
Term
| in a G protein coupled receptor what does the alpha subunit do |
|
Definition
| releases GDP, binds GTP then activates adenylate cyclase |
|
|
Term
| cAMP response element pathway |
|
Definition
| when cAMP increases it activates PKA and phosphorlyates CREB which binds CBP which binds CRE to initiate transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits GTPase of G protein so cAMP is chronically elevated and Cl is over secreted and causes diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| in Gq pathway, how is Ca obtained |
|
Definition
| IP3 opens ER Ca channels which goes to DAG and activates PKC |
|
|
Term
| how does Ca act as a secndary messenger |
|
Definition
| Ca binds calmodulin and activates protein kinases (CaM kinases) |
|
|
Term
| what is the major difference between enzyme linked and G protein linked receptors |
|
Definition
| enzyme linked ligand binding makes cross links between receptors as dimers, trimers, and oligomers |
|
|
Term
| how does tyrosine kinase work |
|
Definition
| it associates with growth factors, hormones, and cytokines and aggregates with other tyrosine residues autophosphorlyating increasing kinase activity if their within the domain and making docking sites if their not |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of tyrosine kinase receptors |
|
Definition
| signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, differentation, involved in inhibitory signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are nissl bodies made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the classes of anterograde |
|
Definition
| slow component a and slow component b (faster) |
|
|
Term
| what does retrograde and anterograde use for transport |
|
Definition
retrograde: dyenin
anterograde: kinesins |
|
|
Term
| what diseases are involved in dysfunctional neurotransport |
|
Definition
| alzheimers and parkinsons |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between A, B and C nerve fibers |
|
Definition
A. largest diameter, myelinated
B. myelinated
C. smallest diameter, unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
| what is threshold potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow of current between adjacent excitable cells via gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of synapse arrangement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of making cell membrane more negative. ICF becomes more negative; loss of K or influx of Cl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portion of action potential when Vm is positive
when Vm is negative in hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| why is there a refractory period |
|
Definition
| because not enough Na gates closed |
|
|
Term
| explain the progression of Na channels |
|
Definition
closed to open to inactive to closed
need action potential to switch from closed to open
in repolarization, some closed channels can be changed to open with sufficient stimulus |
|
|
Term
| how is the conduction velocity of a membrane determined |
|
Definition
| time constant = membrane resistance x membrane capaticance |
|
|
Term
| what has influence on how far an AP will travel down an axon |
|
Definition
| larger diameter, higher resistance, and lower internal resistance will make it travel faster |
|
|
Term
| describe the steps in general hormone synthesis |
|
Definition
preprohormone: initial polypeptide chain made via translation from mRNA
prohormone; n terminus signal peptide is removed
hormone: results from clevage of peptide sequences in the golgi |
|
|
Term
| what is the concentration of hormone as seen in target cells determined by |
|
Definition
| rate of production (most regulated), delivery rate (blood flow), degration (half life) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies of the axons in the neurohypophysis, what are they called |
|
Definition
| supraoptic and paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus, mangocellular neuron cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| what are the glycoprotein anterior pituitary hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does PC1 turn POMC into |
|
Definition
| b-lipoprotein, ACTH, n-terminal protein |
|
|
Term
| what does PC2 turn POMC into |
|
Definition
| MSH, lipotropin, endotrophin |
|
|
Term
| what is the pattern of GH production |
|
Definition
| pulsating pattern every 2 hrs with more in sleep, less in fasting, stress, or meals, increases birth to puberty then declines |
|
|
Term
| explain the regulation of GH |
|
Definition
GHRH stops hypothalamus
IFG stops anterior pituitary and starts somatostatin
GH stops hypothalamus
gherlin stops somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of GH |
|
Definition
| stimulates proliferation of chondrocytes and myoblasts (muscle), protein synthesis, lipolysis, increase blood glucose and insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of Ca channels in muscle |
|
Definition
| ryanodine sensitive (RvR) and IP3 |
|
|
Term
| explain what the different bands on the sarcomere mean |
|
Definition
I: only actin
H: only myosin
A: entire myosin |
|
|
Term
| what hormone relaes and excites the GI |
|
Definition
relax: norepinepherine
excite: ACh |
|
|
Term
| what hormone vasodilates how |
|
Definition
| decreased epi activates B2 |
|
|
Term
| what hormone vasoconstructs |
|
Definition
| increased epi activates a1 |
|
|
Term
| where are their nicotinic receptors |
|
Definition
| ligand gated ion channels in dendrites and cell bodies of ANS and NMJ and adreal medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperpolarizes, opens Cl- channels prevents excessive brain excitation |
|
|
Term
| inotrophic vs metabotrophic |
|
Definition
| response of 1 receptor vs indirect many receptors used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase GI
vasodilate
constrict bronchi
salivation
insulin and glucagon
erection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasoconstruct
decrease GI
erector pili
orgasm, birth
inotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit PNS
decrease insulin, increase glucagon
decrease lipolysis
aggregate platlets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronotrophic and inotrophic
renin
lipolysis
salivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasodilate
