atrioventricular valves

located between atria and ventricles

prevent backflow of blood into atria when the ventricles are contracting

in the pulminary artery and aorta

prevent backflow of blood into ventricles from lungs or aorta once blood has been pumped out of the heart

ventricles contract

forcing blood into lungs and aiorta

superior vena cava

R atrium

R ventricle

pulminary artery

LUNGS

pulminary vein

L atrium

L ventricle

Aorta

body

Av valve

between R atrium and R ventricle

AV valve

Valve between L atrium and L ventricle

Movement of sodium ions and water from filtrate into the bloodstream

Na/K ATPase pump

Reabsorbtion of glucose

Absorbs salt (Na) ions only

Tissue osmolarity increases out-->in

(less solute)cortex<outer medulla<inner medulla(more solute)

Located in Kidney collecting duct

respond to hormones

stimulate reabsorbtion of Na and therefore H2O from collecting duct

Released when blood pressure falls

acts on principal cells

produced in adrenal cortex

produced when blood volume falls

causes water retenstion to increase blood volume

Anti-diuretic hormone/vasopressin

acts on cells lining the collecting duct

causes water reabsorbtion and decrease in urine output

opens up active transport water channels called aquaporins on principal cells, causes H2O to leave the filtrate and move back into the medulla

epinepherine

thyroid hormone

increases metabolic rate

contract or relax to control heat regulation

contract to conserve heat, keep blood away from surface

relax to loose heat, blood to surface, skin appears red

animals able to regulate internal temperature in face of changing external temperature

mammals

Secreted by Schwann cells

polysaccharide and lipid membrane

insulates the axon for faster signal transmission

CNS equivalant to Schwann Cell

can send off mylen sheaths in several directions at once

stick to various parts of neurons and help to break down and remove certain neurotransmitter chemicals and debris

far outnumber neurons

Inside cells = NEGATIVE

Outside cells = Positive

DNA is negatively charged (phosphate)

many proteins int he cell are negatively charged

Na/K ATPase

K passively leaks out of cell

voltage difference across the membrane

-70mV inside (outside 0mV)

3 Na out

2 K in

3 positive charges out but only 2 come in...1 positive charge is lost with every pump

inside: proteins, a.a., phosphate gropus on DNA

outside: Cl^-

Voltage-gated Na channels open, allowing Na into the cell via concentration gradient

after depolarization, K channels open, allowing K out of the cell

Restores membrane potential back twards resting potential

spaces inbetween myelin, permeable to ions

allow action potentials to jump down the axon faster

voltage gated Ca channels on the presynaptic membrane open up

rapid influx of Ca ions = vesicles fuse with membrane and release their neurotransmitter contents into the synapse

excitatory neurotransmitter

causes opening of sodium channels on the post synaptic cell

causes action potential on post synaptic neuron

open up K or Cl channels instead of sodium

makes the inside of the cell more negatively charged (hyperpolarizes)

stops the action potential from propagating