bronchodilate
stop GI
lipolysis
gluconeogenesis
glyconeogenesis
increase insulin |
|
|
Term
| what binds T3/T4 in the blood |
|
Definition
| thyroxine binding globulin, transthyrein, albumin |
|
|
Term
| what oxidizes I- to add it to thyroglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the Na/I symporter work |
|
Definition
| it moves Na to plasma and I to colloid so it can be added to thyroglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inactive form of T3 that is an agonist and blocks receptors for T3 |
|
|
Term
| what influences the conversion of T4 to T3 |
|
Definition
| cortisol, Fe, selenium, B12, Mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of T4 to mostly rT3 with hyperthyroid symptoms (sometimes helped by cortisol) |
|
|
Term
| explain T3/T4 receptor binding |
|
Definition
| it goes to retinoid X receptor forming heterodimers with the TRE releasng the CoR repressor unsilencing gene expression. this process involves alpha and beta genes that are chelated by Cys and loops of zinc forming zinc fingers with the TREs causing histone transcetylase activity opening chromatin formation (vs the previous histone deacetylase activity turning it off) |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of thyroid hormone receptors |
|
Definition
a1, a2, b1: in all tissues
b2: in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
a1: only in conceptus
b: increases after birth |
|
|
Term
| how is T3 and T4 regulated |
|
Definition
| T3 and T4 both stop the pituitary from making TSH and hypothalamus from making TRH |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of T3 |
|
Definition
| protein synthesis, increase strength of heart contraction by increasing myosin and cardiocytes by increasing their transcription, regulate metabolism and growth, increases BMR by increasing Na/K ATP ase, increase O2 consumption and heat, increase CO, increase metabolism, increase somatomedins which increase osteogenesis, CNS maturation, |
|
|
Term
| where does T3 never effect BMR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcitonin receptor locations |
|
Definition
| osteoclasts, kidney, brain. Gs |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of thyroid disorders |
|
Definition
| iodine deficiency and endocrine disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular response defective, genetic enzyme deficiency, gland destoried, genetic absence of gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overproduced hormone, excessive stimulation, tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adult hypothyroid. tired, dry hair, hoarsness, puffy face, coma |
|
|
Term
| congenital hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| T3/T4 deficiency. infant appears normal at birth because of mom T4 |
|
|
Term
| aquired hypothyroidism causes |
|
Definition
| hashimotos (autoimmune), destruction of thyroid, radiation, i deficient. primary or secondary of tertiary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ig stimulates TSH receptors making too much T3/4 |
|
|
Term
| what does patathyroid hormone do |
|
Definition
| stimulate osteoclasts, increase GI Ca absorption, decrease renal Ca loss |
|
|
Term
| primary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| tumor (adenoma) elevated Ca, kidney stones, bone decalcification |
|
|
Term
| secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| kidney disease. decrease reabsorption low Ca, malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too liitle PTH. injury. digeorge: missing at birth. |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of cortisol |
|
Definition
| stimulate gluconeogenesis, protelysis, lipolysis, decrease glucose use by cells and adipose, anti-inflammatory, inhibit osteogenesis, increase GFR, decrease sleep |
|
|
Term
| what does a cortisol deficiency cause |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia, hypotension, bone increase, drowsyness, decrease urine |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates aldosterone |
|
Definition
| K, POMC derived peptides, ADH |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the regulation of cortisol |
|
Definition
| 10 bursts in 24 ours not when sleeping, it inhibits CRH release, opoids and somatostatin inhibits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medulla tumor, increases epinepherine and norepinepherine |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain control melinin |
|
Definition
| suprachiasmatic nuclei, hypothalamus, pars tuberalis, retina |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of melatonin |
|
Definition
| inhibits LH FSH, promotes immunity, antioxident potection, anti carcinogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of histamine |
|
Definition
| allergic and inflammatory, immune regulation, gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle contraction, CNS neuro transmitter |
|
|
Term
| where is erethryopoetin made |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts in kidney of an adult and liver in fetus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of erethyropoetin |
|
Definition
| RBC production stimulation, stimulate angeogenesis, smooth muscle proliferation |
|
|
Term
| what receptors do growth factor use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three phases of stress |
|
Definition
| alarm, resistance, exaustion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fight or flight, dilate arteries, cortisol, GH, T3, aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low function but alert and inefficient, organs resist, decreased digestion and immune, increased hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased stress resistance and immune, K loss, glucocorticoids, overworked organs, resources depleted, gi ulcer, muscle wasting, b cell failure |
|
|
Term
| how does being obease affect fluid levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an iPSP do to the membrane |
|
Definition
| depolarizes opening CL channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do proteases do in the thyroid |
|
Definition
| digest TG into T3 and T4. NEEDED |
|
|
Term
| in nernst tables what is net force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in nernst tables what is Em |
|
Definition
|
|
